VIOLIN: Vaccine Investigation and Online Information Network

Rift Valley Fever virus

Table of Contents

General Information
Vaccine Related Pathogen Genes
1. glycoprotein (Protective antigen)
2. N (Protective antigen)
3. RVFVsMgp1 M protein (Protective antigen)
4. RVFVsSgp2 N protein (Protective antigen)
Vaccine Information
References

I. General Information

1. NCBI Taxonomy ID:

11588

2. Disease:

Rift valley fever

3. Introduction

Rift Valley Fever (RVF) is a viral zoonosis (affects primarily domestic livestock, but can be passed to humans) causing fever. It is spread by the bite of infected mosquitoes, typically the Aedes or Culex genera. The disease is caused by the RVF virus, a member of the genus Phlebovirus (family Bunyaviridae). The disease was first reported among livestock in Kenya around 1915, but the virus was not isolated until 1931. RVF outbreaks occur across sub-Saharan Africa, with outbreaks occurring elsewhere infrequently (but sometimes severely - in Egypt in 1977-78, several million people were infected and thousands died during a violent epidemic. In Kenya in 1998, the virus claimed the lives of over 400 Kenyans. In September 2000 an outbreak was confirmed in Saudi Arabia and Yemen).

In humans the virus can cause several different syndromes. Usually sufferers have either no symptoms or only a mild illness with fever, headache, myalgia and liver abnormalities. In a small percentage of cases (< 2%) the illness can progress to hemorrhagic fever syndrome, meningoencephalitis (inflammation of the brain), or affecting the eye. Patients who become ill usually experience fever, generalized weakness, back pain, dizziness, and weight loss at the onset of the illness. Typically, patients recover within 2–7 days after onset.

Approximately 1% of human sufferers die of the disease. Amongst livestock the fatality level is significantly higher. In pregnant livestock infected with RVF there is the abortion of virtually 100% of fetuses. An epizootic (animal disease epidemic) of RVF is usually first indicated by a wave of unexplained abortions (Wiki: Rift Valley Fever virus).

4. Host Ranges and Animal Models

RVFV infects domesticated ruminants and humans (Lagerqvist et al., 2009).

II. Vaccine Related Pathogen Genes

1. glycoprotein

Gene Name : glycoprotein
Sequence Strain (Species/Organism) : Rift Valley Fever virus
NCBI Protein GI : ARW71759
Other Database IDs : CDD:148701
CDD:311284
CDD:148700
Taxonomy ID : 11588
Protein Name : glycoprotein
Protein pI : 7.57
Protein Weight : 123050.97
Protein Length : 1267
Protein Note : Phlebovirus nonstructural protein NS-M; pfam07246

