VIOLIN: Vaccine Investigation and Online Information Network

Murine Cytomegalovirus

Table of Contents

General Information
1. NCBI Taxonomy ID
2. Introduction
Vaccine Related Pathogen Genes
1. gH (Protective antigen)
2. gL (Protective antigen)
3. gM (Protective antigen)
4. gN (Protective antigen)
5. IE1 (Protective antigen)
Vaccine Information
References

I. General Information

1. NCBI Taxonomy ID:

2. Introduction

Murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) belongs to the genus cytomegalovirus (CMV) of the β-Herpesvirinae subfamily of the Herpesviridae family. CMVs are marked by strict species specificity, tropism for hematopoietic tissue and secretory glands, and a slow replication cycle. After the resolution of acute infection, CMVs establish persistent life-long infections characterized by alternate stages of virus productivity and latency. Although producing up to 200 potentially antigenic proteins during its sequential immediate early (IE), early (E) and late (L) phases of gene expression, transmission to a new host is achieved in the face of repeatedly primed antiviral immune responses.

The routes used by MCMV to enter the host have not yet been clearly determined. Infectious virus can easily be detected in saliva of chronically infected mice, and productive infection is confined to glandular epithelial cells of salivary glands for a prolonged period of time, even in a fully immunocompetent host. Therefore, it is likely that the saliva is the major source of virus for horizontal spread, and the major route of entry for MCMV is the epithelium of the gastrointestinal and the upper respiratory tract. Per oral infection of newborn mice with MCMV leads to virus spread similar to that following intraperitoneal virus administration, which confirms that MCMV can enter through the epithelium of the gastrointestinal and/or respiratory tract. In addition, sexual transmission of MCMV and viral entry through the epithelium of the genitourinary tract could be an important means of its horizontal spread. After entry into the host, the virus spreads haematologically to various organs and infects many different cell types, including epithelial and endothelial cells, myocytes, brown fat adipocytes, fibrocytes, macrophages and bone marrow (BM) stromal cells (Krmpotic et al., 2003).

II. Vaccine Related Pathogen Genes

1. gH

Gene Name : gH
Sequence Strain (Species/Organism) : Murine Cytomegalovirus
NCBI Protein GI : P30673
Other Database IDs : CDD:223036
Taxonomy ID : 10367
Protein Name : Envelope glycoprotein H
Protein pI : 8.91
Protein Weight : 75771.83
Protein Length : 825
Protein Note : gH

Protein Sequence : Show Sequence

>sp|P30673.2|GH_MUHVS RecName: Full=Envelope glycoprotein H; Short=gH; Flags: Precursor
MKLSLILSIALCSTRVVYAAGAEAPRISRNTVKLHSYNESRVCRHDESSNQTVSHAAMFTFNFQDGDGYR
VYQVPRCLFNTHAAREVLSSVDMTETLESYRKRFRVYFVVPIYGAYRLVARSPTAKYPGGVLNPPPASSV
TMQDLIVDATNIHTVVPDKLCVITEHPVIFSMKVPCSHQVITWTGYTVTVSLAQKFFVLTIKPTRDHTSE
NTLAMFFGDVREVDLKAPYTVGAFLLRQTPDHDLLVVVKQTAFIQRYMFLTDVVFLQRTLSADYADTSVC
LRVLSVLASVVARGKQCGLITRDTVEFFFTYSLCQLMANGTRYQSTAPVSTALWRQSELELFGEFIRHCF
KTTTPNPTPAFQTRMQLTEKHKPAHSSNAIDVRVLAATYSSGMHAASMADLAFLLRSTRIPPNVNTDALL
QKLLFTTDAYYRMSLKIPLSGSMRRILIRVDLTVRTQLNESSVARRHFVLLTSMCSPREQISWGELLMNP
QRGAPSEIYSPCVSGGRRDYTGPSVRALMESAHRPERRAEQVMSVTEALRPKRSQMSDEANCVPDSTQGA
VITANEKTYLISSDFIVKGLAIPVSNTVVDRNLMITVLDRRSPCVLSRSYRERGSVIVMNNITFTERCEF
CASTLVEYDEVDGLTSIMHIPSIEVLKYLTDPENDILVATPRVHYLLLTANGTVFEVTDILVNVRPSMPY
SVVVALVIIAILMALGLYRLCRQKR

