Babesia bovis
5865
Babesiosis, Texas Cattle Fever
Babesia bovis is a single-celled protozoan parasite of cattle which occasionally infects humans. It is a member of the phylum Apicomplexa, which also includes the malaria parasite. The disease it and other members of the genus Babesia causes is a hemolytic anemia known as Babesiosis and colloquially called Texas Cattle Fever, Redwater or Piroplasmosis. It is transmitted by bites from infected larval ticks of the order Ixodida. It was eradicated from the United States by 1943, but is still present in Mexico and much of the world's tropics. The chief vector of Babesia species is the southern cattle fever tick Rhipicephalus microplus (formerly Boophilus microplus).
Babesia bovis are transmitted from mother ticks to their eggs, and can remain resident in tick populations for up to four years without infecting a vertebrate host. More commonly, a larval tick feeds upon a domestic cow, an African buffalo or a water buffalo, releasing the parasites into the animal's bloodstream. The involvement of the larval stage of the ticks in the cycle is specific to B. bovis; other Babesia species only involve adult ticks. The parasites then invade individual red blood cells, multiplying and destroying the host cells until the animal is stricken with hemolytic anemia. Adult ticks which feed upon infected cattle are infected themselves, completing the cycle. In humans, infection is rare and usually only affects splenectomized patients (Wiki: Babesia bovis).
Baboon
Papio cynocephalus
9556
Bank vole
Clethrionomys glareolus
447135
Bear
Ursus americanus
9643
Birds
Passeroidea
175121
Brown Trout
Salmo trutta
8032
Buffalo
Bison bison
9901
Carnivores
Vulpes
9625
Cat
Felis catus
9685
Catfishes
Siluriformes
7995
Cattle
Bos taurus
9913
Chicken
Gallus gallus
9031
Chimpanzee
Pan troglodytes
9598
chinchillas
Chinchillidae
10150
Copper Pheasant
Syrmaticus soemmerringii
9067
Deer
Cervus elaphus
9860
Deer mouse
Peromyscus maniculatus
10042
Dog
Canis familiaris
9615
Ducks
Anas
8835
Ferret
Mustela putorius furo
9669
Fish
Hyperotreti
117565
Gerbil
Gerbillina
10045
Goat
Capra hircus
9925
Gray wolf
Canis lupus
9612
Guinea pig
Cavia porcellus
10141
Hamster
Mesocricetus auratus
10036
Horse
Equus caballus
9796
Human
Homo sapiens
9606
Macaque
Macaca fascicularis
9541
Mongolian Gerbil
Meriones unguiculatus
10047
Monkey
Platyrrhini
9479
Mouse
Mus musculus
10090
None
None
Parrot
Psittacidae
9224
Pig
Sus scrofa
9823
Rabbit
Oryctolagus cuniculus
9986
Rainbow trout
Oncorhynchus mykiss
8022
Rat
Rattus
10114
Raven
Corvus corax
56781
sei whale
Balaenoptera borealis
9768
Sheep
Ovis aries
9940
Squirrel
Spermophilus richardsonii
37591
Tree shrew
Tupaiidae
9393
Trouts, salmons & chars
Salmoninae
504568
Turkey
Meleagris gallopavo
9103
Vole
Microtus ochrogaster
79684
Water buffalo
Bubalus bubalis
391902
B. bovis GST-12D3
VO_0011375
Subunit vaccine
Research
pGEX
Intramuscular injection (i.m.)
Intramuscular injection (i.m.)
B. bovis T2Bo 12D3
Recombinant protein preparation
The 12D3 protective antigen was cloned and expressed as a glutathione-S-transferase (GST) fusion protein (Wright et al., 1992).
50 micrograms of the GST-12D3 fusion protein was mixed with FCA and used to vaccinate cattle (Wright et al., 1992).
