VIOLIN: Vaccine Investigation and Online Information Network

Pathogen Page

Feline herpesvirus 1

Table of Contents

General Information
Vaccine Related Pathogen Genes
1. env (Protective antigen)
2. gD protein (Protective antigen)
3. UL23 (Virmugen)
Vaccine Information
References

I. General Information

1. NCBI Taxonomy ID:

10334

2. Disease:

Feline viral rhinotracheitis

3. Introduction

Feline herpesvirus (FHV-1; felid herpesvirus 1 (FeHV-1)) is an alphaherpesvirus of cats closely related to canine herpesvirus-1 and phocine herpesvirus-1. Like other herpesviruses, FeHV-1 contains double-stranded DNA and has a glycoprotein-lipid envelope. It is therefore relatively fragile in the external environment and is highly susceptible to the effects of common disinfectants. There is only one serotype of the virus and it is relatively homogenous genetically. FeHV-1 is an important cause of acute upper respiratory tract and ocular disease in cats. In addition, its role in more chronic ocular disease and skin lesions is increasingly being recognised. Epidemiologically, FeHV-1 behaves as a typical alphaherpesvirus whereby clinically recovered cats become latently infected carriers which undergo periodic episodes of virus reactivation, particularly after a stress. The primary site of latency is the trigeminal ganglion. Conventional inactivated and modified-live vaccines are available and protect reasonably well against disease but not infection, although viral shedding may be reduced. FeHV-1 is shed in ocular, nasal, and oral secretions and transmission is largely by direct contact with an infected cat. Acutely infected animals are clearly one of the most
important sources of virus, but latently infected carrier cats may also shed virus and infect susceptible cats (Gaskell et al., 2007).

4. Microbial Pathogenesis

The natural routes of infection for FeHV-1 are via the nasal, oral, and conjunctival mucous membranes, though experimentally other routes have been investigated. Following infection, virus replication in the acute phase takes place predominantly in the mucosae of the nasal septum, turbinates, nasopharynx, and tonsils; other tissues including conjunctivae, mandibular lymph nodes and upper trachea are also often involved (Gaskell et al., 2007).

5. Host Ranges and Animal Models

As well as domestic cats, FeHV-1 infects several other members of the Felidae (Gaskell et al., 2007).

6. Host Protective Immunity

Immunity to FeHV-1 has generally been measured by serum virus neutralizing (VN) antibody levels, although as for other alphaherpesviruses, cell-mediated immunity is likely to be a better reflection of immune status (Gaskell et al., 2007).

II. Vaccine Related Pathogen Genes

1. env

Gene Name : env
Sequence Strain (Species/Organism) : Feline herpesvirus 1
NCBI Protein GI : BAA12690
Other Database IDs : CDD:150302
Taxonomy ID : 11673
Protein Name : env, partial [Feline immunodeficiency virus]
Protein pI : 9.01
Protein Weight : 27451.51
Protein Length : 303
Protein Note : Lentivirus surface glycoprotein; pfam09590

Protein Sequence : Show Sequence

>BAA12690.1 env, partial [Feline immunodeficiency virus]
IPKCGWWNQAAYYNSYKWEPTNVTFQCQRTQSQPGTWSRTISSWRQRNRWEWRPDFESEKVKISLQCNST
KNLTFAMRSTSDYYDITGAWIEFGCYRNKSRFYNPARFRIRCKWNEGNNISLIDTCGTNHNVTGANPVDC
TMKASTMYNCSLQNGFTMKIEDLIVHFNMTKAVEMYNIAGNWSCRSDLPTGWGYMMCNCTNGDNNVNKMT
CPENQGILRNWYNPVAGLRQALMKYQVVKQP

Molecule Role : Protective antigen
Molecule Role Annotation : (Sato et al., 2000)

2. gD protein

Gene Name : gD protein
Sequence Strain (Species/Organism) : Feline herpesvirus 1
NCBI Protein GI : AHZ31390
Other Database IDs : CDD:223029
CDD:279830
CDD:288690
Taxonomy ID : 10334
Protein Name : gD protein
Protein pI : 8.43
Protein Weight : 41597.82
Protein Length : 431
Protein Note : envelope glycoprotein D; Provisional