Molecule Role : Protective antigen
Molecule Role Annotation : (Wang et al., 2015)

2. gL

Gene Name : gL
Sequence Strain (Species/Organism) : Murine Cytomegalovirus
NCBI Protein GI : P52514
Other Database IDs : CDD:280049
Taxonomy ID : 10367
Protein Name : Envelope glycoprotein L
Protein pI : 7.22
Protein Weight : 30963.1
Protein Length : 367
Protein Note : gL

Protein Sequence : Show Sequence

>sp|P52514.1|GL_MUHVS RecName: Full=Envelope glycoprotein L; Short=gL; Flags: Precursor
MMPLLLLILLSTRNLLGAAQSQESPVAGERRALDLTTVYVLPRSEPINATVEHKCREALASCYNGSEFQP
LHDDGPIRPDPYRFSTMIRFKRSYGELPLPIELNDEFLEQLSLLHNNTDQLRVLLTLMRTSRASDWMSFL
GGYTQCDAPKSVVFTCVESVCYEHDLMRLNYTTDLFTENVLGLDVSPPVLSVLVLLRNNHTKAESVVRVP
TSSMSLLDGTYNLLRTILGHMSLDTDLIGVLRSYRDRFPAVFSVSDQIKITRQHYRPQYQRKRP

Molecule Role : Protective antigen
Molecule Role Annotation : (Wang et al., 2015)

3. gM

Gene Name : gM
Sequence Strain (Species/Organism) : Murid betaherpesvirus 1
NCBI Gene ID : 3293854
NCBI Protein GI : 61660210
Locus Tag : MuHV1_gp093
Genbank Accession : GU305914
Protein Accession : YP_214101
Taxonomy ID : 10366
Gene Starting Position : 144295
Gene Ending Position : 145410
Gene Strand (Orientation) : -
Protein Name : Glycoprotein M or integral membrane protein
Protein pI : 8.98
Protein Weight : 38877.66
Protein Length : 371

DNA Sequence : Show Sequence

>NC_004065.1:144295-145410 Murid herpesvirus 1, complete genome
CTCACTCTGCGTCGCTTCGCAGGGCGCGTATCTCTTCGTTGTCCAGGGCCAGGGCTCGATATCGCTTGTT
GCGGCGCAGCAAGAACCTCACCGTACGGATGACCGAGAACGCCACGCAGAGCAGTAGCAGCACCGTGATG
CCGATGTTGATGTCCCTCGCGTAGCTCGAGGCGTTCAGCGCCTCGTAGCGGATGATGGGGTACATGGCGC
CGCAGACGCCCAGTATCGTCCCGATGTGGTAGCCGAACTGCACCTTCATGTAGCGCGACAGCACCGACTC
GATGATCGAGAAGTACACGCACGCCACGATCGCGAAGGCGACCATGGCGCCGAACACGACGTGCGCCGTC
TTCACGAAAAAGCTGTTGCCGAAGCCGAGCGCCAGCGACATGGCCAGCACCATGGTCGCGAAGCCCAAGA
TCAGCTGGGTCAGGTTCACCACCGCCGTCCGATAGCGGATGGTCCCCTGCAGCTTCGGGTGGATCTTCGA
CAGCGCGAAAGCGCTGCGCTCGCGCGACTCGTAGTGGGTCACGAGCGTCACCACGAAGGCCGTCAGGCAC
ATAAAGTACATGCACTTGCTGAACGCGACCATGGACGGTAGGCGGAACGACAGGCTCAGCAGGAAGATCT
GAAAGGTGTCCATCGTCAGCACGAAGGTGAAGCACGTCGCCGAGTCGCCCATGAAGTTGATGTCGCGGGT
CGACTGGTTCACCTGCGTGCCGTGCTCGCTGCGGAAGTAGATCTGCACCCAGCACACGATGTAGTAGCTC
AGCACGCAGAAGAAGATCAGCTCCGTGAAGATCACGTACACGATGAGCTGCACGGGGTCCAGGAACAGCT
GCGGCGTCAGATGGTGGATCGCGTTGTACATCGTCAGGTTCATGTTGTCGAAGTCGATGATGCGCGGGTA
ATAGCACGGAAAACCGATGCCGGGGAAGTGCGCCGCCACCGAGAACACCACGATGTTCACGAACGACAGC
AGGCAGCACGCGATGGCCATCGTCCACGTCCGCAGGTTCATGCGGTCCACGTGGGAGAGCGTCATGACGC
CCGCTTTCGCCATCGTGCAGGTGTCTCGTGTCCGCGGTCGACGGGGCGGGTCAAATAGTGAGAGCA