Immunised animals had parasitaemias one order of magnitude lower than controls when challenged with a heterologous strain of B. bovis. In a series of experiments, 100% of controls were treated, whereas only 16% of the GST-12D3 vaccinated animals required treatment (Wright et al., 1992).
Challenged with virulent B.bovis (Wright et al., 1992).
B. bovis vaccine by Local veterinary institutes
Local veterinary institutes
VO_0001033
Live, attenuated vaccine
Research
NA
Infected blood from splenectomized calves(de and Combrink, 2006). Host species also include Babesia bigemina.
NA
12D3
Babesia bovis T2Bo
VO_0011027
5478971
156086656
BBOV_IV008150
AAXT01000002
XP_001610737
484906
4
946834
948172
+
5.11
36321.83
346
>NW_001820857.1:946834-948172 Babesia bovis T2Bo chromosome 4 gcontig_1104837696308, whole genome shotgun sequence
TGGCTGACGTCTACCGTCATTTTGACATGCACTGCGTTGCAGCTCGTGCATAGCTTTCGAGTGTTTCATC
TGGGTAAGGGTACAACGTTTTGTCGCGTCAACGTTAAGGCGCATTTCTTCTGATTTTAGCAAGAACGTCG
ACTATATTAAATTCACTTGGTCGGCTTCTTGTGACGCCTACTATTGCTGCGAGAGTGTGTAGGTTTTTCC
TTCAGGCATTACTCTGGAAAATACTATTCGACATACAAGATGTTGGCTACACGTTTTATTTTTAGTCTTT
GCCTATTTGTGGCTCATCAAGGCGTCAACGCCTTTTTCTATCGTGCAGTTCCTATGTACGATCAGAATGG
TAAGCTGGTTCCGGATTCCTCTAATATAGGTCCTTCATCCTTACGAATCGAGGCTACTGGTGTTGGTAGG
ATTTGTTCTACTATGCAATCAGGTATCTATCTCATCAATCCTTACGCTCAGCGCTGCCCAATTGGGAAGA
GCAAATGTGGACCTGAGCATGATTCCACCCTAGGAAAGTGTGCCATGTACTCTGGTTGTTACACCATCAG
TAACGACTTCCGTGCTTGCTCATGCTTGCCTGATTACTTCGGCAACCCTTACAAGCAATGCTTCAGACAC
TGTGACACGGATTTGGACTGCCCTTCACCTTATGCTGAGTGCAGGATGGACGCAGGCGAGACGATCAAGC
GCTGCAAGTGCAGAGCAGGTTGCCCAGGTGATGGTGTCATTTGCAAGCCCGATAAGATCTGTACTGACTT
GGCTGAAGACTCTGAGGCTCACCGTAGGTGCCTTCAGACCGGTATCACCGACAAGACATACGTTTGTGAT
GACGGTTATTACTTGGACACTGATAACAAGTGCCAGCCGATTGTTGAGCTTGAAGATGATAGGGTTGTGA
GCGTAATTGCCAGTGGCTACGTAAACGGCAGCCGTATTGATATTGGTAACTGCTTTTCAATTGAAATTAA
CAAAGACAACGGTATGTCTTACTTCTACCAACTTAACAGTGGTGACCCCGTTGTGATTGACCAAAAAATT
AAGACCGACGACCAGTTGATGTTGTTGTTCGAGGTTAAGGCTAATGACATTATTGCCTTTACCACTACTG
AGGCCAACCCTTCTGGTCTCACTAAAATCTTCACTATCTCAAATGGTCTTAAAGGCTGCAAAATCGACAG
TGTTATGAAGTACTCCCCAACCGGAGCTAAGGAGCACCCCTCAGGTGTCAGGGTTGAGGTTAAAGAGCTT
GAAACTTCGAGCGAAAGGCAGGAGCTTTAGTCAAAATGACGAACCGACTCAAATAGAGTTTAATTTTTTG
TAGAAAATT
>XP_001610737.1 12D3 antigen [Babesia bovis T2Bo]
MLATRFIFSLCLFVAHQGVNAFFYRAVPMYDQNGKLVPDSSNIGPSSLRIEATGVGRICSTMQSGIYLIN
PYAQRCPIGKSKCGPEHDSTLGKCAMYSGCYTISNDFRACSCLPDYFGNPYKQCFRHCDTDLDCPSPYAE
CRMDAGETIKRCKCRAGCPGDGVICKPDKICTDLAEDSEAHRRCLQTGITDKTYVCDDGYYLDTDNKCQP
IVELEDDRVVSVIASGYVNGSRIDIGNCFSIEINKDNGMSYFYQLNSGDPVVIDQKIKTDDQLMLLFEVK
ANDIIAFTTTEANPSGLTKIFTISNGLKGCKIDSVMKYSPTGAKEHPSGVRVEVKELETSSERQEL
Protective antigen
Crude extracts of Babesia bovis parasites were systematically fractionated and tested in numerous sequential vaccination/challenge experiments in adult cattle. Two of these, GST-12D3 and GST-11C5, when used in combination were almost as protective as has been previously shown for the commercially available live attenuated vaccine [Ref1015:Wright et al., 1992].