Protein Sequence : Show Sequence

>AHZ31390.1 gD protein [Felid alphaherpesvirus 1]
MMTRLHFWWCGIFAVLKYLVCTSSLTTTPKTTTVYVKGFNISPLRYNYTQARIVPKIPQAMDPKITAEVR
YVTSMDSCGMVALISEPDIDATIRTIQLSQKKTYNATISWFKVTQGCEYPMFLMDMRLCDPKREFGICAL
RSPSYWLEPLTKYMFLTDDELGLIMMAPAQFNQGQYRRVITIDGSMFYTDFMVQLSPTPCWFAKPDRYEE
ILHEWCRNVKTIGLDGARDYHYYWVPYNPQPHHKAVLLYWYRTHGREPPVRFQEAIRYDRPAIPSGSEDS
KRSNDSRGESSGPNWIDIENYTPKNNVPIIISDDDVPTAPPKGMNNQSVVIPAIVLSCLIIALILGVIYY
ILRVKRSRSTAYQQLPIIHTTHHP

Molecule Role : Protective antigen
Molecule Role Annotation : (Maeda et al., 1996)

3. UL23

Gene Name : UL23
Sequence Strain (Species/Organism) : Felid herpesvirus 1
NCBI Gene ID : 8658565
NCBI Protein GI : 270339476
Locus Tag : FeHV-1_gp39
Genbank Accession : M26660
Protein Accession : YP_003331558
Taxonomy ID : 10334
Gene Starting Position : 66386
Gene Ending Position : 67418
Gene Strand (Orientation) : +
Protein Name : thymidine kinase
Protein pI : 6.44
Protein Weight : 36838.45
Protein Length : 343
Protein Note : Also known as TK

DNA Sequence : Show Sequence

>gi|281190771:66386-67418 Felid herpesvirus 1, complete genome
GATGGCGAGTGGAACCATCCCCGTTCAGAATGAAGAGATTATTAAATCACAGGTGAATACTGTCCGCATT
TACATAGATGGTGCCTATGGAATAGGTAAGAGTTTAACGGCGAAGTACCTGGTCAGAGCGGATGAAAATC
GACCGGGATATACTTACTACTTCCCAGAACCAATGCTATACTGGCGTAGTCTCTTTGAAACTGATGTTGT
CGGTGGTATCTATGCCGTCCAGGACCGGAAACGACGTGGTGAATTATCAGCTGAAGATGCTGCCTATATC
ACCGCCCACTATCAAGCAAGATTTGCCGCACCATACCTTCTTTTACATTCCAGACTATCCACAATAACAG
GATATCAGAAAGTTGTATGTGAGGAACACCCCGACGTGACCCTAATCATAGATAGACACCCTCTCGCCTC
TCTGGTCTGTTTCCCACTCGCAAGATATTTTGTGGGTGATATGACTCTTGGGTCTGTACTTAGTCTAATG
GCAACACTTCCACGAGAACCTCCTGGTGGAAATCTAGTTGTAACAACCTTGAATATCGAGGAACATTTGA
AGCGTCTCAGGGGACGCTCAAGAACCGGAGAACAGATAGACATGAAGCTAATTCACGCACTACGCAATGT
ATATATGATGTTGGTACATACTAAGAAATTTTTAACAAAAAATACTAGTTGGCGTGATGGGTGGGGGAAG
CTTAAAATTTTCTCCCACTATGAACGGAATAGGCTCGTGGAAACTACAATAGTTTCCGATTCGACGGAGT
CAGATTTATGTGACACATTATTCAGTGTTTTCAAAGCCCGGGAGCTCTCCGACCAAAATGGAGATCTACT
TGACATGCATGCATGGGTCCTCGATGGACTTATGGAAACCCTCCAAAATTTACAGATCTTTACTTTAAAT
CTGGAAGGAACCCCTGATGAATGTGCCGCCGCCTTGGGAGCACTGAGACAAGATATGGATATGACATTTA
TAGCCGCATGTGATATGCACCGTATAAGTGAAGCCTTGACGATATACCATTAA