Protein Sequence : Show Sequence

>YP_214101.1 Glycoprotein M or integral membrane protein [Murid betaherpesvirus 1]
MLSLFDPPRRPRTRDTCTMAKAGVMTLSHVDRMNLRTWTMAIACCLLSFVNIVVFSVAAHFPGIGFPCYY
PRIIDFDNMNLTMYNAIHHLTPQLFLDPVQLIVYVIFTELIFFCVLSYYIVCWVQIYFRSEHGTQVNQST
RDINFMGDSATCFTFVLTMDTFQIFLLSLSFRLPSMVAFSKCMYFMCLTAFVVTLVTHYESRERSAFALS
KIHPKLQGTIRYRTAVVNLTQLILGFATMVLAMSLALGFGNSFFVKTAHVVFGAMVAFAIVACVYFSIIE
SVLSRYMKVQFGYHIGTILGVCGAMYPIIRYEALNASSYARDINIGITVLLLLCVAFSVIRTVRFLLRRN
KRYRALALDNEEIRALRSDAE

Molecule Role : Protective antigen
Related Vaccine(s): Murine cytomegalovirus DNA vaccine pgM-pgN

4. gN

Gene Name : gN
Sequence Strain (Species/Organism) : Murine cytomegalovirus (strain Smith)
NCBI Protein GI : 190358890
Other Database IDs : CDD:281543
Taxonomy ID : 10367
Gene Strand (Orientation) : ?
Protein Name : Envelope glycoprotein N
Protein pI : 7.5
Protein Weight : 15087.85
Protein Length : 202
Protein Note : Envelope glycoprotein N. /FTId=PRO_0000116221.

Protein Sequence : Show Sequence

>sp|Q69150.2|GN_MUHVS RecName: Full=Envelope glycoprotein N
MACGKTESGDDSGRFGRTGAGMFGFIMPGFVGIFRLSFFLLLSFAMASGSSSPASVPVSVAASVPDTTVN
KIVISDGSEAHNINEFYDVKCHSHFYGLSVSSFASIWMMVNAIVFICAFGVFMRHWCYKAFTSDTAKGY

Molecule Role : Protective antigen
Related Vaccine(s): Murine cytomegalovirus DNA vaccine pgM-pgN

5. IE1

Gene Name : IE1
Sequence Strain (Species/Organism) : Murine cytomegalovirus
NCBI Protein GI : 138479
Taxonomy ID : 10367
Gene Strand (Orientation) : ?
Protein Name : Immediate-early protein 1
Protein pI : 4.46
Protein Weight : 65528.13
Protein Length : 731
Protein Note : IE1; Immediate-early phosphoprotein PP89

Protein Sequence : Show Sequence

>sp|P11210.1|VIE1_MUHVS RecName: Full=Immediate-early protein 1; Short=IE1; AltName: Full=Immediate-early phosphoprotein PP89
MEPAAPSCNMIMIADQASVNAHGRHLDENRVYPSDKVPAHVANKILESGTETVRCDLTLEDMLGDYEYDD
PTEEEKILMDRIADHVGNDNSDMAIKHAAVRSVLLSCKIAHLMIKQNYQSAINSATNILCQLANDIFERI
ERQRKMIYGCFRSEFDNVQLGRLMYDMYPHFMPTNLGPSEKRVWMSYVGEAIVAATNIDHALDERAAWAK
TDCSLPGEFKPELCVLVGAIRRLHDPPCYTKPFLDAKSQLAVWQQMKAIESESVSTHVVVVEALKLRENL
AKAVQETIAYERHQYHRVCQMMCNNMKDHLETTCMLARGRTLATLADLRSTRYNLALFLLSEMHIFDSFT
MPRIRGAMKQARCMSYVERTISLAKFRELADRVHNRSAPSPQGVIEEQQQAGEEEQQQQQEIEYDPEMPP
LEREEEQEDEQVEEEPPADEEEGGAVGGVTQEEPAGEATEEAEEDESQPGPSDNQVVPESSETPTPAEDE
ETQSADEGESQELEGSQQLILSRPAAPLTDSETDSDSEDDDEVTRIPVGFSLMTSPVLQPTTRSATAAAS
SGTAPRPALKRQYAMVHTRSKSSENQQQPKKKSKK

