VIOLIN: Vaccine Investigation and Online Information Network

Feline infectious peritonitis virus

Table of Contents

General Information
Vaccine Related Pathogen Genes
1. N (Protective antigen)
2. S (Protective antigen)
3. 3a (Virmugen)
4. 3b (Virmugen)
5. 3c (Virmugen)
6. 7a (Virmugen)
7. 7b (Virmugen)
Vaccine Information
References

I. General Information

1. NCBI Taxonomy ID:

11135

2. Disease:

Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP)

3. Introduction

Feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) is a feline coronavirus that causes feline infectious peritonitis. Infection is ubiquitous in domestic cats, especially where conditions are crowded. FIPV can survive in for 7 weeks in a dry environment and may be transmitted indirectly via fomites. FPIV is an enveloped single stranded RNA virus. Most FIPV-infected cats either stay healthy or show only a mild enteritis. Only a proportion of FPIV-infected cats will develop FIP, a pyogranulomatous
vasculitis (Addie et al., 2009).

4. Microbial Pathogenesis

The pathogenesis of FIP may be explained by an increased number of mutants, stochastically arising during bursts of replication (eg, under immune suppression), some of them growing to high concentrations in monocytes and macrophages. Mutations have been identified in non-structural genes, and more may remain to be identified. These highly virulent FPIV mutants have consistently induced FIP under experimental conditions, but their virulence has not been traced to a molecular source. The viral load and the cat’s immune response determine whether FIP will develop. Both viral genetics and host immunity are likely to play a role in the development of FIP. The pathology of FIP has been classified into two forms: an effusive (wet) FIP characterised by polyserositis (eg, thoracic and abdominal effusion)and vasculitis, and a non-effusive (dry) FIP characterised by granulomatous lesions in organs (Addie et al., 2009).

5. Host Ranges and Animal Models

Domestic cats

6. Host Protective Immunity

It has been suggested that cats mounting a strong cell-mediated immune response do not develop FIP, whereas cats showing a predominantly humoral response progress to disease. Hypergammaglobulinaemia is common in cats with FIP. Also, a drastic depletion of T cells from blood and lymphoid tissues has been described (Addie et al., 2009).

II. Vaccine Related Pathogen Genes

1. 3a

Gene Name : 3a
Sequence Strain (Species/Organism) : Feline infectious peritonitis virus
NCBI Gene ID : 10040181
NCBI Protein GI : 315192965
Locus Tag : FIPV_gp03
Genbank Accession : AY994055
Protein Accession : YP_004070195
Taxonomy ID : 11135
Gene Starting Position : 24860
Gene Ending Position : 25075
Gene Strand (Orientation) : ?
Protein Name : putative 3a protein
Protein pI : 4.49
Protein Weight : 6974.53
Protein Length : 71

DNA Sequence : Show Sequence

>gi|315192962:24860-25075 Feline infectious peritonitis virus, complete genome
TATGGACATTGTCAAATCTATTGACATATTCGTAGACGCTGTACTTGACGAACTTGACCGTGCATACTTT
GCTGTAACTCTTAAAGTAGAATTTAAGACTGGTAAACTACTTGTGTGTATAGGTTTTGGTGACACACTTC
TTGAGGCTAAGGACAAAGCGTATGCTAAGCTTGGTCTCTCCTTTATTGAAGAAGTCAATAGTCATACAGT
TGTTTA

Protein Sequence : Show Sequence

>gi|315192965|ref|YP_004070195.1| putative 3a protein [Feline infectious peritonitis virus]
MDIVKSIDIFVDAVLDELDRAYFAVTLKVEFKTGKLLVCIGFGDTLLEAKDKAYAKLGLSFIEEVNSHTV
V

Molecule Role : Virmugen
Molecule Role Annotation : A 3abc deletion mutant in Feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) was attenuated and provided protection against virulent FIPV strain 79-1146 challenge in kittens (Haijema et al., 2004).
Related Vaccine(s): Feline infectiour peritonitis virus 3abc mutant vaccine

2. 3b

Gene Name : 3b
Sequence Strain (Species/Organism) : Feline infectious peritonitis virus
NCBI Gene ID : 10040182
NCBI Protein GI : 315192966
Locus Tag : FIPV_gp04
Genbank Accession : AY994055
Protein Accession : YP_004070196
Taxonomy ID : 11135
Gene Starting Position : 25020
Gene Ending Position : 25235
Gene Strand (Orientation) : ?
Protein Name : putative 3b protein
Protein pI : 11.43
Protein Weight : 7960.26
Protein Length : 71

