Rubella virus 11041 Rubella virus is transmitted by the respiratory route and replicates in the nasopharynx and lymph nodes. The virus is found in the blood 5 to 7 days after infection and spreads throughout the body. It is capable of crossing the placenta and infecting the fetus where it stops cells from developing or destroys them (Wiki: Rebella). Rubella Humans are the only known host of the rubella virus (Wiki: Rebella). Rubella virus is a togavirus that is enveloped and has a single-stranded RNA genome. Rubella virus causes Rebella, commonly known as German measles. This disease is often mild and attacks often pass unnoticed. The disease can last one to five days. Children recover more quickly than adults. Infection of the mother by Rubella virus during pregnancy can be serious. After an incubation period of 14-21 days, the primary symptom of rubella virus infection is the appearance of a rash (exanthem) on the face which spreads to the trunk and limbs and usually fades after three days. Other symptoms include low grade fever, swollen glands (post cervical lymphadenopathy), joint pains, headache, conjunctivitis. Rubella can cause congenital rubella syndrome in the newly born (Wiki: Rebella). Baboon Papio cynocephalus 9556 Bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus 447135 Bear Ursus americanus 9643 Birds Passeroidea 175121 Brown Trout Salmo trutta 8032 Buffalo Bison bison 9901 Carnivores Vulpes 9625 Cat Felis catus 9685 Catfishes Siluriformes 7995 Cattle Bos taurus 9913 Chicken Gallus gallus 9031 Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes 9598 chinchillas Chinchillidae 10150 Copper Pheasant Syrmaticus soemmerringii 9067 Deer Cervus elaphus 9860 Deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus 10042 Dog Canis familiaris 9615 Ducks Anas 8835 Ferret Mustela putorius furo 9669 Fish Hyperotreti 117565 Gerbil Gerbillina 10045 Goat Capra hircus 9925 Gray wolf Canis lupus 9612 Guinea pig Cavia porcellus 10141 Hamster Mesocricetus auratus 10036 Horse Equus caballus 9796 Human Homo sapiens 9606 Macaque Macaca fascicularis 9541 Mongolian Gerbil Meriones unguiculatus 10047 Monkey Platyrrhini 9479 Mouse Mus musculus 10090 None None Parrot Psittacidae 9224 Pig Sus scrofa 9823 Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus 9986 Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss 8022 Rat Rattus 10114 Raven Corvus corax 56781 sei whale Balaenoptera borealis 9768 Sheep Ovis aries 9940 Squirrel Spermophilus richardsonii 37591 Tree shrew Tupaiidae 9393 Trouts, salmons & chars Salmoninae 504568 Turkey Meleagris gallopavo 9103 Vole Microtus ochrogaster 79684 Water buffalo Bubalus bubalis 391902 Eolarix Eolarix GlaxoSmithKline VO_0010712 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed Subcutaneous injection Canada Products: Live virus. Other components: Human albumin, Lactose, Dextran. 2 to 8°C (36 to 46°F) or colder. Do not freeze. Subcutaneous injection licensed Rubella human vaccine Generic Unknown VO_0010637 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed A generic representation of vaccines utilized to prevent Rubella infection in humans, most commonly using live, attenuated strains of the Rubella virus to induce protective immunity. These vaccines are highly effective and have been widely used in routine immunization programs globally. M-M-R II Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Virus Vaccine, Live M-M-R II Merck & Co., Inc. VO_0000069 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed subcutaneous injection USA(License #0002), Canada M-M-R II is a sterile lyophilized preparation of (1) ATTENUVAX* (Measles Virus Vaccine Live), a more attenuated line of measles virus, derived from Enders' attenuated Edmonston strain and propagated in chick embryo cell culture; (2) MUMPSVAX* (Mumps Virus Vaccine Live), the Jeryl Lynn** (B level) strain of mumps virus propagated in chick embryo cell culture; and (3) MERUVAX* II (Rubella Virus Vaccine Live), the Wistar RA 27/3 strain of live attenuated rubella virus propagated in WI-38 human diploid lung fibroblasts (FDA: MMR-II). 2 to 8°C (36 to 46°F) or colder. Do not freeze. The growth medium for rubella is Minimum Essential Medium (MEM) [a buffered salt solution containing vitamins and amino acids and supplemented with fetal bovine serum] containing recombinant human albumin and neomycin. Sorbitol and hydrolyzed gelatin stabilizer are added to the individual virus harvests (FDA: MMR-II). subcutaneous injection Neutralizing and ELISA antibodies to measles, mumps, and rubella viruses are still detectable in most individuals 11 to 13 years after primary vaccination (FDA: MMR-II). Many clinical studies have shown the vaccine have a high rate of efficacy protection after vaccination with MMR-II (FDA: MMR-II). Side effects of vaccination are: fever, headache, dizziness, and irritability. Priorix Combined measles, mumps and rubella vaccine, live, attenuated GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals VO_0010734 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed Subcutaneous injection and Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Canada Priorix is a single dose live attenuated vaccine for active immunization for the prevention of measles mumps, and rubella in individuals 12 months of age and older. (Rampa et al., 2020) Store at at 2 to 8°C.(Rampa et al., 2020) Acquired individually by propagation in chick embryo tissue cultures or MRC-5 human diploid cell. Antigen component is reconstituted using sterile water diluent before administered (Rampa et al., 2020). Subcutaneous injection and Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Lyophilised mixture of attenuated Schwartz measles (Rampa et al., 2020). Priorix-Tetra Priorix-Tetra GlaxoSmithKline VO_0010735 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed Subcutaneous injection Canada Products: Live virus. Other components: Lactose. Store at at 2 to 8°C. Do not freeze Subcutaneous injection ProQuad Measles, Mumps, Rubella and Varicella Virus Vaccine Live ProQuad Merck & Co, Inc. VO_0000091 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed Intramuscular injection (i.m.) USA (License #0002) ProQuad is a sterile lyophilized preparation of (1) the components of M-M-R*II (Measles, Mumps and Rubella Virus Vaccine Live): Measles Virus Vaccine Live, a more attenuated line of measles virus, derived from Enders' attenuated Edmonston strain and propagated in chick embryo cell culture; Mumps Virus Vaccine Live, the Jeryl Lynn™ (B level) strain of mumps virus propagated in chick embryo cell culture; Rubella Virus Vaccine Live, the Wistar RA 27/3 strain of live attenuated rubella virus propagated in WI-38 human diploid lung fibroblasts; and (2) Varicella Virus Vaccine Live (Oka/Merck) refrigerator-stable formulation, the Oka/Merck strain of varicella-zoster virus propagated in MRC-5 cells (FDA: Proquad). 2° to 8°C (36° to 46°F) or colder. propagated in WI-38 human diploid lung fibroblasts (FDA: Proquad). Intramuscular injection (i.m.) According to clinical trials, there were high levels of antibodies in 99.6% of those vaccinated after a single dose of Proquad (FDA: Proquad). Side effects of vaccination include: injection site reactions, fever, irritability and diarrhea. FDA: Meruvax II website http://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/Vaccines/ApprovedProducts/ucm094064.htm FDA: MMR-II website http://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/Vaccines/ApprovedProducts/ucm094050.htm FDA: Proquad website http://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/Vaccines/ApprovedProducts/ucm188806.htm Nagieva et al., 2011 journal Nagieva FG, Nikulina VG, Barkova EP, Zubkov AV, Kuz'mina NS, Desiatskova RG, Tkachnko AV, Iunasova TN 2011 1 61-67 Zhurnal mikrobiologii, epidemiologii, i immunobiologii Wiki: Rebella website http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubella