Aeromonas salmonicida 645 Furunculosis, Bald sea urchin disease All species of salmon, trout, charr and grayling are susceptible to infection with Aeromonas salmonicida (USGS Fish Disease Leaflets). Aeromonas salmonicida is a species of Gram-negative bacteria, from the genus Aeromonas, which causes the disease furunculosis in marine and freshwater fish. The symptoms the fish show are external and internal hemorrhaging, swelling of the vents and kidneys, boils, ulcers, liquefaction, and gastroenteritis. Furunculosis is commonly known as tail rot in fish and is common in gold and koi fish. Infected fish with open sores are able to spread the disease to other fish. It is also responsible for bald sea urchin disease. Most strands of the bacterium are non-motile. It is bacillus in shape. The short rods have rounded ends which allow it to be easily confused as a coccus. Aeromonas salmonicida is a facultative anaerobe which means that it is capable of making ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but is also capable of switching to fermentation when oxygen is not present. It does not ferment sucrose or lactose, using glucose in this pathway instead; glucose fermentation creates gas (Wiki: Aeromonas salmonicida). Baboon Papio cynocephalus 9556 Bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus 447135 Bear Ursus americanus 9643 Birds Passeroidea 175121 Brown Trout Salmo trutta 8032 Buffalo Bison bison 9901 Carnivores Vulpes 9625 Cat Felis catus 9685 Catfishes Siluriformes 7995 Cattle Bos taurus 9913 Chicken Gallus gallus 9031 Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes 9598 chinchillas Chinchillidae 10150 Copper Pheasant Syrmaticus soemmerringii 9067 Deer Cervus elaphus 9860 Deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus 10042 Dog Canis familiaris 9615 Ducks Anas 8835 Ferret Mustela putorius furo 9669 Fish Hyperotreti 117565 Gerbil Gerbillina 10045 Goat Capra hircus 9925 Gray wolf Canis lupus 9612 Guinea pig Cavia porcellus 10141 Hamster Mesocricetus auratus 10036 Horse Equus caballus 9796 Human Homo sapiens 9606 Macaque Macaca fascicularis 9541 Mongolian Gerbil Meriones unguiculatus 10047 Monkey Platyrrhini 9479 Mouse Mus musculus 10090 None None Parrot Psittacidae 9224 Pig Sus scrofa 9823 Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus 9986 Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss 8022 Rat Rattus 10114 Raven Corvus corax 56781 sei whale Balaenoptera borealis 9768 Sheep Ovis aries 9940 Squirrel Spermophilus richardsonii 37591 Tree shrew Tupaiidae 9393 Trouts, salmons & chars Salmoninae 504568 Turkey Meleagris gallopavo 9103 Vole Microtus ochrogaster 79684 Water buffalo Bubalus bubalis 391902 A. salmonicida live-attenuated vaccine encoding AroA VO_0011386 Live, attenuated vaccine Research Intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) Intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) A. salmonicida 644Rb aroA Gene mutation The aroA gene of A. salmonicida was cloned in Escherichia coli, and the nucleotide sequence was determined. The aroA gene was inactivated by inserting a fragment expressing kanamycin resistance within the coding sequence. The aroA::Kar mutation was introduced into the chromosome of virulent A. salmonicida 644Rb and 640V2 by allele replacement by using a suicide plasmid delivery system. The mutation resulted in attenuation when bacteria were injected intramuscularly into Atlantic salmon (Vaughan et al., 1993). Gene mutation This aroA mutant is from Aeromonas salmonicida (Vaughan et al., 1993). Brown trout were vaccinated with 10^7 CFU of A. salmonicida 644Rb aroa by intraperitoneal injection (Vaughan et al., 1993). Vaccination of brown trout with 10^7 CFU of A. salmonicida 644Rb aroA by intraperitoneal injection resulted in a 253-fold increase in the 50% lethal dose (LD50) compared with unvaccinated controls challenged with a virulent clinical isolate 9 weeks later. A second vaccination after 6 weeks increased the LD50 by a further 16-fold (Vaughan et al., 1993). Groups of four or five fish were challenged by intramuscular injection of dilutions of cultures of a virulent strain of A. salmonicida (Vaughan et al., 1993). AquaVac Furuvac AquaVac Furuvac Schering-Plough Animal Health VO_0001026 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed Oral Oral Infectious Salmon Anemia Virus Killed Virus Vaccine-Aeromonas Salmonicida-Vibrio Anguillarum-Ordalii-Salmonicida Bacterin (USDA: 4A45.20) Novartis Animal Health US, Inc VO_0002320 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA aroA Aeromonas salmonicida VO_0011024 512545 GOA:Q03321 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:Q03321 645 ? 6.95 43119.66 476 >CAA01426.1 aroA [Aeromonas salmonicida] MNSLRLEPISRVAGEVNLPGSKSVSNGALLLAALARGTTRLTNLLDSDDIRHMLAALTQLGVKYKLSADK TECTVHGLGRSFAVSAPVNLFLGNAGTAMRPLCAALCLGSGEYMLGGEPRMEERPIGHLVDCLALKGAHI QYLKKDGYPPLVVDAKGLWGGDVHVDGSVSSQFLTAFLMAAPAMAPVIPRIHIKGELVSKPYIDITLHIM NSSGVVIEHDNYKLFYIKGNQSIVSPGDFLVEGDASSASYFLAAGAIKGKVRVTGIGKHSIGDIHFADVL ERMGARITWGDDFIEAEQGPLHGVDMDMNHIPDVGHDHSGQSHCLPRVPPHSQHLQLAVRDDRCTPCTHG HRRAQAGVSEEGTTFITRDAADPAQARRDRHLQASRIAMCFSLVALSDIAVTINDPGCTSKTFPDYFDKL ASVSQAV Protective antigen The aroA gene of A. salmonicida was cloned in Escherichia coli, and the nucleotide sequence was determined. Vaccination of brown trout with 10(7) CFU of A. salmonicida 644Rb aroA by intraperitoneal injection resulted in a 253-fold increase in the 50% lethal dose (LD50) compared with unvaccinated controls challenged with a virulent clinical isolate 9 weeks later [Ref1010:Vaughan et al., 1993]. aroA Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida A449 4997369 145298842 ASA_1859 CP000644 YP_001141683 382245 1959933 1961216 + 3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase 6.3 43170.95 427 catalyzes the formation of 5-O-(1-carboxyvinyl)-3-phosphoshikimate from phosphoenolpyruvate and 3-phosphoshikimate in tryptophan biosynthesis >gi|145297124:1959933-1961216 Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida A449, complete genome