Molecule Role : Protective antigen
Related Vaccine(s): Murine cytomegalovirus DNA vaccine pcDNA-89 encoding pp89

III. Vaccine Information

1. Murine cytomegalovirus DNA vaccine pcDNA-89 encoding pp89

a. Vaccine Ontology ID:

VO_0004323

b. Type:

DNA vaccine

c. Status:

Research

d. Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model:

Mouse

e. Gene Engineering of IE1

Type: DNA vaccine construction
Description: Vector pcDNAI/Amp expressed the murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) immediate-early gene 1 (IE1) encodes an 89-kDa phosphoprotein (pp89) (GonzÃ¡lez et al., 1996).
Detailed Gene Information: Click here.

f. Vector:

pcDNAI/Amp (GonzÃ¡lez et al., 1996)

g. Immunization Route

Intradermal injection (i.d.)

h. Mouse Response

Vaccine Immune Response Type: VO_0000286
Efficacy: In four separate trials, an average of 63% of the mice immunized with pcDNA-89 survived after lethal challenge, compared with 18% of the mice immunized with pcDNA (control) (GonzÃ¡lez et al., 1996).

2. Murine cytomegalovirus DNA vaccine pgM-pgN

a. Vaccine Ontology ID:

VO_0004526

b. Type:

DNA vaccine

c. Status:

Research

d. Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model:

Mouse

e. Antigen

gM and gN from murine cytomegalovirus strain Smith (Wang et al., 2013)

f. Gene Engineering of gM

Type: DNA vaccine construction
Description:
Detailed Gene Information: Click here.

g. Gene Engineering of gN

Type: DNA vaccine construction
Description:
Detailed Gene Information: Click here.

h. Vector:

pcDNA3.1 (Wang et al., 2013)

i. Immunization Route

Intramuscular injection (i.m.)

j. Mouse Response

Vaccine Immune Response Type: VO_0000286
Efficacy: Co-immunization with pgM and pgN three times at a high dose was able to provide mice with full protection against a lethal SG-MCMV challenge with a 100% survival rate. The protection obtained with the gM-gN co-immunization was far greater than each antigen alone (Wang et al., 2013).

3. Murine Cytomegalovirus Inactivated Vaccine FI-MCMV - Aluminum Adjuvant

a. Type:

Inactivated or "killed" vaccine

b. Status:

Research

c. Host Species for Licensed Use:

None

d. Antigen

MCMV Smith strain (Wang et al., 2014)

e. Preparation

Inactivated vaccine was prepared with tissue culture-derived extracellular MCMV. Briefly, 3T3 cells were infected by MCMV and incubated at 37°C for 4–5 days. When the monolayer exhibited 100% cytopathic effect, the medium from the infected cells was harvested and the cell debris removed by centrifugation at 6,500 × g at 4°C for 20 min. The total volume of crude virus stock was quantified and inactivated by mixing with 37% formalin at a 1/4000 ratio. (Wang et al., 2014)

f. Immunization Route

Intraperitoneal injection (i.p.)

g. Description

Adjuvanted inactivated murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) vaccine with aluminum induces potent and long-term protective immunity against a lethal challenge with virulent MCMV (Wang et al., 2014)