Protein Sequence : Show Sequence

>gi|270339476|ref|YP_003331558.1| thymidine kinase [Felid herpesvirus 1]
MASGTIPVQNEEIIKSQVNTVRIYIDGAYGIGKSLTAKYLVRADENRPGYTYYFPEPMLYWRSLFETDVV
GGIYAVQDRKRRGELSAEDAAYITAHYQARFAAPYLLLHSRLSTITGYQKVVCEEHPDVTLIIDRHPLAS
LVCFPLARYFVGDMTLGSVLSLMATLPREPPGGNLVVTTLNIEEHLKRLRGRSRTGEQIDMKLIHALRNV
YMMLVHTKKFLTKNTSWRDGWGKLKIFSHYERNRLVETTIVSDSTESDLCDTLFSVFKARELSDQNGDLL
DMHAWVLDGLMETLQNLQIFTLNLEGTPDECAAALGALRQDMDMTFIAACDMHRISEALTIYH

Molecule Role : Virmugen
Molecule Role Annotation : A thymidine kinase-deficient mutant (C7301dlTK) is attenuated in cats and induced significant protection from wild type FHV-1 4 weeks after vaccination (Yokoyama et al., 1996).
Related Vaccine(s): Feline herpesvirus 1 UL23 mutant vaccine

III. Vaccine Information

1. Feline herpesvirus 1 UL23 mutant vaccine

a. Product Name:

C7301dlTK

b. Vaccine Ontology ID:

VO_0002958

c. Type:

Live, attenuated vaccine

d. Status:

Research

e. Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model:

Cat

f. Gene Engineering of UL23

Type: Gene mutation
Description: This UL23 mutant is from Felid herpesvirus 1 (Yokoyama et al., 1996).
Detailed Gene Information: Click here.

g. Immunization Route

Intramuscular injection (i.m.)

h. Cat Response

Persistence: A UL23 mutant is attenuated in cats (Yokoyama et al., 1996).
Efficacy: A UL23 mutant induces significant protection in cats from wild type FHV-1 4 weeks after vaccination (Yokoyama et al., 1996).

2. Feline Leukemia-Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia Killed Virus Vaccine (USDA: 15B5.20)

a. Manufacturer:

Wyeth

b. Vaccine Ontology ID:

VO_0001843

c. Type:

Inactivated or "killed" vaccine

d. Status:

Licensed

e. Location Licensed:

USA

f. Host Species for Licensed Use:

Cat

3. Feline Leukemia-Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia Killed Virus Vaccine (USDA: 15B5.21)

a. Manufacturer:

Wyeth

b. Vaccine Ontology ID:

VO_0001844

c. Type:

Inactivated or "killed" vaccine

d. Status:

Licensed

e. Location Licensed:

USA

f. Host Species for Licensed Use:

Cat

4. Feline Leukemia-Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia Modified Live & Killed Virus Vaccine (USDA: 15B9.20)

a. Manufacturer:

Intervet Inc.

b. Vaccine Ontology ID:

VO_0001845

c. Type:

Live, attenuated vaccine; Inactivated or "killed" vaccine

d. Status:

Licensed

e. Location Licensed:

USA

f. Host Species for Licensed Use:

Cat

5. Feline Leukemia-Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia Modified Live & Killed Virus Vaccine (USDA: 15B9.21)

a. Manufacturer:

Wyeth

b. Vaccine Ontology ID:

VO_0001846

c. Type:

Live, attenuated vaccine; Inactivated or "killed" vaccine

d. Status:

Licensed

e. Location Licensed:

USA

f. Host Species for Licensed Use:

Cat

6. Feline Leukemia-Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia-Chlamydia Psittaci Killed Virus, Killed Chlamydia Vaccine (USDA: 1559.20)

a. Manufacturer:

Wyeth

b. Vaccine Ontology ID:

VO_0001847

c. Type:

Inactivated or "killed" vaccine

d. Status:

Licensed

e. Location Licensed:

USA

f. Host Species for Licensed Use:

