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Bovine viral diarrhea virus 2

Table of Contents
  1. General Information
    1. NCBI Taxonomy ID
    2. Disease
    3. Introduction
    4. Host Ranges and Animal Models
  2. Vaccine Related Pathogen Genes
    1. E2 (Protective antigen)
  3. Vaccine Information
    1. BVDV DNA vaccine encoding E2
    2. BVDV2 Modified Live Virus (MLV) Vaccine
  4. References
I. General Information
1. NCBI Taxonomy ID:
54315
2. Disease:
Bovine viral diarrhea
3. Introduction
Bovine viral diarrheal virus (BVDV), the causal agent of BVD and mucosal disease complex, is classified in the genus Pestivirus in the family Flaviviridae. Although cattle are the primary host for BVDV, several reports suggest most even-toed ungulates are also susceptible. Based on comparisons of nucleotide sequence in the viral RNA, there are at least 2 viral genotypes (distinct genetic groups) of BVDV that can be further divided into subgenotypes or genogroups. The viral genotypes are termed BVDV type 1 and BVDV type 2, and both cytopathic and noncytopathic BVDV are represented in each viral genotype. The subgenotypes are clusters of viruses within a viral genotype that are highly similar in nucleotide sequence of the viral RNA. (Subgenotypes are designated by lower case letters; thus, subgenotypes of genotype 1 BVDV would be represented as 1a, 1b, 1c, etc.) Currently, the number of viral subgenotypes remains unknown. Based on sequence of several hundred nucleotides of select regions of viral RNA, type 1 BVDV has at least 12–15 subgenotypes and type 2 BVDV has at least 2 subgenotypes (Merck Vet Manual: Bovine Viral Diarrhea).
4. Host Ranges and Animal Models
Cows (Merck Vet Manual: Bovine Viral Diarrhea)
1. E2
  • Gene Name : E2
  • Sequence Strain (Species/Organism) : Bovine viral diarrhea virus 2 TC Shinozaki NCP/92
  • NCBI Protein GI : 49614538
  • Other Database IDs : CDD:292945
  • Taxonomy ID : 54315
  • Gene Strand (Orientation) : ?
  • Protein Name : structural glycoprotein E2
  • Protein pI : 7.92
  • Protein Weight : 15011.76
  • Protein Length : 223
  • Protein Note : synonym: Bovine viral diarrhea virus genotype 2;
    synonym: Bovine viral diarrhea virus-2
  • Protein Sequence : Show Sequence
    >BAD27019.1 structural glycoprotein E2, partial [Bovine viral diarrhea virus 2]
    CTLANQDTLGTTVIRTYRRTTPFQRRKWCAYEKIIGEDIHECILGGNWTCIIGDHSKLKDGPIKKSKWCG
    YDFSSPEGLPHYPIGKCMLSNESGYRYVDDTSCDRGGVAIVPTGTVKCRIGNVTVQVIATNKDLGPMPCS
    
    
  • Molecule Role : Protective antigen
  • Related Vaccine(s): BVDV DNA vaccine encoding E2
III. Vaccine Information
1. BVDV DNA vaccine encoding E2
a. Vaccine Ontology ID:
VO_0004538
b. Type:
DNA vaccine
c. Status:
Research
d. Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model:
Calves
e. Antigen
E2 from BVDV Q140 (van et al., 2013)
f. Gene Engineering of E2
  • Type: DNA vaccine construction
  • Description:
  • Detailed Gene Information: Click here.
g. Vector:
pMASIA (van et al., 2013)
h. Immunization Route
Intramuscular injection (i.m.)
i. Cattle Response
  • Vaccine Immune Response Type: VO_0000286
  • Efficacy: Two doses of this vaccine spaced 6 or 12 weeks apart were sufficient to induce significant virus-neutralizing antibody titers, numbers of activated T cells, and reduction in viral shedding and clinical presentations after BVDV-2 challenge. In contrast to the placebo-treated animals, the vaccinated calves did not lose any weight, which is an excellent indicator of the well-being of an animal and has a significant economic impact (van et al., 2013).