Protein Sequence : Show Sequence

>ARW71759.1 glycoprotein [Rift Valley fever virus]
MYVLLTILISVLVCEAIIRVSLSSTREETCFGDSTNPEMIEGAWDSLREEEMPEELSCSISGIREVKTSS
QELYRALKAIIAADGLNNITCHGKDPEDKISLIKGPPHKKRVGIVRCERRRDAKQIGRETMAGIAMTVLP
ALAVFALAPVVFAEDPHLRNRPGKGHNYIDGMTQEDATCKPVTYAGACSSFDVLLEKGKFPLFQSYAHHR
TLLEAVHDTIIAKADPPSCDLQSAHGNPCMKEKLVMKTHCPNDYQSAHYLNNDGKMASVKCPPKHELTED
CNFCRQMTGASLKKGSYPLQDLFCQSSEDDGSKLKTKMKGVCEVGVQALKKCDGQLSTAHEVVPFAVFKN
SKKVYLDKLDLKTEENLLPDSFVCFEHKGQYKGTMDSGQTKRELKSFDISQCPKIGGHGSKKCTGDAAFC
SAYECTAQYANAYCSHANGSGIVQIQVSGVWKKPLCVGYERVVVKRELSAKPIQRVEPCTTCITKCEPHG
LVVRSTGFKISSAVACASGVCVTGSQSPSTEITLKYPGISQSSGGDIGVHMAHDDQSVSSKIVAHCPPQD
PCLVHGCIVCAHGLINYQCHTALSAFVVVFVFSSVAIICLAILYKVLRCLKIAPKKVLNPLMWITAFIRW
VYKKMVARVADNINQVNREIGWMEGGQLALGNPAPIPRHAPIPRYSTYLMLLLIISYASACSELIQASSR
ITTCSTEGVNTKCRLSGTALIRAGSVGAEACLMLKGVKEDQTKFLKIKTVSSELSCREGQSYWTGSFSPK
CLSSRRCHLVGECHVNRCLSWRDNETSAEFSFVGESTTMRENKCFEQCGGWGCGCFNVNPSCLFVHTYLQ
SVRKEALRVFNCIDWVHKLTLEITDFDGSVSTIDLGASSSRFTNWGSVSLSLDAEGISGSNSFSFIESPG
KGYAIVDEPFSEIPRQGFLGEIRCNSESSVLSAHESCLRAPNLISYKPMIDQLECTTNLIDPFVVFERGS
LPQTRNDKTFAASKGNRGVQAFSKGSVQADLTLMFDNFEVDFVGAAVSCDAAFLNLTGCYSCNAGARVCL
SITSTGTGTLSAHNKDGSLHIVLPSENGTKDQCQILHFTVPEVEEEFMYSCDGDERPLLVKGTLIAIDPF
DDRREAGGESTVVNPKSGSWNFFDWFSGLMSWFGGPLKTILLICLYVALSIGLFFLLIYLGRTGLSKMWL
AATKKAS

Molecule Role : Protective antigen
Molecule Role Annotation : (Faburay et al., 2014)
Related Vaccine(s): ChAdOx1 RVF

2. N

Gene Name : N
Sequence Strain (Species/Organism) : Rift Valley Fever virus
NCBI Protein GI : AHL18328
Other Database IDs : CDD:253357
Taxonomy ID : 11588
Protein Name : nucleocapsid protein N
Protein pI : 9.93
Protein Weight : 26490.47
Protein Length : 311
Protein Note : Tenuivirus/Phlebovirus nucleocapsid protein; pfam05733

Protein Sequence : Show Sequence

>AHL18328.1 nucleocapsid protein N [Rift Valley fever virus]
MDNYQELAIQFAAQAVDRNEIEQWVREFAYQGFDARRVIELLRQYGGADWEKDAKKMIVLALTRGNKPRR
MMMKMSKEGKATVEALINKYKLKEGNPSRDELTLSRVAAALAGWTCQALVVLSEWLPVTGTTMDGLSPAY
PRHMMHPSFAGMVDPSLPEDYLRAILDAHSLYLLQFSRVINPNLRGRTKEEVAATFTQPMNAAVNSNFIS
HEKRRGFLKAFGLVDSNGKPSAAVMAAAQAYKTAA

Molecule Role : Protective antigen
Molecule Role Annotation : (Kalbina et al., 2016)

3. RVFVsMgp1 M protein

Gene Name : RVFVsMgp1 M protein
Sequence Strain (Species/Organism) : Rift Valley fever virus
VO ID : VO_0011318
NCBI Gene ID : 956559
NCBI Protein GI : 27881464
Locus Tag : RVFVsMgp1
Genbank Accession : M25276
Protein Accession : NP_777376
Taxonomy ID : 11588
Gene Starting Position : 20
Gene Ending Position : 3613
Gene Strand (Orientation) : +
Protein Name : M protein
Protein pI : 7.46
Protein Weight : 122468.33
Protein Length : 1197