Cat

7. Feline Leukemia-Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia-Chlamydia Psittaci Killed Virus, Killed Chlamydia Vaccine (USDA: 1559.23)

a. Manufacturer:

Wyeth

b. Vaccine Ontology ID:

VO_0001848

c. Type:

Inactivated or "killed" vaccine

d. Status:

Licensed

e. Location Licensed:

USA

f. Host Species for Licensed Use:

Cat

8. Feline Leukemia-Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia-Chlamydia Psittaci Modified Live & Killed Virus, Killed Chlamydia Vaccine (USDA: 1559.2C)

a. Manufacturer:

Wyeth

b. Vaccine Ontology ID:

VO_0001849

c. Type:

Live, attenuated vaccine; Inactivated or "killed" vaccine

d. Status:

Licensed

e. Location Licensed:

USA

f. Host Species for Licensed Use:

Cat

9. Feline Leukemia-Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia-Chlamydia Psittaci Modified Live & Killed Virus, Modified Live Chlamydia Vaccine (USDA: 1559.2B)

a. Manufacturer:

Intervet Inc.

b. Vaccine Ontology ID:

VO_0001850

c. Type:

Live, attenuated vaccine; Inactivated or "killed" vaccine

d. Status:

Licensed

e. Location Licensed:

USA

f. Host Species for Licensed Use:

Cat

10. Feline Rhinotracheitis Modified Live Virus Vaccine (USDA: 16A1.22)

a. Manufacturer:

Heska Corporation

b. Vaccine Ontology ID:

VO_0001555

c. Type:

Live, attenuated vaccine

d. Status:

Licensed

e. Location Licensed:

USA

f. Host Species for Licensed Use:

Cat

11. Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Chlamydia Psittaci Modified Live Virus, Modified Live Chlamydia Vaccine (USDA: 16F1.20)

a. Manufacturer:

Pfizer, Inc.

b. Vaccine Ontology ID:

VO_0001851

c. Type:

Live, attenuated vaccine

d. Status:

Licensed

e. Location Licensed:

USA

f. Host Species for Licensed Use:

Cat

12. Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Chlamydia Psittaci Modified Live Virus, Modified Live Chlamydia Vaccine (USDA: 16F1.21)

a. Manufacturer:

Merial, Inc.

b. Vaccine Ontology ID:

VO_0001852

c. Type:

Live, attenuated vaccine

d. Status:

Licensed

e. Location Licensed:

USA

f. Host Species for Licensed Use:

Cat

13. Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia Killed Virus Vaccine (USDA: 16D5.20)

a. Manufacturer:

Wyeth

b. Vaccine Ontology ID:

VO_0001853

c. Type:

Inactivated or "killed" vaccine

d. Status:

Licensed

e. Location Licensed:

USA

f. Host Species for Licensed Use:

Cat

14. Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia Killed Virus Vaccine (USDA: 16D5.23)

a. Manufacturer:

Wyeth

b. Vaccine Ontology ID:

VO_0001854

c. Type:

Inactivated or "killed" vaccine

d. Status:

Licensed

e. Location Licensed:

USA

f. Host Species for Licensed Use:

Cat

15. Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia Modified Live & Killed Virus Vaccine (USDA: 16D9.20)

a. Manufacturer:

Intervet Inc.

b. Vaccine Ontology ID:

VO_0001855

c. Type:

Live, attenuated vaccine; Inactivated or "killed" vaccine

d. Status:

Licensed

e. Location Licensed:

USA

f. Host Species for Licensed Use:

Cat

16. Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia Modified Live Virus Vaccine (USDA: 16D1.20)

a. Manufacturer:

Wyeth, Intervet Inc., Pfizer, Inc.

b. Vaccine Ontology ID:

VO_0001856

c. Type:

Live, attenuated vaccine

d. Status:

Licensed

e. Location Licensed:

USA

f. Host Species for Licensed Use:

Cat

17. Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia Modified Live Virus Vaccine (USDA: 16D1.22)

a. Manufacturer:

Wyeth, Intervet Inc., Heska Corporation

b. Vaccine Ontology ID:

