Arthritis is inflammation of one or more of your joints. The main symptoms of arthritis are joint pain and stiffness, which typically worsen with age. The two most common types of arthritis are osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Osteoarthritis is usually caused by normal wear and tear, while rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder. Other types of arthritis can be caused by uric acid crystals, infections or even an underlying disease, such as psoriasis or lupus (Mayo Clinic - Arthritis).
Protein Note :
chaperonin_like superfamily. Chaperonins are involved in productive folding of proteins. They share a common general morphology, a double toroid of 2 stacked rings, each composed of 7-9 subunits. There are 2 main chaperonin groups. The symmetry of type I...; cl02777
Molecule Role Annotation :
IFN-gamma plays a critical role in Th1 type immune response. It is important for protection against infections by various viruses and intracellular bacteria.
Additional Molecule Role :
Vaximmutor
Additional Molecule Role Annotation :
The experimental data demonstrated that three time vaccinations with BCG in BALB/c mice induced strong TB Ag-specific IFN-gamma immune responses in splenocytes (Wang et al., 2009).
Immune Response:
In vitro analysis of anti-CII T cells demonstrated reduced production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α in CII vaccinated mice. Further, CII DNA vaccines reduced epitope spreading of auto-reactive B cell responses in CIA (Ho et al., 2006).
Efficacy:
DNA encoding CII reduced the disease severity and disease incidence of collagen-induced arthritis to 50% as compared to the PBS-treated control group in which the disease was more severe and the disease incidence was 89% (Ho et al., 2006).
Host Gene Response of
Ifng (Interferon gamma)
Gene Response:
CII-stimulated lymphocytes isolated from CIA mice treated with a DNA vaccine encoding CII produced significantly less IFN-g and TNF-a compared to PBS and DNA vector-IL-4 treated mice (Ho et al., 2006).
Gene Response:
CII-stimulated lymphocytes isolated from CIA mice treated with a DNA vaccine encoding CII produced significantly less IFN-g and TNF-a compared to PBS and DNA vector-IL-4 treated mice (Ho et al., 2006).
Immune Response:
CD4+CD25+Treg cells play a role in restraining auto-aggressive T cells in experimental settings, and 200 μg/kg of pcDNA-CCOL2A1vaccine increased the proportion of CD4+CD25+Treg cells in the blood of arthritic rats compared with those in all other groups (Song et al., 2009).
Efficacy:
Comparison of all treated and control groups demonstrated clearly that 200 μg/kg of pcDNA-CCOL2A1 vaccine alone in a single intravenous treatment significantly reduced the severity of disease, footpad swelling, arthritic incidence, clinical scores, and deferred the onset of disease (Song et al., 2009).
Host Gene Response of
IgG (partial)
Gene Response:
pcDNA-CCOL2A1 vaccine significantly reduced the levels of serum anti-CII IgG antibodies compared to the negative control group (P < 0.05) (Song et al., 2009).
Gene Response:
Concentrations of the Th2-cytokine IL-10 in 200 μg/kg of pcDNA-CCOL2A1 vaccine group were significantly higher than those in all other groups, including the MTX positive control group (P < 0.05) (Song et al., 2009).
Host Gene Response of
TGF-B from Rattus norvegicus
Gene Response:
Concentrations of the Th3-cytokine TGF-β in 200 μg/kg of pcDNA-CCOL2A1 vaccine group were significantly higher than those in all other groups, including the MTX positive control group (P < 0.05) (Song et al., 2009).
Host Gene Response of
TNF-alpha from Rattus norvegicus
Gene Response:
Concentrations of the Th1-cytokine TNF-α in both 200 μg/kg of pcDNA-CCOL2A1 vaccine and MTX groups were significantly lower than those in the negative control and other treatment groups (P < 0.05). Of note, the level of TNF-α in 200 μg/kg of pcDNA-CCOL2A1 vaccine group recovered to that of the normal group (Song et al., 2009).
Immune Response:
Rats treated with pCMV3.65 showed a significantly elevated antibody levels (median 0.707) when compared with vector-treated rats (median 0.351; P < 0.01) and with naive animals (median 0.0715; P < 0.01). Similarly, spleen cells from pCMV3.65-treated rats exhibited significantly higher proliferative responses against the mycobacterial recombinant antigen when compared with vector treated animals (P < 0.05) or with naive rats (P < 0.01) (Ragno et al., 1997).
Efficacy:
The pCMV3.65-treated rats were significantly protected from disease development in comparison with the control groups injected with the empty plasmid (Ragno et al., 1997).
4. Pristane-induced arthritis DNA vaccine DNA-hsp65 encoding Mycobacterium leprae 65-kDa heat shock protein
Immune Response:
Cellular and humoral immune responses to the protein are elicited, and long-lived memory lymphocytes are induced (Santos-Junior et al., 2005).
Efficacy:
DNA-hsp65 vaccination was protective against arthritis in AIRmax mice (maximal acute inflammatory reaction), as evidenced by the absence of arthritis incidence during the 150-day follow-up period. This protective effect was more pronounced after the onset of pristane-induced arthritis (Santos-Junior et al., 2005).
V. References
1. Ho et al., 2006: Ho PP, Higgins JP, Kidd BA, Tomooka B, Digennaro C, Lee LY, de Vegvar HE, Steinman L, Robinson WH. Tolerizing DNA vaccines for autoimmune arthritis. Autoimmunity. 2006; 39(8); 675-682. [PubMed: 17178564].
3. Quintana et al., 2002: Quintana FJ, Carmi P, Mor F, Cohen IR. Inhibition of adjuvant arthritis by a DNA vaccine encoding human heat shock protein 60. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 2002; 169(6); 3422-3428. [PubMed: 12218165].
4. Ragno et al., 1997: Ragno S, Colston MJ, Lowrie DB, Winrow VR, Blake DR, Tascon R. Protection of rats from adjuvant arthritis by immunization with naked DNA encoding for mycobacterial heat shock protein 65. Arthritis and rheumatism. 1997; 40(2); 277-283. [PubMed: 9041939].
5. Santos-Junior et al., 2005: Santos-Junior RR, Sartori A, De Franco M, Filho OG, Coelho-Castelo AA, Bonato VL, Cabrera WH, Ibañez OM, Silva CL. Immunomodulation and protection induced by DNA-hsp65 vaccination in an animal model of arthritis. Human gene therapy. 2005; 16(11); 1338-1345. [PubMed: 16259568].
6. Song et al., 2009: Song X, Liang F, Liu N, Luo Y, Xue H, Yuan F, Tan L, Sun Y, Xi C, Xi Y. Construction and characterization of a novel DNA vaccine that is potent antigen-specific tolerizing therapy for experimental arthritis by increasing CD4+CD25+Treg cells and inducing Th1 to Th2 shift in both cells and cytokines. Vaccine. 2009; 27(5); 690-700. [PubMed: 19095031].