TATGAATTCGTTGCGTTTGGAACCCATTTCTCGTGTGGCCGGTGAGGTCAATCTGCCCGGCTCCAAGAGC GTATCCAATCGGGCTTTGTTGCTGGCGGCCCTTGCCCGTGGCACCACCCGGCTGACCAATCTGCTCGACA GCGATGATATTCGTCATATGCTGGCGGCGCTGACCCAGCTCGGGGTCAAGTACAAGCTTTCCGCCGACAA GACAGAGTGCACAGTGCACGGTCTGGGTCGCAGCTTTGCGGTATCGGCACCGGTCAACCTGTTCCTCGGC AATGCCGGTACTGCCATGCGTCCCCTCTGTGCGGCCCTGTGTCTGGGATCCGGTGAATACATGCTGGGCG GTGAACCCAGGATGGAAGAGCGTCCCATCGGCCATCTGGTGGATGCCTTGCGTGAAGCGGGCGCCCATAT CCAGTACCTGAAAAAAGATGGCTACCCGCCGCTGGTGGTGGATGCCAAGGGTCTCTGGGGCGGTGACGTA CACGTCGATGGGTCCGTCTCCAGCCAGTTCCTGACGGCGTTTTTGATGGCGGCGCCCATGGCGGCCGGTG ATACCCGTATCCACATCAAGGGTGAGCTGGTCTCCAAGCCCTACATCGACATCACGTTGCACATCATGAA ACAGTTCGGGGTGGTCATCGAGCACGACAACTACAAGCTGTTCTACATCAAGGGCAACCAGAGCTATGTC AGCCCGGGTGACTTCCTGGTGGAAGGGGACGCCTCCAGCGCTTCTTACTTCCTCGCGGCAGGTGCCATCA AGGGCAAGGTGCGGGTGACCGGCATCGGCAAGCACAGTATTCAGGGCGATATCCACTTCGCCGACGTGCT GGAGAGGATGGGCGCCCGCATCACCTGGGGTGACGACTTCATCGAGGCAGAGCAAGGCCCGCTGCACGGC GTCGACATGGACATGAACCATATTCCGGATGCGGCCATGACCATAGCGGTCGCGGCACTGTTTGCCGAGG GGCCCACCTCCATTCGCAACATCTACAACTGGCGGGTGAAGGAGACGGATCGTCTGCACGCCATGGCCAC CGAGCTGCGCAAGCTGGGTGTGGAGGTGGAAGAGGGGCACGACTTCATTACCGTGACGCCGCCGACCCAG CTCAAGCACGCCGAGATCGACACCTACAACGATCACCGCATCGCCATGTGCTTCTCGCTGGTGGCGCTGT CCGATATCGCCGTCACCATCAATGATCCGGGTTGTACTTCCAAGACCTTCCCGGACTACTTCGATAAATT GGCCAGCGTCAGCCAGGCCGTTTG >gi|145298842|ref|YP_001141683.1| 3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase [Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida A449] MNSLRLEPISRVAGEVNLPGSKSVSNRALLLAALARGTTRLTNLLDSDDIRHMLAALTQLGVKYKLSADK TECTVHGLGRSFAVSAPVNLFLGNAGTAMRPLCAALCLGSGEYMLGGEPRMEERPIGHLVDALREAGAHI QYLKKDGYPPLVVDAKGLWGGDVHVDGSVSSQFLTAFLMAAPMAAGDTRIHIKGELVSKPYIDITLHIMK QFGVVIEHDNYKLFYIKGNQSYVSPGDFLVEGDASSASYFLAAGAIKGKVRVTGIGKHSIQGDIHFADVL ERMGARITWGDDFIEAEQGPLHGVDMDMNHIPDAAMTIAVAALFAEGPTSIRNIYNWRVKETDRLHAMAT ELRKLGVEVEEGHDFITVTPPTQLKHAEIDTYNDHRIAMCFSLVALSDIAVTINDPGCTSKTFPDYFDKL ASVSQAV Virmugen The aroA gene was inactivated by inserting a fragment expressing kanamycin resistance within the coding sequence and challenged in fish. The LD50 for unvaccinated fish was 7.1 x 101. In contrast, the LD50 was 1.8 x 104 in fish vaccinated once and 3 x 105 in fish vaccinated twice [Ref1010:Vaughan et al., 1993]. Bergh et al., 2013 journal Bergh PV, Burr SE, Benedicenti O, von Siebenthal B, Frey J, Wahli T 2013 31 45 5256-5261 Vaccine Gudmundsdottir et al., 1997 journal BJARNHEIDUR K. GUDMUNDSDÓTTIR, BERGLJÓT MAGNADÓTTIR 1997 7 1 55-69 Fish & shellfish immunology Lund et al., 2003 journal Lund V, Espelid S, Mikkelsen H 2003 56 1 31-42 Diseases of aquatic organisms Sundvold et al., 2010 journal Sundvold H, Ruyter B, Ostbye TK, Moen T 2010 28 2 394-400 Fish & shellfish immunology USGS Fish Disease Leaflets website G. L. Bullock and R. C. Cipriano 2001 http://www.lsc.usgs.gov/fhb/leaflets/FHB66.pdf Vaughan et al., 1993 journal Vaughan LM, Smith PR, Foster TJ 1993 61 5 2172-2181 Infection and immunity Wiki: Aeromonas salmonicida website http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeromonas_salmonicida