DNA Sequence : Show Sequence

>gi|315192962:25020-25235 Feline infectious peritonitis virus, complete genome
TATGCTAAGCTTGGTCTCTCCTTTATTGAAGAAGTCAATAGTCATACAGTTGTTTAGTATTACTGTTTAC
AAGTTTAAAGCCAAATTTTGGTATAAACTACCTTTTGAAACTAGACTTTGTATCATTAAACACACAAGAC
CCAAAGCATTAAGTGTTACAAAACAAGTAAAGAGAGATTATAGAAAAATTGCCATTCTAAATTCCATGCG
AAAATG

Protein Sequence : Show Sequence

>gi|315192966|ref|YP_004070196.1| putative 3b protein [Feline infectious peritonitis virus]
MLSLVSPLLKKSIVIQLFSITVYKFKAKFWYKLPFETRLCIIKHTRPKALSVTKQVKRDYRKIAILNSMR
K

Molecule Role : Virmugen
Molecule Role Annotation : A 3abc deletion mutant in Feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) was attenuated and provided protection against virulent FIPV strain 79-1146 challenge in kittens (Haijema et al., 2004).
Related Vaccine(s): Feline infectiour peritonitis virus 3abc mutant vaccine

3. 3c

Gene Name : 3c
Sequence Strain (Species/Organism) : Feline infectious peritonitis virus
NCBI Gene ID : 10040183
Locus Tag : FIPV_gp05
Taxonomy ID : 11135
Gene Starting Position : 25232
Gene Ending Position : 25966
Gene Strand (Orientation) : ?

DNA Sequence : Show Sequence

>gi|315192962:25232-25966 Feline infectious peritonitis virus, complete genome
AATGATTGGTGGACTTTTTCTTAACACTCTTAGTTTTGTAATTGTTAGTAACCATGTTATTGTTAATAAC
ACAGCAAATGTGCATACTACACAACATGAAAATGTTATAGTACAACAGCATTAGGTTGTTAGTGCTAGAA
CACAAAATTATTACCCAGAGTTCAGCATCGCTGTACTCTTTGTATCATTTTTGGCTTTGTACCGTAGTAC
AAACTTTAAGACGTGTGTCGGCATCTTAATGTTTAAGATTGTATCAATGACACTTGTAGGGCCTATGCTT
ATAGCATATGGTTACTACATTGATGGCATTGTTACAATAACTGTCTTAGCTTTAAGATTTTTCTACTTAG
CATACTTTTGGTATGTTAATAGTAGGTCCGAATTTATTTTATACAATACAACGACACTCATGTTTGTACA
TGGCAGAGCTGCACCGTTTATGAGAAGTTCTCACAGCTCTATTTATGTCACATTGTATGGTGGCATAAAT
TATATGTTTGTGAATGACCTCACGTTGCATTTTGTAGACCCTATGCTTGTAAGAATAGCAATACGTGGCT
TAGCTCATGCTGATCTAACTGTTTTTAGAGCAGTTGAACTTCTCAATGGTGATTTTATATATGTATTTTC
ACAGGAGCCCGTAGCCGGTGTTTACAATGCAGCCTCTTCTCAGGCGGTTCTAAACGAAATTGACTTAAAA
GAAGAAGAAGAAGACCATAACTATGACGTTCCCTA

Molecule Role : Virmugen
Molecule Role Annotation : A 3abc deletion mutant in Feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) was attenuated and provided protection against virulent FIPV strain 79-1146 challenge in kittens (Haijema et al., 2004).
Related Vaccine(s): Feline infectiour peritonitis virus 3abc mutant vaccine

4. 7a

Gene Name : 7a
Sequence Strain (Species/Organism) : Feline infectious peritonitis virus
NCBI Gene ID : 10040187
NCBI Protein GI : 315192970
Locus Tag : FIPV_gp09
Genbank Accession : AY994055
Protein Accession : YP_004070200
Taxonomy ID : 11135
Gene Starting Position : 28151
Gene Ending Position : 28456
Gene Strand (Orientation) : ?
Protein Name : non-structural protein 7a
Protein pI : 8.52
Protein Weight : 9843.18
Protein Length : 101