DNA Sequence : Show Sequence

>NC_002044.2:20-3613 Rift Valley fever virus M segment, complete sequence
AATGTATGTTTTATTAACAATTCTAACCTCGGTTCTGGTGTGTGAAGCGATTATTAGAGTGTCTCTAAGC
TCCACAAGAGAAGAGACCTGCTTTGGTGACTCCACTAACCCAGAGATGATTGAAGGAGCTTGGGATTCAC
TCAGAGAGGAGGAGATGCCGGAGGAGCTCTCCTGTTCTATATCAGGCATAAGAGAGGTTAAGACCTCAAG
CCAGGAGTTATACAGGGCATTAAAAGCCATCATTGCTGCTGATGGCTTGAACAACATCACCTGCCATGGT
AAGGATCCTGAGGACAAGATTTCCCTCATAAAGGGTCCTCCTCACAAAAAGCGGGTGGGGATAGTTCGGT
GTGAGAGACGAAGAGATGCTAAGCAAATAGGGAGAAAAACCATGGCAGGGATTGCAATGACAGTCCTTCC
AGCCTTAGCAGTTTTTGCTTTGGCACCTGTTGTTTTTGCTGAAGACCCCCATCTCAGAAACAGACCAGGG
AAGGGGCACAACTACATTGACGGGATGACTCAGGAGGATGCCACATGCAAACCTGTGACATATGCTGGGG
CATGTAGCAGTTTTGATGTCTTGCTTGAAAAGGGAAAATTTCCCCTTTTCCAGTCGTATGCTCATCATAG
AACTCTACTAGAGGCAGTTCACGACACCATCATTGCAAAGGCTGATCCACCTAGCTGTGACCTTCTGAGT
GCTCATGGGAACCCCTGCATGAAAGAGAAACTCGTGATGAAGACACACTGTCCAAATGACTACCAGTCAG
CTCATCACCTCAACAATGACGGGAAAATGGCTTCAGTCAAGTGCCCTCCTAAGTATGAGCTCACTGAAGA
CTGCAACTTTTGTAGGCAGATGACAGGTGCTAGCCTGAAGAAGGGGTCTTATCCTCTCCAAGACTTGTTT
TGTCAGTCAAGTGAGGATGATGGATCAAAATTAAAAACAAAAATGAAAGGGGTCTGCGAAGTGGGGGTTC
AAGCACTCAAAAAGTGTGATGGCCAACTCAGCACTGCACATGAGGTTGTGCCCTTTGCAGTGTTTAAGAA
CTCAAAGAAGGTTTATCTTGATAAGCTTGACCTTAAGACTGAGGAGAATCTGCTACCAGACTCATTTGTC
TGTTTCGAGCATAAGGGACAGTACAAAGGAACAATGGACTCTGGTCAGACTAAGAGGGAGCTCAAAAGCT
TTGATATCTCTCAGTGCCCCAAGATTGGAGGACATGGTAGTAAGAAGTGCACTGGGGACGCAGCATTTTG
CTCTGCTTATGAGTGCACTGCTCAGTACGCCAATGCCTATTGTTCACATGCTAATGGGTCAGGGATTGTG
CAGATACAAGTATCAGGGGTCTGGAAGAAGCCTTTATGTGTAGGGTATGAGAGAGTGGTTGTGAAGAGAG
AACTCTCTGCCAAGCCCATCCAGAGAGTTGAGCCTTGCACAACTTGTATAACCAAATGTGAGCCTCATGG
ATTGGTTGTCCGATCAACAGGGTTCAAGATATCATCAGCAGTTGCTTGTGCTAGCGGAGTTTGCGTCACA
GGATCGCAGAGTCCTTCCACCGAGATTACACTCAAGTATCCAGGGATATCCCAGTCTTCTGGGGGGGACA
TAGGGGTTCACATGGCACACGATGATCAGTCAGTTAGCTCCAAAATAGTAGCTCACTGCCCTCCCCAGGA
CCCGTGCTTAGTGCATGACTGCATAGTGTGTGCTCATGGCCTGATAAATTACCAGTGTCACACTGCTCTC
