Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is a negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus. Transmission occurs by exposure to faecal and other excretions from infected birds, and through contact with contaminated feed, water, equipment and clothing. NDV strains can be categorised as velogenic (highly virulent), mesogenic (intermediate virulence) or lentogenic (nonvirulent). Velogenic strains produce severe nervous and respiratory signs, spread rapidly and cause up to 90% mortality. Mesogenic strains cause coughing, affect egg quality and production and result in up to 10% mortality. Lentogenic strains produce mild signs with negligible mortality. In 1999, promising results were reported using an attenuated strain of the Newcastle virus codenamed MTH-68 in cancer patients. Newcastle disease is a contagious bird disease affecting many domestic and wild avian species. Its effects are most notable in domestic poultry due to their high susceptibility and the potential for severe impacts of an epidemic on the poultry industries. It is endemic to many countries (Wiki: Newcastle disease).
4. Host Ranges and Animal Models
Domestic and wild birds are affected by Newcastle virus, Amazon parrots are can be asymptomatic carriers of the disease (Wiki: Newcastle disease).
Molecule Role Annotation :
A recombinant fowlpox virus expressing the fusion protein of Newcastle disease virus strain F48E8 protected chickens against virulent NDV challenge. The protective rate was 96.7% (Wu et al., 2000).
Molecule Role Annotation :
Recombinant baculoviruses containing the fusion (F) and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) glycoprotein gene of the viscerotropic velogenic (vv) Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolate, Kr-005/00, and a lentogenic La Sota strain of the NDV were constructed. A single dose of rNDHN(V) had a protective effect against mortality (p <0.01) in chickens (Lee et al., 2008).
A turkey herpesvirus vector Newcastle disease vaccine (HVT/ND) expressing the fusion gene of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) (Esaki et al., 2013).
h. Immunization Route
Intramuscular injection (i.m.)
i.
Chicken Response
Vaccination Protocol:
Chickens were vaccinated by the in ovo route to 18-day-old embryos or by the subcutaneous route to 1-day-old chicks (Esaki et al., 2013).
Vaccine Immune Response Type:
VO_0003057
Challenge Protocol:
Challenge was conducted using a low-virulence NDV strain (genotype II; pathotype lentogenic) via the respiratory tract each week between 1 and 5 weeks of age, in order to mimic the situation in areas where virulent NDV strains do not normally exist and low-virulence strains cause mild respiratory symptoms leading to economic losses (Esaki et al., 2013).
Efficacy:
Partial protection was observed at 3 weeks of age, when 6 out of 10 (60%) chickens were protected. Full protection was obtained at 4 and 5 weeks of age, when 9 out of 10 (90%) and 10 out of 10 (100%) chickens were protected, respectively. Finally, protection against challenge with virulent Texas GB strain at 19 weeks of age was evaluated in commercial female layer chickens vaccinated at 1 day of age with HVT/ND. All of the vaccinated chickens were protected, while all of the challenge controls succumbed to the challenge (Esaki et al., 2013).
Efficacy:
At 9 weeks post-injection, chickens were challenged with the velogenic NDV Sato strain. The chickens that had the antibody against NDV-F from immunization were protected from lethal NDV challenge. The DNA vaccine conferred efficient protection against the disease (Sakaguchi et al., 1996).
Vaccination Protocol:
For vaccination, chickens were inoculated intramuscularly with the Seppic-adjuvanted antigen (Lee et al., 2008).
Challenge Protocol:
Each group of vaccinated and unvaccinated chickens was challenged with the vvNDV Kr-005/00 strain through an intraocular inoculation with an 10^5.5 EID50 per bird. vvNDV Kr-005/00 was the representative strain of genotype VII, which is the dominant epizootic genotype in Korea. The chickens were kept under observation for 14 days after infection (Lee et al., 2008).
Efficacy:
A single dose of rNDHN(V) had a protective effect against mortality (p <0.01) in chickens (Lee et al., 2008).
