Threonyl muramyl dipeptide (TMDP) |
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Vaxjo ID |
98 |
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Vaccine Adjuvant Name |
Threonyl muramyl dipeptide (TMDP) |
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Alternative Names |
Termurtide™; [thr1 ]-MDP; N-acetyl muramyl-L-threonyl-D-isoglutamine |
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Adjuvant VO ID |
VO_0001351
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Description |
Threonyl-MDP is included in adjuvant formulations as a primary adjuvant component (Vogel and Powell, 1995). |
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Stage of Development |
Research |
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Molecular Weight |
522.5 |
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Appearance |
White to off-white, odorless powder. |
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Storage |
The powdered drug substance should be stored dessicated at or below 25° C. For optimal stability, solutions (0.5-10 mg/ mL) of threonyl-MDP should be formulated between pH 3.5 and 5.5; under this condition, a two-year shelf-life at 25° C can be expected. Solutions of threonyl-MDP formulated in a broader pH range of 1.5 to 7.5 show a two-year shelf-life if stored at 5° C (Vogel and Powell, 1995). |
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Function |
Threonyl-MDP induces the production of a cascade of cytokines, including IL-1Α, IL-1Β and IL-6. Responding lymphocytes release IL-2 and IFN-Γ . The latter increases the production of antibodies of certain isotypes, including IgG2a. in the mouse. This isotype, and the homologous IgG1 in primates, interacts with high affinity FcΓ receptors, so that the antibodies can function efficiently in opsonizing viruses and other infectious agents for uptake by phagocytic cells (Vogel and Powell, 1995). |
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Safety |
At therapeutic doses, no safety concern is anticipated. Dose is indication dependent, but a guideline is 0.05-1% (w w), with an injection volume of -1 mL (Vogel and Powell, 1995). |
| Related Vaccine(s) |
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| References |
Vogel and Powell, 1995: Vogel FR, Powell MF. A compendium of vaccine adjuvants and excipients. Pharmaceutical biotechnology. 1995; 6; 141-228. [PubMed: 7551218].
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