VO_0001857

c. Type:

Live, attenuated vaccine

d. Status:

Licensed

e. Location Licensed:

USA

f. Host Species for Licensed Use:

Cat

18. Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia Modified Live Virus Vaccine (USDA: 16D1.23)

a. Manufacturer:

Intervet Inc.

b. Vaccine Ontology ID:

VO_0001858

c. Type:

Live, attenuated vaccine

d. Status:

Licensed

e. Location Licensed:

USA

f. Host Species for Licensed Use:

Cat

19. Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia Modified Live Virus Vaccine (USDA: 16D1.24)

a. Manufacturer:

Intervet Inc.

b. Vaccine Ontology ID:

VO_0001859

c. Type:

Live, attenuated vaccine

d. Status:

Licensed

e. Location Licensed:

USA

f. Host Species for Licensed Use:

Cat

20. Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia Modified Live Virus Vaccine (USDA: 16D8.20)

a. Manufacturer:

Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc.

b. Vaccine Ontology ID:

VO_0001860

c. Type:

Live, attenuated vaccine

d. Status:

Licensed

e. Location Licensed:

USA

f. Host Species for Licensed Use:

Cat

21. Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia Modified Live Virus Vaccine (USDA: 16D8.21)

a. Manufacturer:

Merial, Inc.

b. Vaccine Ontology ID:

VO_0001861

c. Type:

Live, attenuated vaccine

d. Status:

Licensed

e. Location Licensed:

USA

f. Host Species for Licensed Use:

Cat

22. Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia-Chlamydia Psittaci Killed Virus, Killed Chlamydia Vaccine (USDA: 16E5.20)

a. Manufacturer:

Wyeth

b. Vaccine Ontology ID:

VO_0001862

c. Type:

Inactivated or "killed" vaccine

d. Status:

Licensed

e. Location Licensed:

USA

f. Host Species for Licensed Use:

Cat

23. Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia-Chlamydia Psittaci Killed Virus, Killed Chlamydia Vaccine (USDA: 16E5.23)

a. Manufacturer:

Wyeth

b. Vaccine Ontology ID:

VO_0001863

c. Type:

Inactivated or "killed" vaccine

d. Status:

Licensed

e. Location Licensed:

USA

f. Host Species for Licensed Use:

Cat

24. Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia-Chlamydia Psittaci Modified Live Virus, Killed Chlamydia Vaccine (USDA: 16E6.20)

a. Manufacturer:

Wyeth

b. Vaccine Ontology ID:

VO_0001864

c. Type:

Live, attenuated vaccine; Inactivated or "killed" vaccine

d. Status:

Licensed

e. Location Licensed:

USA

f. Host Species for Licensed Use:

Cat

25. Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia-Chlamydia Psittaci Modified Live Virus, Modified Live Chlamydia Vaccine (USDA: 16E1.20)

a. Manufacturer:

Wyeth, Intervet Inc., Pfizer, Inc.

b. Vaccine Ontology ID:

VO_0001865

c. Type:

Live, attenuated vaccine

d. Status:

Licensed

e. Location Licensed:

USA

f. Host Species for Licensed Use:

Cat

26. Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia-Chlamydia Psittaci Modified Live Virus, Modified Live Chlamydia Vaccine (USDA: 16E1.24)

a. Manufacturer:

Intervet Inc.

b. Vaccine Ontology ID:

VO_0001866

c. Type:

Live, attenuated vaccine

d. Status:

Licensed

e. Location Licensed:

USA

f. Host Species for Licensed Use:

Cat

27. Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia-Chlamydia Psittaci Modified Live Virus, Modified Live Chlamydia Vaccine (USDA: 16E8.20)

a. Manufacturer:

Merial, Inc.

b. Vaccine Ontology ID:

VO_0001867

c. Type:

Live, attenuated vaccine

d. Status:

Licensed

e. Location Licensed:

USA

f. Host Species for Licensed Use:

Cat

28. Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia-Chlamydia Psittaci-Rabies Modified Live & Killed Virus, Modified Live Chlamydia Vaccine (USDA: 1619.20)

a. Manufacturer:

