Babesia bovis 5865 Babesiosis, Texas Cattle Fever Babesia bovis is a single-celled protozoan parasite of cattle which occasionally infects humans. It is a member of the phylum Apicomplexa, which also includes the malaria parasite. The disease it and other members of the genus Babesia causes is a hemolytic anemia known as Babesiosis and colloquially called Texas Cattle Fever, Redwater or Piroplasmosis. It is transmitted by bites from infected larval ticks of the order Ixodida. It was eradicated from the United States by 1943, but is still present in Mexico and much of the world's tropics. The chief vector of Babesia species is the southern cattle fever tick Rhipicephalus microplus (formerly Boophilus microplus). Babesia bovis are transmitted from mother ticks to their eggs, and can remain resident in tick populations for up to four years without infecting a vertebrate host. More commonly, a larval tick feeds upon a domestic cow, an African buffalo or a water buffalo, releasing the parasites into the animal's bloodstream. The involvement of the larval stage of the ticks in the cycle is specific to B. bovis; other Babesia species only involve adult ticks. The parasites then invade individual red blood cells, multiplying and destroying the host cells until the animal is stricken with hemolytic anemia. Adult ticks which feed upon infected cattle are infected themselves, completing the cycle. In humans, infection is rare and usually only affects splenectomized patients (Wiki: Babesia bovis). Baboon Papio cynocephalus 9556 Bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus 447135 Bear Ursus americanus 9643 Birds Passeroidea 175121 Brown Trout Salmo trutta 8032 Buffalo Bison bison 9901 Carnivores Vulpes 9625 Cat Felis catus 9685 Catfishes Siluriformes 7995 Cattle Bos taurus 9913 Chicken Gallus gallus 9031 Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes 9598 chinchillas Chinchillidae 10150 Copper Pheasant Syrmaticus soemmerringii 9067 Deer Cervus elaphus 9860 Deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus 10042 Dog Canis familiaris 9615 Ducks Anas 8835 Ferret Mustela putorius furo 9669 Fish Hyperotreti 117565 Gerbil Gerbillina 10045 Goat Capra hircus 9925 Gray wolf Canis lupus 9612 Guinea pig Cavia porcellus 10141 Hamster Mesocricetus auratus 10036 Horse Equus caballus 9796 Human Homo sapiens 9606 Macaque Macaca fascicularis 9541 Mongolian Gerbil Meriones unguiculatus 10047 Monkey Platyrrhini 9479 Mouse Mus musculus 10090 None None Parrot Psittacidae 9224 Pig Sus scrofa 9823 Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus 9986 Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss 8022 Rat Rattus 10114 Raven Corvus corax 56781 sei whale Balaenoptera borealis 9768 Sheep Ovis aries 9940 Squirrel Spermophilus richardsonii 37591 Tree shrew Tupaiidae 9393 Trouts, salmons & chars Salmoninae 504568 Turkey Meleagris gallopavo 9103 Vole Microtus ochrogaster 79684 Water buffalo Bubalus bubalis 391902 B. bovis GST-12D3 VO_0011375 Subunit vaccine Research pGEX Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) B. bovis T2Bo 12D3 Recombinant protein preparation The 12D3 protective antigen was cloned and expressed as a glutathione-S-transferase (GST) fusion protein (Wright et al., 1992). 