AGTGCCTTTGTTGTTGTGTTTGTATTCAGTTCTATTGCAATAATTTGTTTAGCTATTCTTTATAGGGTGC
TTAAGTGCCTGAAGATTGCCCCAAGGAAAGTTCTGAATCCACTAATGTGGATCACAGCCTTCATCAGATG
GATATATAAGAAGATGGTTGCCAGAGTGGCAGACAACATTAATCAAGTGAACAGGGAAATAGGATGGATG
GAAGGAGGTCAGTTGGTTCTAGGGAACCCTGCCCCTATTCCTCGTCATGCCCCAATCCCACGTTATAGCA
CATACCTGATGTTATTATTGATTGTCTCATATGCATCAGCATGTTCAGAACTGATTCAGGCAAGCTCCAG
AATCACCACTTGCTCTACAGAGGGTGTTAACACCAAGTGTAGACTGTCTGGCACAGCATTGATCAGAGCA
GGGTCAGTTGGGGCAGAGGCTTGTTTGATGTTGAAGGGGGTCAAGGAAGATCAAACCAAGTTCTTAAAGT
TAAAAACTGTCTCAAGTGAGCTATCATGCAGGGAGGGCCAGAGTTATTGGACTGGGTCCTTTAGCCCTAA
ATGTTTGAGCTCAAGGAGATGCCACCTTGTCGGGGAATGCCATGTGAATAGGTGTCTGTCTTGGAGGGAC
AATGAAACTTCAGCAGAGTTTTCATTTGTTGGGGAAAGCACGACCATGCGAGAGAATAAGTGTTTTGAGC
AATGTGGAGGATGGGGGTGTGGGTGTTTCAATGTGAACCCATCTTGCTTATTTGTGCACACGTATCTGCA
GTCAGTTAGAAAAGAGGCCCTTAGAGTTTTTAACTGTATCGACTGGGTGCATAAACTCACTCTAGAGATC
ACAGACTTTGATGGCTCTGTTTCAACAATAGACTTGGGAGCATCATCTAGCCGTTTCACAAACTGGGGTT
CAGTTAGCCTCTCACTGGACGCAGAGGGCATTTCAGGCTCAAATAGCTTTTCTTTCATTGAGAGCCCAGG
CAAAGGGTATGCAATTGTTGATGAGCCATTCTCAGAAATTCCTCGGCAAGGGTTCTTGGGGGAGATCAGG
TGCAATTCAGAGTCCTCAGTCCTGAGTGCTCATGAATCATGCCTTAGGGCACCAAACCTTATCTCATACA
AGCCCATGATAGATCAATTGGAGTGCACAACAAATCTGATTGATCCCTTTGTTGTCTTTGAGAGGGGTTC
TCTGCCACAGACAAGGAATGACAAAACCTTTGCAGCTTCAAAAGGAAATAGAGGTGTTCAAGCTTTCTCT
AAGGGCTCTGTACAAGCTGATCTAACTCTGATGTTTGACAATTTTGAGGTGGACTTTGTGGGAGCAGCCG
TATCTTGTGATGCCGCCTTCTTAAATTTGACAGGTTGCTATTCTTGCAATGCAGGGGCCAGGGTCTGCCT
GTCTATCACATCCACAGGAACTGGATCTCTCTCTGCCCACAATAAGGATGGGTCTCTGCATATAGTCCTT
CCATCAGAGAATGGAACAAAAGACCAGTGTCAGATACTACACTTCACTGTGCCTGAAGTAGAGGAGGAGT
TTATGTACTCTTGTGATGGAGATGAGCGGCCTCTGTTGGTGAAGGGGACCCTGATAGCCATTGATCCATT
TGATGATAGGCGGGAAGCAGGGGGGGAATCAACAGTTGTGAATCCAAAATCTGGATCTTGGAATTTCTTT
GACTGGTTTTCTGGACTCATGAGTTGGTTTGGAGGGCCTCTTAAAACTATACTCCTCATTTGCCTGTATG
TTGCATTATCAATTGGGCTCTTTTTCCTCCTTATATATCTTGGAGGAACAGGCCTCTCTAAAATGTGGCT
TGCTGCCACTAAGAAGGCCTCATA

Protein Sequence : Show Sequence

>NP_777376.1 M protein [Rift Valley fever virus]
MYVLLTILTSVLVCEAIIRVSLSSTREETCFGDSTNPEMIEGAWDSLREEEMPEELSCSISGIREVKTSS
QELYRALKAIIAADGLNNITCHGKDPEDKISLIKGPPHKKRVGIVRCERRRDAKQIGRKTMAGIAMTVLP
ALAVFALAPVVFAEDPHLRNRPGKGHNYIDGMTQEDATCKPVTYAGACSSFDVLLEKGKFPLFQSYAHHR
TLLEAVHDTIIAKADPPSCDLLSAHGNPCMKEKLVMKTHCPNDYQSAHHLNNDGKMASVKCPPKYELTED
CNFCRQMTGASLKKGSYPLQDLFCQSSEDDGSKLKTKMKGVCEVGVQALKKCDGQLSTAHEVVPFAVFKN
SKKVYLDKLDLKTEENLLPDSFVCFEHKGQYKGTMDSGQTKRELKSFDISQCPKIGGHGSKKCTGDAAFC
SAYECTAQYANAYCSHANGSGIVQIQVSGVWKKPLCVGYERVVVKRELSAKPIQRVEPCTTCITKCEPHG
LVVRSTGFKISSAVACASGVCVTGSQSPSTEITLKYPGISQSSGGDIGVHMAHDDQSVSSKIVAHCPPQD
PCLVHDCIVCAHGLINYQCHTALSAFVVVFVFSSIAIICLAILYRVLKCLKIAPRKVLNPLMWITAFIRW
IYKKMVARVADNINQVNREIGWMEGGQLVLGNPAPIPRHAPIPRYSTYLMLLLIVSYASACSELIQASSR
ITTCSTEGVNTKCRLSGTALIRAGSVGAEACLMLKGVKEDQTKFLKLKTVSSELSCREGQSYWTGSFSPK
CLSSRRCHLVGECHVNRCLSWRDNETSAEFSFVGESTTMRENKCFEQCGGWGCGCFNVNPSCLFVHTYLQ
SVRKEALRVFNCIDWVHKLTLEITDFDGSVSTIDLGASSSRFTNWGSVSLSLDAEGISGSNSFSFIESPG
KGYAIVDEPFSEIPRQGFLGEIRCNSESSVLSAHESCLRAPNLISYKPMIDQLECTTNLIDPFVVFERGS
LPQTRNDKTFAASKGNRGVQAFSKGSVQADLTLMFDNFEVDFVGAAVSCDAAFLNLTGCYSCNAGARVCL
SITSTGTGSLSAHNKDGSLHIVLPSENGTKDQCQILHFTVPEVEEEFMYSCDGDERPLLVKGTLIAIDPF
DDRREAGGESTVVNPKSGSWNFFDWFSGLMSWFGGPLKTILLICLYVALSIGLFFLLIYLGGTGLSKMWL
AATKKAS

Molecule Role : Protective antigen
Molecule Role Annotation : The glycoprotein (GP) and nucleocapsid (NC) genes of Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) were expressed in different expression systems and were evaluated for their ability to protect mice from virulent challenge using a prime-boost regime. Mice vaccinated with a lumpy skin disease virus-vectored recombinant vaccine (rLSDV-RVFV) expressing the two RVFV glycoproteins (G1 and G2, expressed by the RVFV M Segment) developed neutralising antibodies and were fully protected when challenged, as were those vaccinated with a crude extract of truncated G2 glycoprotein (tG2) (Wallace et al., 2006).
Related Vaccine(s): RVF MP-12

4. RVFVsSgp2 N protein

Gene Name : RVFVsSgp2 N protein
Sequence Strain (Species/Organism) : Rift Valley fever virus
VO ID : VO_0011319
NCBI Gene ID : 956562
NCBI Protein GI : 9632367
Locus Tag : RVFVsSgp2
Genbank Accession : X53771
Protein Accession : NP_049344
Taxonomy ID : 11588
Segment No : segment S
Gene Starting Position : 914
Gene Ending Position : 1651
Gene Strand (Orientation) : -
Protein Name : N protein
Protein pI : 9.92
Protein Weight : 25842.8
Protein Length : 245

DNA Sequence : Show Sequence

>NC_002045.1:914-1651 Rift Valley fever virus segment S, complete sequence
CTTAGGCTGCTGTCTTGTAAGCCTGAGCGGCTGCCATGACAGCAGCTGACGGCTTCCCATTGGAATCCAC
AAGTCCAAAGGCTTTCAAGAATTCTCTCCTCTTCTCATGGCTTATAAAGTTGCTATTCACTGCTGCATTC
ATTGGCTGCGTGAACGTTGCAGCAACCTCCTCTTTTGTTCTACCTCGGAGGTTTGGGTTGATGACCCGGG
AGAACTGCAGCAGATACAGAGAGTGAGCATCTAATATTGCCCTTAGATAGTCTCCTGGTAGAGAAGGATC
CACCATGCCAGCAAAGCTGGGGTGCATCATATGCCTCGGGTATGCAGGGGATAGGCCGTCCATGGTAGTC
CCAGTGACAGGAAGCCACTCACTCAAGACGACCAAAGCCTGGCATGTCCAGCCAGCCAAGGCGGCAGCAA
CTCGTGATAGAGTCAACTCATCCCGGGAAGGATTCCCTTCCTTTAGCTTATACTTGTTGATGAGAGCCTC
CACAGTTGCTTTGCCTTCTTTCGACATTTTCATCATCATCCTCCTGGGCTTGTTGCCACGAGTTAGAGCC
AGAACAATCATTTTCTTGGCATCCTTCTCCCAGTCAGCCCCACCATACTGCTTTAAGAGTTCGATAACTC
TACGGGCATCAAACCCTTGATAAGCAAACTCTCGGACCCACTGTTCAATCTCATTGCGGTCCACTGCTTG
AGCAGCAAACTGGACTCGAAGCTCTTGATAGTTGTCCA

Protein Sequence : Show Sequence

>NP_049344.1 N protein [Rift Valley fever virus]
MDNYQELRVQFAAQAVDRNEIEQWVREFAYQGFDARRVIELLKQYGGADWEKDAKKMIVLALTRGNKPRR
MMMKMSKEGKATVEALINKYKLKEGNPSRDELTLSRVAAALAGWTCQALVVLSEWLPVTGTTMDGLSPAY
PRHMMHPSFAGMVDPSLPGDYLRAILDAHSLYLLQFSRVINPNLRGRTKEEVAATFTQPMNAAVNSNFIS
HEKRREFLKAFGLVDSNGKPSAAVMAAAQAYKTAA

Molecule Role : Protective antigen
Molecule Role Annotation : Immunisation of mice with cDNA encoding the nucleocapsid protein induced strong humoral and lymphocyte proliferative immune responses. Even though complete protection was not achieved by genetic immunisation, four out of eight mice vaccinated with cDNA encoding the nucleocapsid protein displayed no clinical signs of infection after challenge. In contrast, all fourteen control animals displayed clinical manifestations of Rift Valley Fever after challenge (Lagerqvist et al., 2009).
Related Vaccine(s): Rift Valley Fever Virus DNA Vaccine encoding N Protein

III. Vaccine Information

1. CAdVax-RVFV glycoprotein

a. Vaccine Ontology ID:

VO_0004642

b. Type:

Recombinant vector vaccine

c. Status:

Research

d. Host Species for Licensed Use:

Baboon

e. Preparation

RVFV glycoprotein genes were incorporated into a nonreplicating complex adenovirus (CAdVax) vector platform to develop a RVFV vaccine (Holman et al., 2009).

f. Immunization Route

Intramuscular injection (i.m.)

g. Mouse Response

Vaccination Protocol: The mice were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 1 × 10^8 PFU (1 × 10^10 total viral particles) of CAdVax-RVF or control CAdVax-D on week 0. CAdVax-D is a vector with a backbone identical to that of CAdVax-RVF that expresses dengue virus glycoproteins (22). Some mice also received booster vaccinations of the same dose on week 10 (Holman et al., 2009).
Vaccine Immune Response Type: VO_0000287
Challenge Protocol: Vaccinated and control animals were inoculated with 100 PFU of the ZH501 strain of RVFV by i.p. injection (Holman et al., 2009).
Efficacy: Vaccinated mice were protected against lethal RVFV infection. Additionally, protection was elicited in mice despite preexisting immunity to the adenovirus vector (Holman et al., 2009).

2. ChAdOx1 RVF

a. Type:

Live, attenuated vaccine

b. Status:

Clinical trial

c. Host Species for Licensed Use:

Human

d. Vector:

ChAdOx1 adenovirus vector (Jenkin et al., 2023)

e. Immunization Route

Intramuscularly into deltoid of non dominant arm

f. Description

ChAdOx1 is composed of the ChADOx1 adenovirus vector expresses a codon optimized transgene for the Rift Valley fever viral Gn and Gc glycoproteins (Jenkin et al., 2023)

3. Rift Valley Fever Virus DNA Vaccine encoding N Protein

a. Vaccine Ontology ID:

VO_0011399

b. Type:

DNA vaccine

c. Status:

Research

d. Gene Engineering of RVFVsSgp2 N protein

Type: DNA vaccine construction
Description:
Detailed Gene Information: Click here.

e. Vector:

pcDNA3.1/V5-His® TOPO (Lagerqvist et al., 2009)

f. Immunization Route

Gene Gun

g. Mouse Response

Host Strain: BALB/c
Vaccination Protocol: Before immunisation the mice were thoroughly shaved on the abdomen and vaccinated with cDNA encoding the antigens using a gene-gun (Helios™, BioRad Laboratories). The cDNA was administrated four times with two to three week intervals. The primary immunisation was performed using four gene-gun cartridges and the following three boosters with two cartridges (Lagerqvist et al., 2009).
Challenge Protocol: Mice were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with RVFV diluted in sterile PBS to a final volume of 100 μl (Lagerqvist et al., 2009).
Efficacy: Even though complete protection was not achieved by genetic immunisation, four out of eight mice vaccinated with cDNA encoding the nucleocapsid protein displayed no clinical signs of infection after challenge. In contrast, all fourteen control animals displayed clinical manifestations of Rift Valley Fever after challenge (Lagerqvist et al., 2009).

4. rMVA-GnGc (Rift Valley fever virus)

a. Vaccine Ontology ID:

VO_0004663

b. Type:

Recombinant vector vaccine

c. Status:

Research

d. Host Species for Licensed Use:

Baboon

e. Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model:

lambs

f. Preparation

A modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) vectored vaccine encoding the Rift Valley Fever virus (RVFV) glycoproteins Gn and Gc in lambs (Busquets et al., 2014).

g. Immunization Route

Intramuscular injection (i.m.)

h. Sheep Response

Vaccination Protocol: Three groups of six to seven lambs were immunized as follows: one group received the vaccine (termed rMVA-GnGc), a second group received an MVA vector (vector control) and a third group received saline solution (non-vaccinated control) (Busquets et al., 2014).
Vaccine Immune Response Type: VO_0000287
Challenge Protocol: Fourteen days post vaccination, all animals were subcutaneously challenged with 10^5 TCID50 of the virulent RVFV isolate 56/74 and vaccine efficacy assessed using standard endpoints (Busquets et al., 2014).
Efficacy: The data suggests that a single dose of the rMVA-GnGc vaccine may be sufficient to reduce RVFV shedding and duration of viremia but does not provide sterile immunity nor protection from disease. Further optimization of this vaccine approach in lambs is warranted (Busquets et al., 2014).

5. RVF MP-12

a. Type:

Live, attenuated vaccine

b. Status:

Licensed

c. Host Species for Licensed Use:

Human

d. Antigen

Viral N antigens

e. Vector:

Mosquito transmitted viral disease (Ikegami et al., 2015)

f. Preparation

The live-attenuated MP-12 strain was generated from pathogenic wild-type strain ZH548.(Ikegami et al., 2015)

g. Immunization Route

Intramuscular injection (i.m.)

h. Description

MP-12 is a live attenuated vaccine derived from wild type pathogenic strain ZH548 with a genome encoding 23 mutations. (Ikegami et al., 2015)

6. TSI-GSD 200 RVF Vaccine

a. Manufacturer:

Salk Institute, Government Service Division

b. Type:

Inactivated or "killed" vaccine

c. Status:

Licensed

d. Host Species for Licensed Use:

Human

e. Antigen

RVF virus

f. Immunization Route

subcutaneous injection

g. Description

A formalin-inactivated and lyophilized product originating fromthe supernatant of cell cultures infected with RVF virus. (Pittman et al., 1999)

IV. References

1. Busquets et al., 2014: Busquets N, Lorenzo G, López-Gil E, Rivas R, Solanes D, Galindo-Cardiel I, Xavier Abad F, Rodríguez F, Bensaid A, Warimwe G, Gilbert SC, Domingo M, Brun A. Efficacy assessment of an MVA vectored Rift Valley Fever vaccine in lambs. Antiviral research. 2014; ; . [PubMed: 24933081].

2. Faburay et al., 2014: Faburay B, Lebedev M, McVey DS, Wilson W, Morozov I, Young A, Richt JA. A glycoprotein subunit vaccine elicits a strong Rift Valley fever virus neutralizing antibody response in sheep. Vector borne and zoonotic diseases (Larchmont, N.Y.). 2014; 14(10); 746-756. [PubMed: 25325319].

3. Holman et al., 2009: Holman DH, Penn-Nicholson A, Wang D, Woraratanadharm J, Harr MK, Luo M, Maher EM, Holbrook MR, Dong JY. A complex adenovirus-vectored vaccine against Rift Valley fever virus protects mice against lethal infection in the presence of preexisting vector immunity. Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI. 2009; 16(11); 1624-1632. [PubMed: 19776190].

4. Kalbina et al., 2016: Kalbina I, Lagerqvist N, Moiane B, Ahlm C, Andersson S, Strid �, Falk KI. Arabidopsis thaliana plants expressing Rift Valley fever virus antigens: Mice exhibit systemic immune responses as the result of oral administration of the transgenic plants. Protein expression and purification. 2016; 127; 61-67. [PubMed: 27402440].

5. Lagerqvist et al., 2009: Lagerqvist N, Näslund J, Lundkvist A, Bouloy M, Ahlm C, Bucht G. Characterisation of immune responses and protective efficacy in mice after immunisation with Rift Valley Fever virus cDNA constructs. Virology journal. 2009; 6; 6. [PubMed: 19149901].

6. Wallace et al., 2006: Wallace DB, Ellis CE, Espach A, Smith SJ, Greyling RR, Viljoen GJ. Protective immune responses induced by different recombinant vaccine regimes to Rift Valley fever. Vaccine. 2006; 24(49-50); 7181-7189. [PubMed: 16870311].

7. Wiki: Rift Valley Fever virus: Rift Valley Fever [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rift_valley_fever_virus]