h. Mouse Response

Vaccination Protocol: Each experimental group had 10 mice. The inactivated vaccines, at doses of 4 μg, 1 μg, and 0.25 μg with or without an adjuvant (MF59, alum, or chitosan), were prepared for immunization by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection. Immunizations were performed twice, 3 weeks apart. The volume of each dose was 200 μl. The adjuvant-only group of mice was administered with MF59, alum, or chitosan only and the control group of mice received PBS. In addition, one group of mice was immunized with formalin-treated mock virus preparation (Mock). To test whether the FI-MCMV vaccine could provide long-term protection, immunizations were performed with 4 μg FI-MCMV and adjuvants, three times by i.p. injection. (Wang et al., 2014)
Immune Response: Antibody titers after the immunization boost were higher than those after priming. IgG antibody levels correlated positively with the vaccine dose. The antibody titer was greater and the elicited immune response stronger with a higher vaccine dose. When the vaccines were formulated with an adjuvant, the antibody levels increased significantly compared with adjuvant-free vaccines. No anti-MCMV IgG was detected in MF59, alum, and chitosan alone or in mock vaccine-treated mice, which suggested that neither the adjuvant-only treatment nor the Mock vaccine could induce specific anti-MCMV immune response. MF59-adjuvanted groups had the best antibody response. (Wang et al., 2014)
Challenge Protocol: At 3 weeks after the second immunization, or 6 months after the third immunization, mice were challenged with a lethal dose (5 × LD50, 200 μl/mouse) of SG-MCMV by i.p. injection. (Wang et al., 2014)
Efficacy: All mice in the control group (including mock vaccine) and adjuvant-alone treatment groups died within 8 days after a lethal challenge with SG-MCMV. Immunization with FI-MCMV vaccine (no adjuvant) at all three doses did not provide sufficient protection, but immunization with adjuvanted FI-MCMV significantly improved protection. At a low dose (0.25 μg), the survival rate in the FI-MCMV plus MF59 group reached 83.3%, while mice immunized with FI-MCMV plus alum or chitosan were not protected. At the 1 μg dose, all mice in the FI-MCMV plus MF59 group survived, while mice in the alum- or chitosan-adjuvanted groups were not completely protected. At the 4 μg dose, all three adjuvanted groups had full protection. These results indicated that immunizing twice with adjuvanted FI-MCMV vaccine could achieve excellent protection. (Wang et al., 2014)

4. Murine Cytomegalovirus Inactivated Vaccine FI-MCMV - Chitosan adjuvant

a. Type:

Inactivated or "killed" vaccine

b. Status:

Research

c. Host Species for Licensed Use:

None

d. Antigen

MCMV Smith strain (Wang et al., 2014)

e. Preparation

f. Immunization Route

Intraperitoneal injection (i.p.)

g. Description

Adjuvanted inactivated murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) vaccine with chitosan induces potent and long-term protective immunity against a lethal challenge with virulent MCMV. (Wang et al., 2014)

h. Mouse Response

Vaccination Protocol: Each experimental group had 10 mice. The inactivated vaccines, at doses of 4 μg, 1 μg, and 0.25 μg with or without an adjuvant (MF59, alum, or chitosan), were prepared for immunization by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection. Immunizations were performed twice, 3 weeks apart. The volume of each dose was 200 μl. The adjuvant-only group of mice was administered with MF59, alum, or chitosan only and the control group of mice received PBS. In addition, one group of mice was immunized with formalin-treated mock virus preparation (Mock). To test whether the FI-MCMV vaccine could provide long-term protection, immunizations were performed with 4 μg FI-MCMV and adjuvants, three times by i.p. injection. (Wang et al., 2014)
Immune Response: Antibody titers after the immunization boost were higher than those after priming. IgG antibody levels correlated positively with the vaccine dose. The antibody titer was greater and the elicited immune response stronger with a higher vaccine dose. When the vaccines were formulated with an adjuvant, the antibody levels increased significantly compared with adjuvant-free vaccines. No anti-MCMV IgG was detected in MF59, alum, and chitosan alone or in mock vaccine-treated mice, which suggested that neither the adjuvant-only treatment nor the Mock vaccine could induce specific anti-MCMV immune response. MF59-adjuvanted groups had the best antibody response. (Wang et al., 2014)
Challenge Protocol: At 3 weeks after the second immunization, or 6 months after the third immunization, mice were challenged with a lethal dose (5 × LD50, 200 μl/mouse) of SG-MCMV by i.p. injection. (Wang et al., 2014)
Efficacy: All mice in the control group (including mock vaccine) and adjuvant-alone treatment groups died within 8 days after a lethal challenge with SG-MCMV. Immunization with FI-MCMV vaccine (no adjuvant) at all three doses did not provide sufficient protection, but immunization with adjuvanted FI-MCMV significantly improved protection. At a low dose (0.25 μg), the survival rate in the FI-MCMV plus MF59 group reached 83.3%, while mice immunized with FI-MCMV plus alum or chitosan were not protected. At the 1 μg dose, all mice in the FI-MCMV plus MF59 group survived, while mice in the alum- or chitosan-adjuvanted groups were not completely protected. At the 4 μg dose, all three adjuvanted groups had full protection. These results indicated that immunizing twice with adjuvanted FI-MCMV vaccine could achieve excellent protection. (Wang et al., 2014)

