Bordetella avium 521 Bordetellosis Bordetella avium is a small, gram-negative, non-fermentative, motile, strictly aerobic bacillus responsible for the avian disease referred to as bordetellosis. This bacterium was first isolated from young turkeys in 1967 and officially named Bordetella avium in 1984. Although it is an economically significant disease in turkeys, B. avium has also been isolated from cockatiels, Wagler’s conures, a Jenday conure, a Muluccan cockatoo and a noble’s macaw. There are further reports of B. avium being isolated from numerous other species of birds including chickens, finches, budgerigars, Japanese quail and ostriches. In cockatiels, B. avium commences a path of infection by colonizing the ciliated epithelium of the bird’s tracheal mucosa. As the disease progresses, it will destroy this outer layer of tissue along the respiratory tract, and produce toxins that can affect other groups of tissue in the body. In this respect, B. avium acts similar to its human counterpart – Bordetella pertussis (whooping cough) however, there is no evidence that B. avium can infect humans. The bacterium is easily transmitted by aerosols, leading to a rapid spread of the disease in facilities where birds are housed closely together. Bordetellosis in psittacine birds manifests with upper respiratory signs such as sneezing, nasal and ocular discharge, swelling of the infraorbital sinus, and lockjaw. Involvement of the lower airways is infrequent. Experimental inoculation with B. avium in cockatiel chicks suggests a 1-2 day incubation period (HealthGene Corp: Bordetella avium). Baboon Papio cynocephalus 9556 Bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus 447135 Bear Ursus americanus 9643 Birds Passeroidea 175121 Brown Trout Salmo trutta 8032 Buffalo Bison bison 9901 Carnivores Vulpes 9625 Cat Felis catus 9685 Catfishes Siluriformes 7995 Cattle Bos taurus 9913 Chicken Gallus gallus 9031 Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes 9598 chinchillas Chinchillidae 10150 Copper Pheasant Syrmaticus soemmerringii 9067 Deer Cervus elaphus 9860 Deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus 10042 Dog Canis familiaris 9615 Ducks Anas 8835 Ferret Mustela putorius furo 9669 Fish Hyperotreti 117565 Gerbil Gerbillina 10045 Goat Capra hircus 9925 Gray wolf Canis lupus 9612 Guinea pig Cavia porcellus 10141 Hamster Mesocricetus auratus 10036 Horse Equus caballus 9796 Human Homo sapiens 9606 Macaque Macaca fascicularis 9541 Mongolian Gerbil Meriones unguiculatus 10047 Monkey Platyrrhini 9479 Mouse Mus musculus 10090 None None Parrot Psittacidae 9224 Pig Sus scrofa 9823 Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus 9986 Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss 8022 Rat Rattus 10114 Raven Corvus corax 56781 sei whale Balaenoptera borealis 9768 Sheep Ovis aries 9940 Squirrel Spermophilus richardsonii 37591 Tree shrew Tupaiidae 9393 Trouts, salmons & chars Salmoninae 504568 Turkey Meleagris gallopavo 9103 Vole Microtus ochrogaster 79684 Water buffalo Bubalus bubalis 391902 Art Vax Art Vax Schering-Plough Animal Health VO_0000844 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed Spray inhalation or drinking water Live temperature-sensitive mutant strain; spray inhalation or drinking water (Jackwood and Saif, 1985) Spray inhalation or drinking water Bordetella Avium Avirulent Live Culture Vaccine (USDA: 1021.01) Intervet Inc., Arko Laboratories Ltd. VO_0001820 Live vaccine Licensed USA HealthGene Corp: Bordetella avium website http://www.healthgene.com/avian/d417.asp Jackwood and Saif, 1985 journal Jackwood MW, Saif YM 1985 29 4 1130-1139 Avian diseases