52. Newcastle disease virus vaccine by Dow AgroSciences
Description:
Recombinant viruses, rAPMV3-F and rAPMV3-HN, were generated expressing the NDV fusion (F) and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) proteins (Kumar et al., 2011).
f. Gene Engineering of
HN hemagglutinin-neuraminidase
Type:
Recombinant vector construction
Description:
Recombinant viruses, rAPMV3-F and rAPMV3-HN, were generated expressing the NDV fusion (F) and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) proteins (Kumar et al., 2011).
Recombinant virus, rAPMV3-F generated expressinv the NDV fusion protein (Kumar et al., 2011).
h. Immunization Route
Intramuscular injection (i.m.)
i.
Chicken Response
Vaccination Protocol:
2-week-old chickens were immunized by the oculonasal route in order to evaluate the contribution of each protein to the induction of NDV-specific neutralizing antibodies and protective immunity (Kumar et al., 2011).
Vaccine Immune Response Type:
VO_0003057
Challenge Protocol:
The immunized birds were challenged 21 days after vaccination with virulent NDV via the oculonasal, intramuscular, or intravenous route (Kumar et al., 2011).
Efficacy:
With oculonasal or intramuscular challenge, all three recombinant viruses (rAPMV3, rAPMV3-F, and rAPMV3-HN) were protective, while all unvaccinated birds succumbed to death. However, with intravenous challenge, birds immunized with rAPMV3 were not protected, whereas birds immunized with rAPMV3-F alone or in combination with rAPMV3-HN were completely protected, and birds immunized with rAPMV3-HN alone were partially protected. These results indicate that the NDV F and HN proteins are independent neutralization and protective antigens, but the contribution by F is greater (Kumar et al., 2011).
1. Boursnell et al., 1990: Boursnell ME, Green PF, Samson AC, Campbell JI, Deuter A, Peters RW, Millar NS, Emmerson PT, Binns MM. A recombinant fowlpox virus expressing the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase gene of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) protects chickens against challenge by NDV. Virology. 1990; 178(1); 297-300. [PubMed: 2167557].
2. Esaki et al., 2013: Esaki M, Godoy A, Rosenberger JK, Rosenberger SC, Gardin Y, Yasuda A, Dorsey KM. Protection and antibody response caused by turkey herpesvirus vector Newcastle disease vaccine. Avian diseases. 2013; 57(4); 750-755. [PubMed: 24597117].
3. Kumar et al., 2011: Kumar S, Nayak B, Collins PL, Samal SK. Evaluation of the Newcastle disease virus F and HN proteins in protective immunity by using a recombinant avian paramyxovirus type 3 vector in chickens. Journal of virology. 2011; 85(13); 6521-6534. [PubMed: 21525340].
4. Lee et al., 2008: Lee YJ, Sung HW, Choi JG, Lee EK, Yoon H, Kim JH, Song CS. Protection of chickens from Newcastle disease with a recombinant baculovirus subunit vaccine expressing the fusion and hemagglutininneuraminidase proteins. Journal of veterinary science. 2008; 9(3); 301-308. [PubMed: 18716451].
5. Meeusen et al., 2007: Meeusen EN, Walker J, Peters A, Pastoret PP, Jungersen G. Current status of veterinary vaccines. Clinical microbiology reviews. 2007; 20(3); 489-510. [PubMed: 17630337].
6. Sakaguchi et al., 1996: Sakaguchi M, Nakamura H, Sonoda K, Hamada F, Hirai K. Protection of chickens from Newcastle disease by vaccination with a linear plasmid DNA expressing the F protein of Newcastle disease virus. Vaccine. 1996; 14(8); 747-752. [PubMed: 8817820].
8. Wu et al., 2000: Wu YT, Peng DX, Liu XF, Liu WZ, Zhang RK. [A recombinant fowlpox virus expressing the fusion protein of Newcastle disease virus strain F48E8 and its protective efficacy]. Sheng wu gong cheng xue bao = Chinese journal of biotechnology. 2000; 16(5); 591-594. [PubMed: 11191764].
