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Pathogen Page
Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Table of Contents

  1. General Information
    1. NCBI Taxonomy ID
    2. Disease
    3. Introduction
    4. Microbial Pathogenesis
    5. Host Ranges and Animal Models
    6. Host Protective Immunity
  2. Vaccine Related Pathogen Genes
    1. env
    2. env
    3. env
    4. env
    5. env
    6. env
    7. env
    8. env
    9. env
    10. env
    11. env
    12. env
    13. env
    14. env
    15. env from SIV
    16. Envelope polyprotein from HXB2
    17. gag
    18. gag
    19. gag
    20. gag
    21. Gag from HIV 1
    22. gag from HIV-1 vector pNL4-3
    23. gag from HXB2
    24. Gag protein from SIV-mnd 2
    25. gag-pol
    26. gag-pol SIV
    27. gp120
    28. gp120
    29. HIV complete genome
    30. HIV1 ENV
    31. Nef
    32. nef
    33. nef from subtype B
    34. Nef SIV
    35. pol
    36. pol
    37. pol from subtype B
    38. Pol SIV
    39. Polymerase protein
    40. pro
    41. rev
    42. rev from HIV 1
    43. rev MN isolate
    44. tat
    45. tat
    46. Tat
    47. vif
    48. vif
    49. vpr
    50. vpr
    51. vpu
    52. vpu
  3. Vaccine Related Host Genes
    1. ANXI
    2. human IFNG
    3. IFNG
    4. Ifng (Interferon gamma)
    5. IFNG from Macaca nemestrina
    6. IgA
    7. IgA Fc fragment
    8. IgG
    9. IgG Fc fragment
    10. IgG2b
    11. Ighg1
    12. Ighv1-9
    13. IL-6
    14. Il12a
    15. Il2
    16. IL2
    17. IL2
    18. IL4
    19. Il4 (interleukin 4)
    20. Il5
    21. TNF
    22. TNF-a from Papio anubis
    23. TNF-alpha
  4. Vaccine Information
    1. Adenoviral vector Ad5 expressing SIV gag protein
    2. ALVAC-HIV-2
    3. ALVAC-HIV-2- env/gag/pol
    4. ALVAC-SIV/gp120
    5. CVB4/p24(73(3))
    6. DNA and poxvirus priming-boosting SHIV vaccine
    7. DNA vaccine expressing multiple HIV epitopes
    8. Gag-VRPs
    9. gp120 recominant with GMDP adjuvant
    10. gp120 recominant with MDP adjuvant
    11. gp140, Gag and Tat Protein Vaccine with MF59
    12. HIV DNA and adenoviral vector Ad5 expressing SIV gag protein
    13. HIV DNA vaccine Ad26/Ad5HVR48 encoding HIV or SIV env or gag
    14. HIV DNA vaccine pCMN160
    15. HIV DNA vaccine pHIS-SHIV-B
    16. HIV DNA vaccine SHIV-89.6 DNA (DNA/89.6)
    17. HIV DNA vaccine SIVmac239 Gag-Pol-Nef and mock Env with rAd5 boost
    18. HIV DNA vaccine VlJns-tPA-gp120
    19. HIV priming with DNA vaccine expressing HIV gp160 protein and boosted with Ad5/35 vector expressing the same protein
    20. HIV recombinant gp160 Protein Vaccine
    21. HIV recombinant vector vaccine MVA-gag encoding gag
    22. HIV recombinant vector vaccine MVA.HIVA encoding env and rev
    23. HIV-1 gp120 with mCT E112K
    24. HIV-2 DNA vaccine
    25. Inactivated HIV-2 Vaccine with PMMA
    26. L. T -HIV-1 Gag
    27. MVA expressing HIV Gag, Pol and Env proteins
    28. NYVAC-HIV-1
    29. NYVAC-HIV-2
    30. NYVAC-SIV
    31. rBCG-SIVgag and rDIsSIVgag Prime-boost SHIV vaccine
    32. Recombinant HIV gp120 with adjuvant NanoEmulsion
    33. rgp120 HIV Vaccine with immunoliposomes
    34. rMVA-SIV-CD40L
    35. rMVTT-SIV-gpe
    36. SHIV DNA vaccine encoding env and gag
    37. SHIV(Ba-L) DNA vaccine encoding env and gag
    38. V3 VLPs with Gamma inulin adjuvant
    39. YF17D- HIV-1 p24
  5. References
I. General Information
1. NCBI Taxonomy ID:
12721
2. Disease:
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
3. Introduction
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the retrovirus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Within bodily fluids, HIV is present as both free virus particles and as virus within infected immune cells. So far, AIDS has killed more than 25 million people since it was first recognized in 1981, making it one of the most destructive pandemics in recorded history. Antiretroviral treatment reduces both the mortality and the morbidity of HIV infection, but routine access to antiretroviral medication is not available in all countries. Most HIV-infected individuals develop AIDS and die; however, about 10% remains healthy for many years, with no noticeable symptoms. Treatment with anti-retrovirals increases the life expectancy of people infected with HIV (Palella et al., 1998; Buchbinder et al., 1994).
4. Microbial Pathogenesis
The 3 major routes of HIV transmission are sexual intercourse, contaminated needles, and transmission from an infected mother to her baby at birth, or through breast milk. HIV primarily infects vital cells in the human immune system such as helper T cells (specifically CD4+ T cells), macrophages, and dendritic cells. This decreases CD4+ T cells through direct viral killing of infected cells, increased rates of apoptosis in infected cells, and killing of infected CD4+ T cells by CD8 cytotoxic lymphocytes that recognize infected cells. When CD4+ T cell numbers decline below a critical level, cell-mediated immunity (CMI) is lost, and the body becomes progressively more susceptible to opportunistic infections (Chan et al., 1997).
5. Host Ranges and Animal Models
AIDS has killed more than 25 million people since it was first recognized in 1981. Globally, ~40 million people currently live with HIV. Sub-Saharan Africa remains by far the worst-affected region. More than 64% of all people living with HIV are in sub-Saharan Africa, as are more than three quarters of all women living with HIV. Two-thirds of HIV/AIDS infections in Asia occur in India, with an estimated 6 million infections, surpassing South Africa's 5.5 million infections, making India the country with the highest number of HIV infections in the world (Palella et al., 1998).
6. Host Protective Immunity
HIV can infect a variety of immune cells such as CD4+ T cells, macrophages, and microglial cells. HIV-1 entry to macrophages and T cells is mediated through interaction of the virion envelope glycoproteins (gp120) with the CD4 molecule on target cells and also with chemokine coreceptors. Macrophages play a key role in several critical aspects of HIV infection. They appear to be the first cells infected by HIV and perhaps the source of HIV production when CD4+ cells become depleted in the patient. T-tropic isolates, or syncitia-inducing (SI) strains replicate in primary CD4+ T cells as well as in macrophages. Dual-tropic HIV-1 strains are thought to be transitional strains of the HIV-1 virus. HIV can also infect a subtype of myeloid dendritic cells, which probably constitute a reservoir that maintains infection when CD4+ T cell numbers have declined to extremely low levels (Chan et al., 1997; Coakley et al., 2005; Deng et al., 1996; Knight et al., 1990).
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