2. BVDV2 Modified Live Virus (MLV) Vaccine
a. Type:
Modified Live Virus Vaccine
b. Status:
Research
c. Host Species for Licensed Use:
None
d. Antigen
Bovine rhinotracheitis, BVDV (types 1 and 2), bovine parainfluenza-3, and bovine respiratory syncytial virus. (Zimmerman et al., 2006)
e. Immunization Route
not specified
f. Description
Adjuvanted modified-live bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) vaccine protects against BVDV2. (Zimmerman et al., 2006)
g. Cattle Response
  • Vaccination Protocol: Twenty-one calves were vaccinated at approximately 5 weeks of age (day 0). Fourteen calves were vaccinated. The other 7 calves were sham vaccinated with sterile saline (0.9% NaCl) solutiong and served as controls. All calves were observed daily after vaccination for vaccine-related adverse events. Calves in group 1 were designated as control calves, calves in group 2 were designated as colostral antibody–negative and vaccinated, and calves in group 3 were designated a colostral antibody–positive and vaccinated. Calves in group 1 (n = 7) and group 2 (9) were fed 2 L of pooled colostrum that did not contain antibodies against BVDV within 6 hours of birth and were given a second 2-L feeding of colostrum 8 to 12 hours later. Calves in group 3 (n = 7) were given colostrum containing antibodies against BVDV. (Zimmerman et al., 2006)
  • Immune Response: On the day of challenge (day 104), calves in group 1 were seronegative. Group 2 antibody responses continued to increase, with a mean BVDV type 1 serum neutralizing titer of 9.4log2 and a mean type 2 titer of 5.6log2. Titers in group 3 were decreased, compared with titers on day 28. Titers against type 1 virus decreased 1.9log2 to 5.8log2, and titers against type 2 virus decreased 2.8log2 to 4.2log2. The decreases in titers of both types of antibodies were significant (P < 0.05). At 1 week after challenge (day 111), control calves had begun to develop serum neutralizing antibody titers against BVDV type 2. Serum neutralizing antibody titers against type 2 virus in group 2 increased by 3.0log2 to 8.6log2 and increased by 0.2log2 to 4.4log2 in group 3. At 2 weeks after challenge (day 118), all 3 groups had increases (P < 0.05) in titers against both type 1 and 2 BVDV, compared with titers on day 111. (Zimmerman et al., 2006)
  • Side Effects: Adverse vaccine reactions were not observed in any calves. (Zimmerman et al., 2006)
  • Challenge Protocol: All 20 remaining calves received BVDV type 2 (strain 1373) intranasally by use of an atomizer 104 days after vaccination. The challenge inoculum contained 7.3 × 10^7 viral particles/mL, and 2.5 mL was atomized into each naris (total volume, 5.0 mL/calf). (Zimmerman et al., 2006)
  • Efficacy: Calves that received colostrum free of antiBVDV antibodies and were vaccinated with the sham vaccine developed severe disease (4 of the 7 calves died or were euthanatized). Calves that received colostrum free of anti-BVDV antibodies and were vaccinated and calves that received colostrum with antiBVDV antibodies and were vaccinated developed only mild or no clinical signs of disease. (Zimmerman et al., 2006)
IV. References
1. Liang et al., 2008: Liang R, van den Hurk JV, Landi A, Lawman Z, Deregt D, Townsend H, Babiuk LA, van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S. DNA prime protein boost strategies protect cattle from bovine viral diarrhea virus type 2 challenge. The Journal of general virology. 2008; 89(Pt 2); 453-466. [PubMed: 18198376].
2. Merck Vet Manual: Bovine Viral Diarrhea: Merck Vet Manual: Bovine Viral Diarrhea and Mucosal Disease Complex [http://www.merckmanuals.com/vet/digestive_system/intestinal_diseases_in_ruminants/intestinal_diseases_in_cattle.html#v3263133?qt=&sc=&alt=]
3. van et al., 2013: van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S, Lawman Z, Snider M, Wilson D, van den Hurk JV, Ellefsen B, Hannaman D. Two doses of bovine viral diarrhea virus DNA vaccine delivered by electroporation induce long-term protective immune responses. Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI. 2013; 20(2); 166-173. [PubMed: 23220999].