|
|
Squalene-based Adjuvants |
|
Vaxjo ID |
16 |
|
Vaccine Adjuvant Name |
Squalene-based Adjuvants |
|
Adjuvant VO ID |
VO_0000190
|
|
Description |
Microfluidized squalene or squalane emulsions are efficient adjuvants, eliciting both humoral and cellular immune responses. Microfluidization stabilizes the emulsions and allows sterilization by terminal filtration (Allison, 1999). |
|
Stage of Development |
Licensed |
|
Components |
Squalene is a linear hydrocarbon precursor of cholesterol found in many tissues, notably the livers of sharks (Squalus) and other fishes. Small quantities of squalane are found in sebaceous secretions, so it is a natural product (Allison, 1999). |
|
Preparation |
Squalane is prepared by hydrogenation of squalene and is fully saturated, which means that it is not subject to autoxidation. The emulsions are stable for years at ambient temperature and can be frozen. Antigens are added after emulsification so that conformational epitopes are not lost by denaturation and to facilitate manufacture. A Pluronic block copolymer can be added to the squalane or squalene emulsion (Allison, 1999). |
|
Dosage |
Unvaccinated groups of pigs were inoculated with 0.002 L of a squalene adjuvant preparation alone. The squalene adjuvant preparation contained 880 g/L PBS, 10% squalene/pluronic acid (80:20, v/v) and 2% Tween 80 (Bassaganya-Riera et al., 2001). |
|
Function |
Soluble antigens administered in such emulsions generate cytotoxic T lymphocytes able to lyse target cells expressing the antigen in a genetically restricted fashion (Allison, 1999). |
|
Safety |
Squalene or squalane emulsions have been administered in human cancer vaccines, with mild side effects and evidence of efficacy, in terms of both immune responses and antitumor activity (Allison, 1999). |
| Related Vaccine(s) |
|
| References |
Allison, 1999: Allison AC. Squalene and squalane emulsions as adjuvants. Methods (San Diego, Calif.). 1999; 19(1); 87-93. [PubMed: 10525443].
Bassaganya-Riera et al., 2001: Bassaganya-Riera J, Hontecillas R, Zimmerman DR, Wannemuehler MJ. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid modulates phenotype and effector functions of porcine CD8(+) lymphocytes. The Journal of nutrition. 2001; 131(9); 2370-2377. [PubMed: 11533281].
|
|
