Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is the most common chronic bloodborne infection in the United States; approximately 3.2 million persons are chronically infected. Although HCV is not efficiently transmitted sexually, persons at risk for infection through injection drug use might seek care in STD treatment facilities, HIV counseling and testing facilities, correctional facilities, drug treatment facilities, and other public health settings where STD and HIV prevention and control services are available.
Sixty to 70% of persons newly infected with HCV typically are usually asymptomatic or have a mild clinical illness. HCV RNA can be detected in blood within 1–3 weeks after exposure. The average time from exposure to antibody to HCV (anti-HCV) seroconversion is 8–9 weeks, and anti-HCV can be detected in >97% of persons by 6 months after exposure. Chronic HCV infection develops in 70%–85% of HCV-infected persons; 60%–70% of chronically infected persons have evidence of active liver disease. The majority of infected persons might not be aware of their infection because they are not clinically ill. However, infected persons serve as a source of transmission to others and are at risk for chronic liver disease or other HCV-related chronic diseases decades after infection.
HCV is most efficiently transmitted through large or repeated percutaneous exposure to infected blood (e.g., through transfusion of blood from unscreened donors or through use of injecting drugs). Although much less frequent, occupational, perinatal, and sexual exposures also can result in transmission of HCV (CDC - Hepatitis C).
II. Vaccine Related Pathogen Genes
1. Core protein
Gene Name :
Core protein
Sequence Strain (Species/Organism) :
Hepatitis C virus
2. Geissler et al., 1997: Geissler M, Gesien A, Tokushige K, Wands JR. Enhancement of cellular and humoral immune responses to hepatitis C virus core protein using DNA-based vaccines augmented with cytokine-expressing plasmids. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 1997; 158(3); 1231-1237. [PubMed: 9013964].
3. Guo et al., 2016: Guo H, Zhu J, Tan Y, Li C, Chen Z, Sun S, Liu G. Self-assembly of virus-like particles of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus capsid protein expressed in Escherichia coli and their immunogenicity in rabbits. Antiviral research. 2016; 131; 85-91. [PubMed: 27118636].
4. Lang et al., 2012: Lang Kuhs KA, Ginsberg AA, Yan J, Wiseman RW, Khan AS, Sardesai NY, O'Connor DH, Weiner DB. Hepatitis C virus NS3/NS4A DNA vaccine induces multiepitope T cell responses in rhesus macaques mimicking human immune responses. Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy. 2012; 20(3); 669-678. [PubMed: 21952169].
6. Pierce et al., 2017: Pierce BG, Boucher EN, Piepenbrink KH, Ejemel M, Rapp CA, Thomas WD Jr, Sundberg EJ, Weng Z, Wang Y. Structure-Based Design of Hepatitis C Virus Vaccines That Elicit Neutralizing Antibody Responses to a Conserved Epitope. Journal of virology. 2017; 91(20); . [PubMed: 28794021].
7. Wu et al., 2016: Wu X, Chen P, Lin H, Hao X, Liang Z. Hepatitis E virus: Current epidemiology and vaccine. Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics. 2016; 12(10); 2603-2610. [PubMed: 27184971].
8. Zhang et al., 2017: Zhang S, Sun F, Ren T, Duan Y, Gu H, Lai C, Wang Z, Zhang P, Wang X, Yang P. Immunogenicity of an influenza virus-vectored vaccine carrying the hepatitis C virus protein epitopes in mice. Antiviral research. 2017; 145; 168-174. [PubMed: 28778831].
