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Chitosan |
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Vaxjo ID |
265 |
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Vaccine Adjuvant Name |
Chitosan |
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Alternative Names |
(Trimethyl Chitosan) Chitosan derivatives (e.g., mannosylated CS, phosphorylated CS) |
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Adjuvant VO ID |
VO_0005752
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Description |
Chitosan is a natural, cationic polysaccharide derived from chitin. It is biodegradable, biocompatible, mucoadhesive, and possesses intrinsic immunostimulatory properties, making it suitable as both an adjuvant and delivery system in vaccines. |
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Stage of Development |
Research |
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Components |
Chitosan (CS) is a natural polymer derived from chitin that has wide applications in drugs, vaccines, and antigen delivery. |
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Structure |
Linear polysaccharide of D-glucosamine and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine Positively charged in acidic solutions (pKa ~6.5) |
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Appearance |
Typically white to off-white powder |
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Storage |
Store dry at room temperature or 2–8°C Reconstituted forms vary based on application |
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Preparation |
Often prepared by ionic gelation, encapsulation, adsorption, or conjugation with antigens Can be chemically modified (e.g., TMC, phosphorylated CS, mannosylated CS) |
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Dosage |
Varies by animal model and antigen; typically in the range of 1–50 µg antigen/dose Routes: intranasal, oral, subcutaneous, intradermal, intraperitoneal |
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Function |
Chitosan (CS) is a natural polymer derived from chitin that has wide applications in drugs, vaccines, and antigen delivery.Nanoparticles (NPs) of chitosan and its derivatives loaded with antigen have been shown to induce cellular and humoral responses. This adjuvant enhances antigen uptake and stimulates macrophages to release inflammatory mediators that shape the Th1/Th2 balance, while also inducing cytokine production (TNF-?, IL-1?, IFN-?, IL-10) important for initiating humoral immunity. Its activity involves activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome leading to IL-1? secretion, as well as cGAS-STING pathway activation via mitochondrial DNA release, which drives type I IFN production, promotes dendritic cell maturation, enhances antigen presentation, and ultimately supports a strong Th1-biased adaptive response. |
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Safety |
Generally safe and well tolerated |
| References |
Dmour and Islam, 2022: Dmour I, Islam N. Recent advances on chitosan as an adjuvant for vaccine delivery. International journal of biological macromolecules. 2022; 200; 498-519. [PubMed: 34973993].
Gaglio et al., 2023: Gaglio SC, Perduca M, Zipeto D, Bardi G. Efficiency of Chitosan Nanocarriers in Vaccinology for Mucosal Immunization. Vaccines. 2023; 11(8); . [PubMed: 37631901].
Nordin et al., 2023: Nordin AH, Husna SMN, Ahmad Z, Nordin ML, Ilyas RA, Azemi AK, Ismail N, Siti NH, Ngadi N, Azami MSM, Mohamad Norpi AS, Reduan MFH, Osman AY, Pratama DAOA, Nabgan W, Shaari R. Natural Polymeric Composites Derived from Animals, Plants, and Microbes for Vaccine Delivery and Adjuvant Applications: A Review. Gels (Basel, Switzerland). 2023; 9(3); . [PubMed: 36975676].
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