50 micrograms of the GST-12D3 fusion protein was mixed with FCA and used to vaccinate cattle (Wright et al., 1992). Immunised animals had parasitaemias one order of magnitude lower than controls when challenged with a heterologous strain of B. bovis. In a series of experiments, 100% of controls were treated, whereas only 16% of the GST-12D3 vaccinated animals required treatment (Wright et al., 1992). Challenged with virulent B.bovis (Wright et al., 1992). B. bovis vaccine by Local veterinary institutes Local veterinary institutes VO_0000872 Live, attenuated vaccine Research NA Infected blood from splenectomized calves(de and Combrink, 2006). Host species also include Babesia bigemina. NA 12D3 Babesia bovis T2Bo VO_0011027 5478971 156086656 BBOV_IV008150 AAXT01000002 XP_001610737 484906 4 946834 948172 + 5.11 36321.83 346 >NW_001820857.1:946834-948172 Babesia bovis T2Bo chromosome 4 gcontig_1104837696308, whole genome shotgun sequence TGGCTGACGTCTACCGTCATTTTGACATGCACTGCGTTGCAGCTCGTGCATAGCTTTCGAGTGTTTCATC TGGGTAAGGGTACAACGTTTTGTCGCGTCAACGTTAAGGCGCATTTCTTCTGATTTTAGCAAGAACGTCG ACTATATTAAATTCACTTGGTCGGCTTCTTGTGACGCCTACTATTGCTGCGAGAGTGTGTAGGTTTTTCC TTCAGGCATTACTCTGGAAAATACTATTCGACATACAAGATGTTGGCTACACGTTTTATTTTTAGTCTTT GCCTATTTGTGGCTCATCAAGGCGTCAACGCCTTTTTCTATCGTGCAGTTCCTATGTACGATCAGAATGG TAAGCTGGTTCCGGATTCCTCTAATATAGGTCCTTCATCCTTACGAATCGAGGCTACTGGTGTTGGTAGG ATTTGTTCTACTATGCAATCAGGTATCTATCTCATCAATCCTTACGCTCAGCGCTGCCCAATTGGGAAGA GCAAATGTGGACCTGAGCATGATTCCACCCTAGGAAAGTGTGCCATGTACTCTGGTTGTTACACCATCAG TAACGACTTCCGTGCTTGCTCATGCTTGCCTGATTACTTCGGCAACCCTTACAAGCAATGCTTCAGACAC TGTGACACGGATTTGGACTGCCCTTCACCTTATGCTGAGTGCAGGATGGACGCAGGCGAGACGATCAAGC GCTGCAAGTGCAGAGCAGGTTGCCCAGGTGATGGTGTCATTTGCAAGCCCGATAAGATCTGTACTGACTT GGCTGAAGACTCTGAGGCTCACCGTAGGTGCCTTCAGACCGGTATCACCGACAAGACATACGTTTGTGAT GACGGTTATTACTTGGACACTGATAACAAGTGCCAGCCGATTGTTGAGCTTGAAGATGATAGGGTTGTGA GCGTAATTGCCAGTGGCTACGTAAACGGCAGCCGTATTGATATTGGTAACTGCTTTTCAATTGAAATTAA CAAAGACAACGGTATGTCTTACTTCTACCAACTTAACAGTGGTGACCCCGTTGTGATTGACCAAAAAATT AAGACCGACGACCAGTTGATGTTGTTGTTCGAGGTTAAGGCTAATGACATTATTGCCTTTACCACTACTG AGGCCAACCCTTCTGGTCTCACTAAAATCTTCACTATCTCAAATGGTCTTAAAGGCTGCAAAATCGACAG TGTTATGAAGTACTCCCCAACCGGAGCTAAGGAGCACCCCTCAGGTGTCAGGGTTGAGGTTAAAGAGCTT GAAACTTCGAGCGAAAGGCAGGAGCTTTAGTCAAAATGACGAACCGACTCAAATAGAGTTTAATTTTTTG TAGAAAATT >XP_001610737.1 12D3 antigen [Babesia bovis T2Bo] MLATRFIFSLCLFVAHQGVNAFFYRAVPMYDQNGKLVPDSSNIGPSSLRIEATGVGRICSTMQSGIYLIN PYAQRCPIGKSKCGPEHDSTLGKCAMYSGCYTISNDFRACSCLPDYFGNPYKQCFRHCDTDLDCPSPYAE CRMDAGETIKRCKCRAGCPGDGVICKPDKICTDLAEDSEAHRRCLQTGITDKTYVCDDGYYLDTDNKCQP IVELEDDRVVSVIASGYVNGSRIDIGNCFSIEINKDNGMSYFYQLNSGDPVVIDQKIKTDDQLMLLFEVK ANDIIAFTTTEANPSGLTKIFTISNGLKGCKIDSVMKYSPTGAKEHPSGVRVEVKELETSSERQEL Protective antigen Crude extracts of Babesia bovis parasites were systematically fractionated and tested in numerous sequential vaccination/challenge experiments in adult cattle. Two of these, GST-12D3 and GST-11C5, when used in combination were almost as protective as has been previously shown for the commercially available live attenuated vaccine [Ref1015:Wright et al., 1992]. 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