5. Murine Cytomegalovirus Inactivated Vaccine FI-MCMV - MF59 Adjuvant

a. Type:

Inactivated or "killed" vaccine

b. Status:

Research

c. Host Species for Licensed Use:

None

d. Antigen

MCMV Smith strain (Wang et al., 2014)

e. Preparation

f. Immunization Route

Intraperitoneal injection (i.p.)

g. Description

Adjuvanted inactivated murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) vaccine with MF59 induces potent and long-term protective immunity against a lethal challenge with virulent MCMV (Wang et al., 2014)

h. Mouse Response

Vaccination Protocol: Each experimental group had 10 mice. The inactivated vaccines, at doses of 4 μg, 1 μg, and 0.25 μg with or without an adjuvant (MF59, alum, or chitosan), were prepared for immunization by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection. Immunizations were performed twice, 3 weeks apart. The volume of each dose was 200 μl. The adjuvant-only group of mice was administered with MF59, alum, or chitosan only and the control group of mice received PBS. In addition, one group of mice was immunized with formalin-treated mock virus preparation (Mock). To test whether the FI-MCMV vaccine could provide long-term protection, immunizations were performed with 4 μg FI-MCMV and adjuvants, three times by i.p. injection. (Wang et al., 2014)
Immune Response: Antibody titers after the immunization boost were higher than those after priming. IgG antibody levels correlated positively with the vaccine dose. The antibody titer was greater and the elicited immune response stronger with a higher vaccine dose. When the vaccines were formulated with an adjuvant, the antibody levels increased significantly compared with adjuvant-free vaccines. No anti-MCMV IgG was detected in MF59, alum, and chitosan alone or in mock vaccine-treated mice, which suggested that neither the adjuvant-only treatment nor the Mock vaccine could induce specific anti-MCMV immune response. MF59-adjuvanted groups had the best antibody response. (Wang et al., 2014)
Challenge Protocol: At 3 weeks after the second immunization, or 6 months after the third immunization, mice were challenged with a lethal dose (5 × LD50, 200 μl/mouse) of SG-MCMV by i.p. injection. (Wang et al., 2014)
Efficacy: All mice in the control group (including mock vaccine) and adjuvant-alone treatment groups died within 8 days after a lethal challenge with SG-MCMV. Immunization with FI-MCMV vaccine (no adjuvant) at all three doses did not provide sufficient protection, but immunization with adjuvanted FI-MCMV significantly improved protection. At a low dose (0.25 μg), the survival rate in the FI-MCMV plus MF59 group reached 83.3%, while mice immunized with FI-MCMV plus alum or chitosan were not protected. At the 1 μg dose, all mice in the FI-MCMV plus MF59 group survived, while mice in the alum- or chitosan-adjuvanted groups were not completely protected. At the 4 μg dose, all three adjuvanted groups had full protection. These results indicated that immunizing twice with adjuvanted FI-MCMV vaccine could achieve excellent protection. (Wang et al., 2014)

IV. References

1. GonzÃ¡lez et al., 1996: GonzÃ¡lez Armas JC, Morello CS, Cranmer LD, Spector DH. DNA immunization confers protection against murine cytomegalovirus infection. Journal of virology. 1996; 70(11); 7921-7928. [PubMed: 8892915].

2. Krmpotic et al., 2003: Krmpotic A, Bubic I, Polic B, Lucin P, Jonjic S. Pathogenesis of murine cytomegalovirus infection. Microbes and infection / Institut Pasteur. 2003; 5(13); 1263-1277. [PubMed: 14623023].

3. Wang et al., 2013: Wang H, Yao Y, Huang C, Chen Q, Chen J, Chen Z. Immunization with cytomegalovirus envelope glycoprotein M and glycoprotein N DNA vaccines can provide mice with complete protection against a lethal murine cytomegalovirus challenge. Virologica Sinica. 2013; ; . [PubMed: 23715998].

4. Wang et al., 2015: Wang H, Huang C, Dong J, Yao Y, Xie Z, Liu X, Zhang W, Fang F, Chen Z. Complete protection of mice against lethal murine cytomegalovirus challenge by immunization with DNA vaccines encoding envelope glycoprotein complex III antigens gH, gL and gO. PloS one. 2015; 10(3); e0119964. [PubMed: 25803721].