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Pathogen Page
Salmonella spp.

Table of Contents

  1. General Information
    1. NCBI Taxonomy ID
    2. Disease
    3. Introduction
    4. Microbial Pathogenesis
    5. Host Ranges and Animal Models
    6. Host Protective Immunity
  2. Vaccine Related Pathogen Genes
    1. aroA
    2. aroa
    3. aroA
    4. AroC
    5. AroD
    6. asd
    7. atpA
    8. cbiA
    9. clpP
    10. clpP from S. typhimurium str. LT2
    11. cobS
    12. cpxA
    13. cpxR
    14. crp
    15. crp
    16. crp from S. Typhimurium
    17. cya
    18. DnaJ
    19. dsd
    20. fliC
    21. fliD
    22. Frag C
    23. fsd
    24. galE
    25. GroEL
    26. guaA
    27. guaA from S. typhimurium str. LT2
    28. guaB
    29. guaB from S. enteritidis str. P125109
    30. gyrA
    31. hfq
    32. hslU
    33. htrA
    34. HtrA
    35. IroN
    36. lon
    37. lppA
    38. lppB
    39. msbB
    40. NmpC
    41. nuoG
    42. ompR
    43. PhoP
    44. poxA
    45. relA
    46. rfc
    47. rpoB
    48. rpoS
    49. ruvB
    50. sopB
    51. spoT
    52. surA
    53. tolA
    54. trxA
    55. TviA
    56. TviB
    57. Ty2
    58. wecA
    59. znuA
    60. znuB
    61. znuC
  3. Vaccine Related Host Genes
    1. human IgA
    2. Ifng (Interferon gamma)
    3. IgA
    4. IgA Fc receptor
    5. IgG
    6. IgG Fc fragment
    7. IgG2b
    8. Ighg1
    9. Ighv1-9
    10. IgM
    11. IgM
    12. IgM Fc receptor
    13. IL-17
    14. IL-6
  4. Vaccine Information
    1. Aro-deleted S. Typhi
    2. Bovine Rhinotracheitis Killed Virus Vaccine-Haemophilus Somnus-Mannheimia Haemolytica-Pasteurella Multocida-Salmonella Typhimurium Bacterin-Toxoid (USDA: 4109.20)
    3. Bovine Rhinotracheitis-Virus Diarrhea Killed Virus Vaccine-Haemophilus Somnus-Mannheimia Haemolytica-Pasteurella Multocida-Salmonella Typhimurium Bacterin-Toxoid (USDA: 43T5.20)
    4. Broilact Chick Salmonella vaccine
    5. CVD 908-htrA
    6. CVD 909
    7. CVD 915
    8. Megan Egg
    9. Megan Vac1
    10. Newcastle Disease-Bronchitis Mass & Ark Types, Killed Virus Vaccine-Salmonella Enteritidis Bacterin (USDA: 48D7.10)
    11. Newcastle Disease-Bronchitis Mass & Ark Types, Killed Virus Vaccine-Salmonella Enteritidis Bacterin (USDA: 48D7.11)
    12. Newcastle-Bronchitis Mass Type, Killed Virus Vaccine-Salmonella Enteritidis Bacterin (USDA: 48D6.10)
    13. S. typhi DnaJ Protein Vaccine
    14. S. typhi GroEL Protein Vaccine
    15. S. typimurium Vi4072
    16. Salmonella Choleraesuis Avirulent Live Culture Vaccine (USDA: 19A1.00)
    17. Salmonella Choleraesuis Avirulent Live Culture Vaccine (USDA: 19A1.01)
    18. Salmonella DNA vaccine encoding SopB Protein
    19. Salmonella Dublin Live Culture Vaccine (USDA: 19D1.R0)
    20. Salmonella enterica fliC/guaB mutant vaccine
    21. Salmonella Enteritidis guaBA/clpP mutant vaccine
    22. Salmonella Gallinarum cbiA/cobS mutant vaccine
    23. Salmonella Gallinarum cpxR/Ion mutant vaccine
    24. Salmonella Gallinarum crp mutant vaccine
    25. Salmonella Gallinarum nuoG mutant vaccine
    26. Salmonella Gallinarum relA/spoT mutant vaccine
    27. Salmonella IroN Protein Vaccine
    28. Salmonella typhi aroA mutant vaccine
    29. Salmonella Typhi galE mutant vaccine
    30. Salmonella Typhi phoP mutant vaccine
    31. Salmonella Typhimurium asd mutant vaccine
    32. Salmonella Typhimurium asd/rfc mutant vaccine
    33. Salmonella Typhimurium atpA mutant vaccine
    34. Salmonella Typhimurium clpP mutant vaccine
    35. Salmonella Typhimurium cya/crp mutant vaccine
    36. Salmonella Typhimurium guaBA/clpP mutant vaccine
    37. Salmonella Typhimurium guaBA/clpP/fliD mutant vaccine
    38. Salmonella Typhimurium gyrA/cpxA/rpoB mutant vaccine