DNA Sequence : Show Sequence

>gi|315192962:28151-28456 Feline infectious peritonitis virus, complete genome
CATGCTCGTTTTCGTCCATGCTGTACTTGTAACAGCTTTAATCTTACTACTAATTGGTAGAATCCAATTA
CTAGAAAGGTTGTTACTCAGTCATCTGCTTAATCTTACAACAGTCAGTAATGTTTTAGGTGTGCCTGACA
GTAGTCTGCGTGTAAATTGTTTGCAGCTTTTGAAACCAGACTGCCTTGATTTTAATATCTTACATAAAGT
TTTAGCAGAAACCAGGTTACTAGTAGTAGTACTGCGAGTGATCTTTCTAGTTCTTCTAGGGTTTTCCTGC
TATACATTGTTGGGTGCATTATTTTA

Protein Sequence : Show Sequence

>gi|315192970|ref|YP_004070200.1| non-structural protein 7a [Feline infectious peritonitis virus]
MLVFVHAVLVTALILLLIGRIQLLERLLLSHLLNLTTVSNVLGVPDSSLRVNCLQLLKPDCLDFNILHKV
LAETRLLVVVLRVIFLVLLGFSCYTLLGALF

Molecule Role : Virmugen
Molecule Role Annotation : A 7ab deletion mutant in Feline infectious peritonitis virus is attenuated and provides protection against virulent FIPV strain 79-1146 challenge in kittens (Haijema et al., 2004).
Related Vaccine(s): Feline infectious peritonitis virus 7ab mutant vaccine

5. 7b

Gene Name : 7b
Sequence Strain (Species/Organism) : Feline infectious peritonitis virus
NCBI Gene ID : 10040188
NCBI Protein GI : 315192971
Locus Tag : FIPV_gp10
Genbank Accession : AY994055
Protein Accession : YP_004070201
Taxonomy ID : 11135
Gene Starting Position : 28461
Gene Ending Position : 29081
Gene Strand (Orientation) : ?
Protein Name : non-structural protein 7b
Protein pI : 7.25
Protein Weight : 22221.54
Protein Length : 206

DNA Sequence : Show Sequence

>gi|315192962:28461-29081 Feline infectious peritonitis virus, complete genome
CATGATTGTTGTAATCCTTGTGTGTATCTTTTTGGCTAATGGAATTAAAGCTACTGCTGTGCAAAATGAC
CTTCATGAACATCCCGTTCTTACCTGGGATTTATTACAGCATTTCATAGGACATACCCTCTACATTACAA
CACACCAGGTCTTAGCACTACCGCTTGGATCTCGTGTTGAGTGTGAGGGTATCGAAGGTTTCAATTGCAC
ATGGCCTGGCTTTCAAGATCCTGCACATGATCATATTGATTTCTACTTTGATCTTTCTAATCCTTTCTAT
TCATTTGTAGATAATTTTTATATTGTAAGTGAGGGAAATCAAAGAATCAATCTCAGATTGGTTGGTGCTG
TGCCAAAACAAAAGAGATTAAATGTTGGTTGTCATACATCATTTGCTGTTGATCTTCCATTTGGGATTCA
GATATACCATGACAGGGATTTTCAACACCCTGTTGATGGCAGACATCTAGATTGTACTCACAGAGTGTAC
TTTGTGAAGTACTGTCCACATAACCTGCATGGTTATTGCTTTAATGAGAGGCTGAAAGTTTATGACTTGA
AGCAATTCAGAAGCAAGAAGGTCTTCGACAAAATCAACCAACATCATAAAACTGAGTTATA

Protein Sequence : Show Sequence

>gi|315192971|ref|YP_004070201.1| non-structural protein 7b [Feline infectious peritonitis virus]
MIVVILVCIFLANGIKATAVQNDLHEHPVLTWDLLQHFIGHTLYITTHQVLALPLGSRVECEGIEGFNCT
WPGFQDPAHDHIDFYFDLSNPFYSFVDNFYIVSEGNQRINLRLVGAVPKQKRLNVGCHTSFAVDLPFGIQ
IYHDRDFQHPVDGRHLDCTHRVYFVKYCPHNLHGYCFNERLKVYDLKQFRSKKVFDKINQHHKTEL

Molecule Role : Virmugen
Molecule Role Annotation : A 7ab deletion mutant in Feline infectious peritonitis virus is attenuated and provides protection against virulent FIPV strain 79-1146 challenge in kittens (Haijema et al., 2004).
Related Vaccine(s): Feline infectious peritonitis virus 7ab mutant vaccine

6. N

Gene Name : N
Sequence Strain (Species/Organism) : Feline infectious peritonitis virus
NCBI Protein GI : BAC01159
Other Database IDs : CDD:279305
Taxonomy ID : 11135
Protein Name : nucleocapsid
Protein pI : 10.35
Protein Weight : 40532.64
Protein Length : 447
Protein Note : Coronavirus nucleocapsid protein; pfam00937

