Poliovirus 138953 Poliovirus is an enterovirus. Infection occurs via the fecal-oral route. Poliovirus infects human cells by binding to an immunoglobulin-like receptor, CD155 (or called poliovirus receptor (PVR)) on the cell surface. Poliomyelitis is a disease of the central nervous system. Paralytic disease occurs when the virus enters the central nervous system and replicates in motor neurons (Wiki: Poliovirus). Polio Antibodies to poliovirus are able to block replication and spread of poliovirus (Wiki: Poliovirus). The primary determinant of infection for any virus is its ability to enter a cell and produce additional infectious particles. CD155 is found only on the cells of humans, higher primates, and Old World monkeys. However, poliovirus is strictly a human pathogen, and does not naturally infect any other species. Chimpanzees and Old World monkeys can only be experimentally infected (Wiki: Poliovirus). Poliovirus is the causative agent of poliomyelitis. It is a human enterovirus and member of the family of Picornaviridae. Poliovirus is composed of a RNA genome and a protein capsid. There are three serotypes of poliovirus, PV1, PV2 , and PV3; each with a slightly different capsid protein. Poliovirus was first isolated in 1909 by Karl Landsteiner and Erwin Popper.Poliomyelitis is a disease of the central nervous system (Wiki: Poliovirus). Baboon Papio cynocephalus 9556 Bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus 447135 Bear Ursus americanus 9643 Birds Passeroidea 175121 Brown Trout Salmo trutta 8032 Buffalo Bison bison 9901 Carnivores Vulpes 9625 Cat Felis catus 9685 Catfishes Siluriformes 7995 Cattle Bos taurus 9913 Chicken Gallus gallus 9031 Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes 9598 chinchillas Chinchillidae 10150 Copper Pheasant Syrmaticus soemmerringii 9067 Deer Cervus elaphus 9860 Deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus 10042 Dog Canis familiaris 9615 Ducks Anas 8835 Ferret Mustela putorius furo 9669 Fish Hyperotreti 117565 Gerbil Gerbillina 10045 Goat Capra hircus 9925 Gray wolf Canis lupus 9612 Guinea pig Cavia porcellus 10141 Hamster Mesocricetus auratus 10036 Horse Equus caballus 9796 Human Homo sapiens 9606 Macaque Macaca fascicularis 9541 Mongolian Gerbil Meriones unguiculatus 10047 Monkey Platyrrhini 9479 Mouse Mus musculus 10090 None None Parrot Psittacidae 9224 Pig Sus scrofa 9823 Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus 9986 Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss 8022 Rat Rattus 10114 Raven Corvus corax 56781 sei whale Balaenoptera borealis 9768 Sheep Ovis aries 9940 Squirrel Spermophilus richardsonii 37591 Tree shrew Tupaiidae 9393 Trouts, salmons & chars Salmoninae 504568 Turkey Meleagris gallopavo 9103 Vole Microtus ochrogaster 79684 Water buffalo Bubalus bubalis 391902 Adacel-Polio Tetanus Toxoid, Reduced Diphtheria Toxoid and Acellular Pertussis Vaccine Adsorbed Combined with Inactivated Poliomyelitis Vaccine Adacel-Polio Sanofi Pasteur SA VO_0003085 Toxoid vaccine + Subunit vaccine + Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Canada ADACEL®-POLIO is a sterile, uniform, cloudy, white suspension of tetanus and diphtheria toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine adsorbed separately on aluminum phosphate and combined with inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine (vero cell origin) types 1, 2 and 3, and suspended in water for injection. Acellular pertussis vaccine is composed of five purified pertussis antigens (PT, FHA, PRN and FIM). (Product Monograph: Adacel-Polio) Aluminum phosphate Store at 2° to 8°C (35° to 46°F), do not freeze. Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Boostrix-Polio Combined diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis (adsorbed) and inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine Boostrix-Polio GlaxoSmithKline VO_0003088 Toxoid vaccine + Subunit vaccine + Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Canada BOOSTRIX®-POLIO (combined diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis and inactivated poliomyetitis) vaccine contains diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid, three purified pertussis antigens [pertussis toxoid (PT), filamentous haemagglutinin (FHA) and pertactin (69 kDalton outer membrane protein)] adsorbed onto aluminum salts and inactivated polio virus types 1, 2 and 3. (GSK: Boostrix-Polio) Aluminum hydroxide Store at 2° to 8°C (35° to 46°F), do not freeze. Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Imovax Polio Inactivated Poliomyelitis Vaccine (Vero Cell Origin) Imovax Polio Sanofi Pasteur Ltd VO_0010716 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed Subcutaneous injection Canada Products: Killed virus. Other components: Bovine serum, Formaldehyde Polysorbate 80. Store at 2° to 8° C (35° to 46° F). Subcutaneous injection Infanrix -IPV/Hib Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (acellular component), poliomyelitis (inactivated) and Haemophilus type b conjugate vaccine (adsorbed) Infanrix -IPV/Hib GlaxoSmithKline VO_0010722 Subunit vaccine + Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Canada Products: Proteins + killed virus + conjugate. Other components: Formaldehyde Polysorbate 80, Lactose. Aluminum Hydroxide Store in a refrigerator (2°C – 8°C). Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Infanrix-hexa Combined diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, acellular pertussis, hepatitis B (recombinant), inactivated poliomyelitis and adsorbed conjugated Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine Infanrix-hexa GlaxoSmithKline VO_0010719 Subunit vaccine + Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Canada Products: Proteins + killed viruses + conjugate. Other components: Yeast protein Formaldehyde, Lactose, Polysorbate 20 and 80. Aluminum phosphate and aluminum hydroxide Should be stored at 2° to 8°C (35° to 46°F). Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Infanrix-IPV Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (acellular, component) and poliomyelitis (inactivated) vaccine (adsorbed) Infanrix-IPV GlaxoSmithKline VO_0010721 Subunit vaccine + Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Canada Products: Proteins + killed virus. Other components: Formaldehyde, Polysorbate 80. Aluminum hydroxide Store in a refrigerator (2°C - 8°C). Intramuscular injection (i.m.) IPOL Poliovirus Vaccine Inactivated (Monkey Kidney Cell) IPOL Sanofi Pasteur, SA VO_0000054 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed Intramuscular injection (i.m.) USA (License #1724) All children should receive four doses of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) at ages 2, 4, 6 to 18 months and 4 to 6 years (FDA: IPOL). 2°C to 8°C (35°F to 46°F). The vaccine must not be frozen (FDA: IPOL). IPOL is a sterile inactivated vaccine suspension of three types of poliovirus: Type 1 (Mahoney), Type 2 (MEF-1), and Type 3 (Saukett). Each of the three strains of poliovirus is individually grown in vero cells, a continuous line of monkey kidney cells cultivated on microcarriers. After clarification and filtration, viral suspensions are concentrated by ultrafiltration, and purified by liquid chromatography. After re-equilibration of the purified viral suspension, the monovalent viral suspensions are inactivated at +37°C for at least 12 days with 1:4000 formalin. Each dose (0.5 mL) of trivalent vaccine is formulated to contain 40 D antigen units of Type 1, 8 D antigen units. Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Three types of poliovirus: Type 1 (Mahoney), Type 2 (MEF-1), and Type 3 (Saukett). In most clinical studies performed with this vaccine, the seroconversion rates have always been between 80% and 100% (FDA: IPOL). The most common side effects reported include injection site reactions, fever, irritability and fatigue (FDA: IPOL). KINRIX Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids and Acellular Pertussis Adsorbed and Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine KINRIX GlaxoSmithKline VO_0000067 Toxoid vaccine + Subunit vaccine + Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed Intramuscular injection (i.m.) USA KINRIX (Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids and Acellular Pertussis Adsorbed and Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine) is a noninfectious, sterile vaccine for intramuscular administration. Each 0.5-mL dose is formulated to contain 25 Lf of diphtheria toxoid, 10 Lf of tetanus toxoid, 25 mcg of inactivated pertussis toxin (PT), 25 mcg of filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA), 8 mcg of pertactin (69 kiloDalton outer membrane protein), 40 D-antigen Units (DU) of Type 1 poliovirus 183 (Mahoney), 8 DU of Type 2 poliovirus (MEF-1), and 32 DU of Type 3 poliovirus (Saukett). The diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis components of KINRIX are the same as those in INFANRIX and PEDIARIX and the poliovirus component is the same as that in PEDIARIX. (FDA: KINRIX) Aluminum hydroxide Store refrigerated between 2° and 8°C (36° and 46°F), do not freeze. Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Each 0.5-mL dose is formulated to contain 25 Lf of diphtheria toxoid, 10 Lf of tetanus toxoid, 25 mcg of inactivated pertussin toxin (PT), 25 mcg of filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA), 8 mcg of pertactin (69 kiloDalton outer membrane protein), 40 D-antigen Units (DU) of Type 1 poliovirus (Mahoney), 8 DU of Type 2 poliovirus (MEF-1), and 32 DU of Type 3 poliovirus (Saukett). licensed Poliomyelitis human vaccine Generic Unknown VO_0000664 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed A generic representation of live, attenuated vaccines used to prevent poliomyelitis (polio) in humans. These vaccines contain weakened poliovirus strains that stimulate immunity without causing disease. Pediacel Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids and Acellular Pertussis Vaccine Adsorbed Combined with Inactivated Poliomyelitis Vaccine and Haemophilus b Conjugate Vaccine (Tetanus Protein – Conjugate) Pediacel Sanofi Pasteur Ltd VO_0010730 Subunit vaccine + Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Canada Products: Proteins, killed virus + conjugate. Other components: Bovine serum Formaldehyde, Polysorbate 80. Aluminum phosphate Store at 2° to 8°C (35° to 46°F). Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Pediarix Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids and Acellular Pertussis Adsorbed, Hepatitis B (Recombinant) and Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine Combined Pediarix GlaxoSmithKline VO_0000082 Subunit vaccine + Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed Intramuscular injection (i.m.) USA (License #1617), Canada Products: Proteins + killed virus. Other components: Yeast protein Formaldehyde, Polysorbate 80. Aluminum Hydroxide The vaccine should be refrigerated between 2º and 8ºC (36º and 46ºF). Do not freeze. Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Pentacel Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids and Acellular Pertussis Adsorbed, Inactivated Poliovirus and Haemophilus b Conjugate (Tetanus Toxoid Conjugate) Vaccine Pentacel Sanofi Pasteur Ltd VO_0000084 Subunit vaccine + Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed Intramuscular injection (i.m.) USA (License #1726), Canada It consists of a Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids and Acellular Pertussis Adsorbed and Inactivated Poliovirus (DTaP-IPV) component and an ActHIB® vaccine component. Pentacel vaccine is indicated for active immunization against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, poliomyelitis and invasive disease due to Haemophilus influenzae type b (FDA: Pentacel). Aluminum phosphate Store at 2° to 8°C (35° to 46°F). Do not freeze. Corynebacterium diphtheriae is grown in modified Mueller’s growth medium. After purification by ammonium sulfate fractionation, the diphtheria toxin is detoxified with formaldehyde and diafiltered (FDA: Pentacel). Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Poliovax Poliovirus Vaccine Inactivated (Human Diploid Cell) Poliovax Sanofi Pasteur, Ltd VO_0000089 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA The vaccine should be refrigerated between 35 and 46 degrees F (2-8 degrees C). Do not freeze (Poliovax). Quadracel Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids and Acellular Pertussis Vaccine Adsorbed Combined with Inactivated Poliomyelitis Vaccine Quadracel Sanofi Pasteur Ltd VO_0010736 Subunit vaccine + Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Canada Products: Proteins + killed virus. Other components: Bovine albumin Formaldehyde, Glutaraldehyde, Polysorbate 80. Aluminum phosphate Store at 2 to 8C (35 to 46F). Do not freeze. Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Sabin Strain Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine LG Chem, Ltd Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Clinical trial Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Seoul, Republic of Korea Sabin Strain Poliovirus Vaccine Is an inactivated vaccine. (Capeding et al., 2022) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) D-antigen (Capeding et al., 2022) Td Polio Adsorbed Tetanus and Diphtheria Toxoids Adsorbed and Inactivated Poliomyelitis Vaccine Td Polio Adsorbed Sanofi Pasteur Ltd VO_0011482 Subunit vaccine + Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Canada Products: Proteins + killed virus. Other components: Bovine albumin Formaldehyde, Polysorbate 80. Aluminum phosphate Store at 2° to 8°C (35° to 46°F). Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Trivalent oral polio vaccine Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed Oral injection The trivalent oral polio vaccine (tOPV) contains types 1, 2, and 3 live, attenuated polioviruses. Type 2 polioviruses used in tOPV should be destroyed or appropriately contained in certified poliovirus-essential facilities in accordance with the third Global Action Plan to Minimize Poliovirus Facility-Associated Risk Oral injection FDA: IPOL website http://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/Vaccines/ApprovedProducts/ucm180053.htm FDA: KINRIX website https://www.fda.gov/downloads/BiologicsBloodVaccines/Vaccines/ApprovedProducts/UCM241453.pdf FDA: licensed vaccines website http://www.fda.gov/Cber/vaccine/licvacc.htm FDA: Pediarix website http://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/Vaccines/ApprovedProducts/ucm146759.htm FDA: Pentacel website http://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/Vaccines/ApprovedProducts/ucm172502.htm FDA: Quadracel website https://www.fda.gov/downloads/BiologicsBloodVaccines/Vaccines/ApprovedProducts/UCM439903.pdf GSK: Boostrix-Polio website https://ca.gsk.com/media/589683/boostrix-polio.pdf GSK: Infanrix-hexa website http://ca.gsk.com/media/537989/infanrix-hexa.pdf GSK: Infanrix-IPV website http://ca.gsk.com/media/590851/infanrix-ipv.pdf GSK: Infanrix-IPV/Hib website http://ca.gsk.com/media/590970/infanrix-ipv-hib.pdf Mahon et al., 1995 journal Mahon BP, Katrak K, Nomoto A, Macadam AJ, Minor PD, Mills KH 1995 181 4 1285-1292 The Journal of experimental medicine Poliovax website http://www.medicinenet.com/poliovirus_vaccine-injection/article.htm Product Monograph: Adacel-Polio website https://www.vaccineshoppecanada.com/document.cfm?file=adacel-polio_e.pdf Product Monograph: Pediacel website https://www.vaccineshoppecanada.com/document.cfm?file=Pediacel_E.pdf SP: IPV website https://www.vaccineshoppecanada.com/secure/pdfs/ca/ipv_E.pdf Wiki: Poliovirus website http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliovirus