| 1. NCBI Taxonomy ID: |
| 666 |
| 2. Disease: |
| Cholera |
| 3. Introduction |
| Cholera is an acute intestinal infection caused by ingestion of food or water contaminated with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It has a short incubation period and produces an enterotoxin that causes a copious, painless, watery diarrhoea that can quickly lead to severe dehydration and death if treatment is not promptly given. Vomiting also occurs in most patients. Most persons infected with V. cholerae do not become ill, although the bacterium is present in their faeces for 7-14 days. When illness does occur, about 80-90% of episodes are of mild or moderate severity and are difficult to distinguish clinically from other types of acute diarrhoea. Less than 20% of ill persons develop typical cholera with signs of moderate or severe dehydration. Cholera remains a global threat and is one of the key indicators of social development. While the disease no longer poses a threat to countries with minimum standards of hygiene, it remains a challenge to countries where access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation cannot be guaranteed. Almost every developing country faces cholera outbreaks or the threat of a cholera epidemic (WHO: Cholera). |
| 4. Microbial Pathogenesis |
|
Cholera is transmitted via the fecal–oral route through contaminated food or water. Soon after oral ingestion, V. cholerae colonizes in the small intestine and produces virulence factors, including cholera toxin (CT). Acute secretory diarrhea mediated primarily by CT causes massive dehydration and a mortality rate of 20–50% if left untreated (Xu et al., 2009). |
| 5. Host Ranges and Animal Models |
| Cholera can be modeled in an infant mouse model (Kirn and Taylor, 2005). |
| 6. Host Protective Immunity |
| The adapted protective immunity against cholera is thought to be essentially humoral and predominantly based on intestinal mucosal antibodies, especially secretory IgA (sIgA), which is generally considered a correlation of protection for cholera (Xu et al., 2009). |