    39. Salmonella Typhimurium hfq mutant vaccine
    40. Salmonella Typhimurium htrA mutant vaccine
    41. Salmonella Typhimurium IppA/IppB/msbB
    42. Salmonella Typhimurium IppB/msbB mutant vaccine
    43. Salmonella Typhimurium Live Culture Vaccine (USDA: 19C1.00)
    44. Salmonella Typhimurium Live Culture Vaccine (USDA: 19C1.01)
    45. Salmonella Typhimurium Live Culture Vaccine (USDA: 19C1.02)
    46. Salmonella Typhimurium ompD/nmpC mutant vaccine
    47. Salmonella Typhimurium ompR mutant vaccine
    48. Salmonella Typhimurium poxA mutant vaccine
    49. Salmonella Typhimurium rpoS mutant vaccine
    50. Salmonella Typhimurium ruvB mutant vaccine
    51. Salmonella Typhimurium surA mutant vaccine
    52. Salmonella Typhimurium tolA mutant vaccine
    53. Salmonella Typhimurium trxA mutant vaccine
    54. Salmonella Typhimurium wecA mutant vaccine
    55. Salmonella Typhimurium znuABC mutant vaccine
    56. Salmonella vacT
    57. Typherix
    58. Typhim Vi
    59. ViVaxim
    60. Vivotif
    61. Vivotif L
    62. Zoosaloral H.
  5. References
I. General Information
1. NCBI Taxonomy ID:
590
2. Disease:
Salmonellosis
3. Introduction
Salmonella serovars, like Salmonella enterica serovars Paratyphi and Typhi, cause an estimated 200,000 deaths per year. Much of it is spread by contaminated food or drinking water. Salmonella disease is mostly found in Africa, South America, and Southeast Asia. In Southeast Asia, the prevalence of typhoidal salmonellosis is high and many patients suffer relapses. Studies are being done to see why the immune system is unable to mount a lasting defense against the bacteria, and how to counteract antibiotic resistance, one of the main difficulties encountered in the protection of the Salmonella vaccine (Boyle et al., 2007).
4. Microbial Pathogenesis
Salmonella first replicates in epithelial cells. It generally targets dendritic cells and macrophages after the mucosal barrier, where it multiplies rapidly (Cheminay and Hensel, 2007). Salmonella infections induce a weak and delayed T cell responses in human typhoid fever and in animal models of typhoid fever, suggesting immunosuppressive effects. Salmonella also directly inhibits T cell proliferations (Cheminay and Hensel, 2007).
5. Host Ranges and Animal Models
S. Typhi only causes infections in humans. S. Typhimurium causes a lethal disease in susceptible mice which resembles in many aspects of human typoid fever. Therefore, S. Typhimurium has been frequently used as a model to study human typhoid fever. S. enterica causes zoonotic gastrointestinal infections from reservoirs in all important livestock animals. Vaccine studies have been done on humans, cattle, mice, and chickens (Boyle et al., 2007; Boyle et al., 2007).
6. Host Protective Immunity
Little information exists regarding the protective immunity and immunological memory for serovar Typhi. B-cell production of soluble antibodies, cytotoxic T lymphocyte activities for killing infected cells, CD4+ and CD8+ T cell homing to the gut, and distinct subsets of memory T cells are shown to be essential for protective immunity against serovar Typhi infection (Boyle et al., 2007). Two vaccines are currently commercially available against typhoid. Typhim Vi (Pasteur Merieux) is a vaccine of purified Vi-antigen from S. Typhi. Vivotif is a live attenuated S. Typhi Ty21 strain, generated by the mutagenesis of the virulent, parental S. Typhi Ty2. The major challenge of vaccine development is balancing immunogenicity and attenuation. Many vaccines have been developed with mutations in regulatory genes encoding adenylate cyclase and cAMP receptor protien (Cheminay and Hensel, 2007).
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