VIOLIN: Vaccine Investigation and Online Information Network

Community Efforts

Vaccine Ontology: A community-based effort to develop the Vaccine Ontology (VO) for vaccine data standardization and automated reasoning.

To support vaccine safety and registry, the Ontology of Vaccine Adverse Events (OVAE) and Vaccination Informed Consent Ontology (VICO) are also developed.

VIOLIN News >>

01/14/2026: A paper titled "SEA CDM: Study-Experiment-Assay Common Data Model and Databases for Cross-Domain Data Integration and Analysis" (PMID: 41535301) was published in Sci. Data online ahead of print. SEA CDM was used for vaccine immune response studies. See more about SEA CDM: https://sea-cdm.github.io/SEA-CDM/.
07/15/2025: Oliver presented a talk titled "SEA CDM: An Ontology-Based Common Data Model for Standardizing and Integrating Biomedical Experimental Data in Vaccine Research" in ISMB/ECCB 2025 NIH-ELIXIR Session (See more: Here), Liverpool, UK. View: the talk video in YouTube.
07/15/2025: A paper titled "Evaluating the safety of XBB.1.5-containing COVID-19 mRNA vaccines using a self-controlled case series study" (PMID: 40664645, PMCID: PMC12264068) was published in Nature Communications.
2/6/2025: Viral vaccines in VIOLIN was systematically introduced and analyzed for pattern detection, which was published in Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol today.
11/15/2024: A paper titled "Impact of climate change on vaccine responses and inequity", was published in Nature Climate Change.
11/8/2024: A paper titled "Assessing acute kidney injury risk after COVID vaccination and infection in a large cohort study" (PMID: 39516206, PMCID: PMC11549351) was published in npj Vaccines. Congratulations!

Latest Vaccine Publications >>

Meng X, Li Z, Zhang Y, Yu Y, WaGao, Wang W, Liu C. Establishment and application of a qPCR method for differential detection of Brucella S2 vaccine strain BMC veterinary research 21(1):238 2025 [PMID: 40176072]
Schendel SL, Yu X, Halfmann PJ, Mahita J, Ha B, Hastie KM, Li H, Bedinger D, Troup C, Li K, Kuzmina N, Torrelles JB, Munt JE, Maddocks M, Osei-Twum M, Callaway HM, Reece S, Palser A, Kellam P, Dennison SM, Huntwork RHC, Horn GQ, Abraha M, Feeney E, Martinez-Sobrido L, Pino PA, Hicks A, Ye C, Park JG, Maingot B, Periasamy S, Mallory M, Scobey T, Lepage MN, St-Amant N, Khan S, Gambiez A, Baric RS, Bukreyev A, Gagnon L, Germann T, Kawaoka Y, Tomaras GD, Peters B, Saphire EO. A global collaboration for systematic analysis of broad-ranging antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein Cell reports 44(4):115499 2025 [PMID: 40184253]

Vaccine News >>

Meningitis vaccine eligibility expanded after Kent outbreak rises to 27
The Guardian - Mar 19, 2026
Federal vaccine panel in disarray after judge blocks changes
CNN - Mar 19, 2026
Thousands vaccinated in meningitis outbreak in Kent as experts uncertain over peak
BBC - Mar 20, 2026
Experts consider expanding meningitis vaccine eligibility after Kent outbreak
The Guardian - Mar 20, 2026
Opinion | Measles Is Roaring Back. We Are Not Ready.
The New York Times - Mar 20, 2026

Statistics: The VIOLIN vaccine database contains 6190 vaccines or vaccine candidates for 219 pathogens by manual curation from 4990 peer-reviewed papers. It also contains 24,345 vaccine-related abstracts and 10,317 full text documents.

Please cite this publication for VIOLIN:

He Y, Racz R, Sayers S, Lin Y, Todd T, Hur J, Li X, Patel M, Zhao B, Chung M, Ostrow J, Sylora A, Dungarani P, Ulysse G, Kochhar K, Vidri B, Strait K, Jourdian GW, Xiang Z. Updates on the web-based VIOLIN vaccine database and analysis system. Nucleic Acids Research. 2014. 42 (D1): D1124-D1132. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkt1133. First published online: November 19, 2013. [NAR] [PubMed PMID: 24259431] [PDF] [PMCID: PMC3964998]

Or the previous VIOLIN manuscript:

Zuoshuang Xiang, Thomas Todd, Kim P. Ku, Bethany L. Kovacic, Charles B. Larson, Fang Chen, Andrew P. Hodges, Yuying Tian, Elizabeth A. Olenzek, Boyang Zhao, Lesley A. Colby, Howard G. Rush, Janet R. Gilsdorf, George W. Jourdian, Yongqun He. VIOLIN: Vaccine Investigation and Online Information Network. Nucleic Acids Res. 2008 Jan;36(Database issue):D923-8. [NAR] [PubMed PMID: 18025042] [PMCID: PMC2238972] [PDF].

More publications for citing specific VIOLIN programs