Antonio et al., 2010
journal
Antonio Alvarez J, Lopez U, Rojas C, Borgonio VM, Sanchez V, Castaņeda R, Vargas P, Figueroa JV
Immunization of Bos taurus steers with Babesia bovis recombinant antigens MSA-1, MSA-2c and 12D3
2010
57
1-2
87-90
Transboundary and emerging diseases
Brown et al., 1993
journal
Brown WC, Palmer GH, McElwain TF, Hines SA, Dobbelaere DA
Babesia bovis: characterization of the T helper cell response against the 42-kDa merozoite surface antigen (MSA-1) in cattle
1993
77
1
97-9110
Experimental parasitology
Brown et al., 1996
journal
Brown WC, McElwain TF, Ruef BJ, Suarez CE, Shkap V, Chitko-McKown CG, Tuo W, Rice-Ficht AC, Palmer GH
Babesia bovis rhoptry-associated protein 1 is immunodominant for T helper cells of immune cattle and contains T-cell epitopes conserved among geographically distant B. bovis strains
1996
64
8
3341-3350
Infection and immunity
de and Combrink, 2006
journal
de Waal DT, Combrink MP
Live vaccines against bovine babesiosis
2006
138
1-2
88-96
Veterinary parasitology
Ishizaki et al., 2017
journal
Ishizaki T, Sivakumar T, Hayashida K, Takemae H, Tuvshintulga B, Munkhjargal T, Guswanto A, Igarashi I, Yokoyama N
Babesia bovis BOV57, a Theileria parva P67 homolog, is an invasion-related, neutralization-sensitive antigen
2017
54
138-145
Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases
Norimine et al., 2004
journal
Norimine J, Mosqueda J, Palmer GH, Lewin HA, Brown WC
Conservation of Babesia bovis small heat shock protein (Hsp20) among strains and definition of T helper cell epitopes recognized by cattle with diverse major histocompatibility complex class II haplotypes
2004
72
2
1096-1106
Infection and immunity
Terkawi et al., 2013
journal
Terkawi MA, Ratthanophart J, Salama A, AbouLaila M, Asada M, Ueno A, Alhasan H, Guswanto A, Masatani T, Yokoyama N, Nishikawa Y, Xuan X, Igarashi I
Molecular characterization of a new Babesia bovis thrombospondin-related anonymous protein (BbTRAP2)
2013
8
12
e83305
PloS one
Wiki: Babesia bovis
website
Babesia bovis
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babesia_bovis
Wright et al., 1992
journal
Wright IG, Casu R, Commins MA, Dalrymple BP, Gale KR, Goodger BV, Riddles PW, Waltisbuhl DJ, Abetz I, Berrie DA
The development of a recombinant Babesia vaccine
1992
44
1-2
3-13
Veterinary parasitology