Protein Sequence : Show Sequence

>BAC01159.1 nucleocapsid [Feline infectious peritonitis virus]
MATQGQRVNWGDEPSKRRDRSNSRGRKNGNIPLSYFNPITLESGSKFWNICPRDFVPKGIGNKDQQIGYW
NRQVRYRIVRGQRKELPERWFFYFSGTGPHADAKFKDKIDGVFWVARDGAMNKPTTLGTRGTNNESKPLK
FDGKIPPQFQLEVNRSRNNSRSGSQPRSVSRSRSQSRGRQQSNNQNTNVEDTIVAVLSKLGVTDKQRSRS
KSGERNQSKPRDTTPKNANKHTWKKTAGKGDVTNFYGARSSSANFGDSDLVANGNAAKCYPQIAECVPSA
SSILFGSQWSAEEAGDQVKVTLTHTYYLPKDDAKTSQFLEQIDAYKQPSEVAKDQRQRKSRSKSADKKPE
ELSVTLVEAYTDVFDDTQVEMIDEVTN

Molecule Role : Protective antigen
Molecule Role Annotation : (Takano et al., 2014)
Related Vaccine(s): Feline infectious peritonitis virus recombinant N proteins vaccine

7. S

Gene Name : S
Sequence Strain (Species/Organism) : Feline infectious peritonitis virus
NCBI Protein GI : AGZ84526
Other Database IDs : CDD:279880
CDD:279881
Taxonomy ID : 11135
Protein Name : spike protein
Protein pI : 4.88
Protein Weight : 148708.33
Protein Length : 1538
Protein Note : Coronavirus S1 glycoprotein; pfam01600

Protein Sequence : Show Sequence

>AGZ84526.1 spike protein [Feline infectious peritonitis virus]
MIVLVTCLLLLCSYHTVLSTTNNECIQVNVTQLAGNENLIRDFLFSNFKEEGSVVVGGYYPTEVWYNCSR
TARTTAFQYFNNIHAFYFVMEAMENSTGNARGKPLLFHVHGEPVSVIISAYRDDVQQRPLLKHGLVCITK
NRHINYEQFTSNQWNSTCTGADRKIPFSVIPTDNGTKIYGLEWNDDFVTAYISGRSYHLNINTNWFNNVT
LLYSRSSTATWEYSAAYAYQGVSNFTYYKLNNTNGLKTYELCEDYEHCTGYATNVFAPTSGGYIPDGFSF
NNWFLLTNSSTFVSGRFVTNQPLLINCLWPVPSFGVAAQEFCFEGAQFSQCNGVSLNNTVDVIRFNLNFT
ADVQSGMGATVFSLNTTGGVILEISCYSDTVSESSSYSYGEIPFGITDGPRYCYVLYNGTALKYLGTLPP
SVKEIAISKWGHFYINGYNFFSTFPIGCISFNLTTGVSGAFWTIAYTSYTEALVQVENTAIKNVTYCNSH
INNIKCSQLTANLNNGFYPVASSEVGFVNKSVVLLPSFFTYTAVNITIDLGMKLSGYGQPIASTLSNITL
PMQDNNTDVYCIRSNQFSVYVHSTCKSSLWDNIFNQDCADVLEATAVIKTGTCPFSFDKLNNYLTFNKFC
LSLSPVGANCKFDVAARTRTNEQVVRSLYVIYEEGDNIVGVPSDNSGLHDLSVLHLDSCTDYNIYGRTGV
GIIRRTNSTLLSGLYYTSLSGDLLGFKNVSDGVIYSVTPCDVSAQAAVIDGAIVGAMTSINSELLGLTHW
TTTPNFYYYSIYNYTSERTRGTAIDSNDVDCEPVITYSNIGVCKNGALVFINVTHSDGDVQPISTGNVTI
PTNFTISVQVEYMQVYTTPVSIDCARYVCNGNPRCNKLLTQYVSACQTIEQALAMGARLENMEVDSMLFV
SENALKLASVEAFNSTENLDPIYKEWPSIGGSWLGGLKDILPSHNSKRKYGSAIEDLLFDKVVTSGLGTV
DEDYKRCTGGYDIADLVCAQYYNGIMVLPGVANADKMTMYTASLAGGITLGALGGGAVAIPFAVAVQARL
NYVALQTDVLNKNQQILANAFNQAIGNITQAFGKVNDAIHQTSQGLATVAKALAKVQDVVNTQGQALSHL
TVQLQNNFQAISSSISDIYNRLDELSADAQVDRLITGRLTALNAFVSQTLTRQAEVRASRQLAKDKVNEC
VRSQSQRFGFCGNGTHLFSLANAAPNGMIFFHTVLLPTAYETVTAWSGICASDGDRTFGLVVKDVQLTLF
RNLDDKFYLTPRTMYQPRVATSSDFVQIEGCDVLFVNATVIDLPSIIPDYIDINQTVQDILENYRPNWTV
PEFTLDIFNATYLNLTGEIDDLEFRSEKLHNTTVELAILIDNINNTLVNLEWLNRIETYVKWPWYVWLLI
GLVVVFCIPLLLFCCFSTGCCGCIGCLGSCCHSICSRRQFENYEPIEKVHVH

Molecule Role : Protective antigen
Molecule Role Annotation : (Satoh et al., 2011)

III. Vaccine Information

1. Feline infectiors peritonitis serum vaccine

a. Type:

Serum contianing ant-FIPV.

b. Status:

Research

c. Host Species for Licensed Use:

Cat

d. Antigen

FIPV (Weiss and Scott, 1981)

e. Preparation

A healthy 5-month-old kitten with an F1PV serum antibody titer greater than 1:1600 served as the immune serum donor. This animal was an SPF kitten who had seroconverted by natural exposure to FIPV-shedding contact cats and had remained asymptomatic.(Weiss and Scott, 1981)

f. Immunization Route

Intravenous injection (i.v.)

g. Description

A serum containing anti-FIBV produced by an asymptomatic cat was injected into other cats.(Weiss and Scott, 1981)

h. Cat Response

Vaccination Protocol: Serum was administered by slow intravenous injection and given at a dosage of 11 ml/kg per cat.(Weiss and Scott, 1981)
Challenge Protocol: Six hr after administration of serum, the experimental kittens were inoculated intraperitoneally with 0.5 ml of FIPV- infected liver homogenate.
Efficacy: Not protected, higher fatality rate than unvaccinated cats. (Weiss and Scott, 1981)

2. Feline infectiour peritonitis virus 3abc mutant vaccine

a. Type:

Live, attenuated vaccine

b. Status:

Research

c. Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model:

Cat

d. Gene Engineering of 3a

Type: Gene mutation
Description: This 3abc mutant is from Feline infectious peritonitis virus (Haijema et al., 2004).
Detailed Gene Information: Click here.

e. Gene Engineering of 3b

Type: Gene mutation
Description: This 3abc mutant is from Feline infectious peritonitis virus (Haijema et al., 2004).
Detailed Gene Information: Click here.

f. Gene Engineering of 3c

Type: Gene mutation
Description: This 3abc mutant is from Feline infectious peritonitis virus (Haijema et al., 2004).
Detailed Gene Information: Click here.

g. Immunization Route

Oronasal immunization

h. Cat Response

Persistence: A 3abc mutant is attenuated in kittens (Haijema et al., 2004).
Efficacy: A 3abc mutant induces protection in kittens from challenge with wild type FIPV (Haijema et al., 2004).

3. Feline Infectious Peritonitis Modified Live Virus Vaccine (USDA: 15A1.20)

a. Manufacturer:

Pfizer, Inc.

b. Vaccine Ontology ID:

VO_0001544

c. Type:

Live, attenuated vaccine

d. Status:

Licensed

e. Location Licensed:

USA

f. Host Species for Licensed Use:

Cat

4. Feline infectious peritonitis virus 7ab mutant vaccine

a. Type:

Live, attenuated vaccine

b. Status:

Research

c. Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model:

Cat

d. Gene Engineering of 7a

Type: Gene mutation
Description: This 7ab mutant is from Feline infectious peritonitis virus (Haijema et al., 2004).
Detailed Gene Information: Click here.

e. Gene Engineering of 7b

Type: Gene mutation
Description: This 7ab mutant is from Feline infectious peritonitis virus (Haijema et al., 2004).
Detailed Gene Information: Click here.

f. Immunization Route

Oronasal immunization

g. Cat Response

Persistence: A 7ab mutant is attenuated in kittens (Haijema et al., 2004).
Efficacy: A 7ab mutant induces protection in kittens from challenge with wild type FIPV (Haijema et al., 2004).