Merial, Inc.

b. Vaccine Ontology ID:

VO_0001868

c. Type:

Live, attenuated vaccine; Inactivated or "killed" vaccine

d. Status:

Licensed

e. Location Licensed:

USA

f. Host Species for Licensed Use:

Cat

29. Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia-Chlamydia Psittaci-Rabies Modified Live Virus and Chlamydia, Canarypox Vector Vaccine (USDA: 1619.R1)

a. Manufacturer:

Merial, Inc.

b. Vaccine Ontology ID:

VO_0001869

c. Type:

Live, attenuated vaccine

d. Status:

Licensed

e. Location Licensed:

USA

f. Host Species for Licensed Use:

Cat

30. Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia-Rabies Modified Live & Killed Virus Vaccine (USDA: 16T9.20)

a. Manufacturer:

Intervet Inc., Merial, Inc.

b. Vaccine Ontology ID:

VO_0001870

c. Type:

Live, attenuated vaccine; Inactivated or "killed" vaccine

d. Status:

Licensed

e. Location Licensed:

USA

f. Host Species for Licensed Use:

Cat

31. Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia-Rabies Modified Live Virus, Canarypox Vector Vaccine (USDA: 16T9.R0)

a. Manufacturer:

Merial, Inc.

b. Vaccine Ontology ID:

VO_0001871

c. Type:

Live, attenuated vaccine

d. Status:

Licensed

e. Location Licensed:

USA

f. Host Species for Licensed Use:

Cat

32. Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calicivirus Modified Live Virus Vaccine (USDA: 16C1.20)

a. Manufacturer:

Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc., Intervet Inc., Pfizer, Inc., Merial, Inc.

b. Vaccine Ontology ID:

VO_0001872

c. Type:

Live, attenuated vaccine

d. Status:

Licensed

e. Location Licensed:

USA

f. Host Species for Licensed Use:

Cat

33. Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calicivirus Modified Live Virus Vaccine (USDA: 16C1.21)

a. Manufacturer:

Intervet Inc., Pfizer, Inc.

b. Vaccine Ontology ID:

VO_0001873

c. Type:

Live, attenuated vaccine

d. Status:

Licensed

e. Location Licensed:

USA

f. Host Species for Licensed Use:

Cat

34. Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calicivirus Modified Live Virus Vaccine (USDA: 16C1.22)

a. Manufacturer:

Wyeth, Heska Corporation

b. Vaccine Ontology ID:

VO_0001874

c. Type:

Live, attenuated vaccine

d. Status:

Licensed

e. Location Licensed:

USA

f. Host Species for Licensed Use:

Cat

IV. References

1. Gaskell et al., 2007: Gaskell R, Dawson S, Radford A, Thiry E. Feline herpesvirus. Veterinary research. 2007; 38(2); 337-354. [PubMed: 17296160].

2. Maeda et al., 1996: Maeda K, Ono M, Kawaguchi Y, Niikura M, Okazaki K, Yokoyama N, Tokiyoshi Y, Tohya Y, Mikami T. Expression and properties of feline herpesvirus type 1 gD (hemagglutinin) by a recombinant baculovirus. Virus research. 1996; 46(1-2); 75-80. [PubMed: 9029779].

3. Sato et al., 2000: Sato E, Yokoyama N, Miyazawa T, Maeda K, Ikeda Y, Nishimura Y, Fujita K, Kohmoto M, Takahashi E, Mikami T. Efficient expression of the envelope protein of feline immunodeficiency virus in a recombinant feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1) using the gC promoter of FHV-1. Virus research. 2000; 70(1-2); 13-23. [PubMed: 11074121].

4. Yokoyama et al., 1996: Yokoyama N, Maeda K, Tohya Y, Kawaguchi Y, Shin YS, Ono M, Ishiguro S, Fujikawa Y, Mikami T. Pathogenicity and vaccine efficacy of a thymidine kinase-deficient mutant of feline herpesvirus type 1 in cats. Archives of virology. 1996; 141(3-4); 481-494. [PubMed: 8645090].