5. Feline infectious peritonitis virus recombinant N proteins vaccine

a. Type:

Recombinant vector vaccine

b. Status:

Research

c. Host Species for Licensed Use:

None

d. Antigen

baculovirus-expressed N protein of the Type I FIPV strain KU-2 (Hohdatsu et al., 2003)

e. Gene Engineering of N

Type: Recombinant protein preparation
Description: (Hohdatsu et al., 2003)
Detailed Gene Information: Click here.

f. Preparation

SF-9 cells cultured for 2 days were inoculated with the recombinant baculovirus. After absorption for 1 h, serum-free TC-100 medium was added to the cells and the cells were cultured at 27 °C. After culture for 96 h, the infected cells were recovered and washed with PBS. One milliliter of RSB buffer containing 0.2% NP-40 (0.01 M NaCl, 0.0015 M MgCl2, 0.01 M Tris–HCl, pH 7.4) was added to 1×107 cells and the cell suspension was kept at 4 °C for 30 min with occasional shaking. The cells were centrifuged at 800×g for 10 min. The precipitate was resuspended in PBS and used as recombinant N protein. Feline inactivated trivalent vaccine (Felidovac PCR; Intervet, The Netherlands), which is commercially available in Japan, was added to the recombinant N protein as an adjuvant. This feline inactivated trivalent vaccine contains 2% aluminum hydroxide gels and L80 as an adjuvant. (Hohdatsu et al., 2003)

g. Immunization Route

subcutaneous injection

h. Description

Cell lysate with baculovirus-expressed N protein of the Type I FIPV strain KU-2 recombinant vaccine was effective in preventing the progression of FIP without inducing antibody-dependent enhancement of FIPV infection in cats. (Hohdatsu et al., 2003)

i. Cat Response

Vaccination Protocol: Eight SPF cats aged 6 months and eight SPF cats aged 7–9 months were used in the first and second experiments, respectively. In both experiments, four cats were subcutaneously vaccinated three times with 3-week intervals. The same vaccination/challenge experiment was repeated twice. (Hohdatsu et al., 2003)
Immune Response: In all vaccinated cats, the ELISA value against N protein began to increase on Day 6 after the challenge and the antibody responded earlier than that in the control cats. The anti-challenge virus (strain 79-1146) neutralizing antibody production converted to positive on Day 12 after the challenge in the vaccination and control groups, showing no significant difference between the two groups. (Hohdatsu et al., 2003)
Challenge Protocol: As a challenge control, four cats received a subcutaneous administration of the SF-9 cell-derive d antigen, which was prepared as the recombinant N protein described above, with the adjuvant. Four weeks after the third vaccination, all cats were challenged oronasally with 105 TCID50 FIPV strain 79-1146. (Hohdatsu et al., 2003)
Efficacy: Combining the results of the first and second experiments, the survival rates were 75% (6/8) and 12.5% (1/8) for the immunized and control groups, respectively. These survival rates were analyzed using the X2-test, and there was a significant difference (P<0.05). (Hohdatsu et al., 2003)

IV. References

1. Addie et al., 2009: Addie D, Belák S, Boucraut-Baralon C, Egberink H, Frymus T, Gruffydd-Jones T, Hartmann K, Hosie MJ, Lloret A, Lutz H, Marsilio F, Pennisi MG, Radford AD, Thiry E, Truyen U, Horzinek MC. Feline infectious peritonitis. ABCD guidelines on prevention and management. Journal of feline medicine and surgery. 2009; 11(7); 594-604. [PubMed: 19481039].

2. Haijema et al., 2004: Haijema BJ, Volders H, Rottier PJ. Live, attenuated coronavirus vaccines through the directed deletion of group-specific genes provide protection against feline infectious peritonitis. Journal of virology. 2004; 78(8); 3863-3871. [PubMed: 15047802].

3. Satoh et al., 2011: Satoh R, Furukawa T, Kotake M, Takano T, Motokawa K, Gemma T, Watanabe R, Arai S, Hohdatsu T. Screening and identification of T helper 1 and linear immunodominant antibody-binding epitopes in the spike 2 domain and the nucleocapsid protein of feline infectious peritonitis virus. Vaccine. 2011; 29(9); 1791-1800. [PubMed: 21216312].

4. Takano et al., 2014: Takano T, Tomizawa K, Morioka H, Doki T, Hohdatsu T. Evaluation of protective efficacy of the synthetic peptide vaccine containing the T-helper 1 epitope with CpG oligodeoxynucleotide against feline infectious peritonitis virus infection in cats. Antiviral therapy. 2014; 19(7); 645-650. [PubMed: 24458025].