Mumps virus 11161 Mumps is acquired through inoculation and replication of the virus in the nasal or upper-respiratory-tract mucosa. Infection can remain localised to the respiratory tract.12 Transient plasma viraemia is probably frequent, occurs late in the incubation period, and leads to viral spread into organs. Infected mononuclear cells can also contribute to systemic viral spread.The parotids are the most commonly affected organs, but parotitis is not a primary or necessary step for mumps infection. The central nervous system (CNS), urinary tract, and genital organs can also be affected. Infection of the kidneys leads to viruria, which is present in most patients and lasts for 10–14 days. Plasma viremia seems to be restricted by the humoral immune response,16 and salivary secretion of the virus correlates inversely with the local production of virus-specific secretory IgA (Hviid et al., 2008). Mumps Mumps as an illness is generally benign and self-resolving. Titres of neutralising antibody are related to clinical protection, but there is no surrogate immunological marker for protection (Hviid et al., 2008). Mumps is a virus that only infects humans (Hviid et al., 2008). Mumps virus is a member of the paramyxovirus family, closely related to parainfluenza viruses. It only has one serotype. Mumps is a disease of childhood, the highest incidence occurs in children between 5 - 9 years of age. The common symptoms include parotid inflammation (or parotitis), fever, headache, and orchitis. Mumps is vaccine-preventable, and one dose of mumps vaccine is about 80% effective against the disease (Hviid et al., 2008). Baboon Papio cynocephalus 9556 Bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus 447135 Bear Ursus americanus 9643 Birds Passeroidea 175121 Brown Trout Salmo trutta 8032 Buffalo Bison bison 9901 Carnivores Vulpes 9625 Cat Felis catus 9685 Catfishes Siluriformes 7995 Cattle Bos taurus 9913 Chicken Gallus gallus 9031 Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes 9598 chinchillas Chinchillidae 10150 Copper Pheasant Syrmaticus soemmerringii 9067 Deer Cervus elaphus 9860 Deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus 10042 Dog Canis familiaris 9615 Ducks Anas 8835 Ferret Mustela putorius furo 9669 Fish Hyperotreti 117565 Gerbil Gerbillina 10045 Goat Capra hircus 9925 Gray wolf Canis lupus 9612 Guinea pig Cavia porcellus 10141 Hamster Mesocricetus auratus 10036 Horse Equus caballus 9796 Human Homo sapiens 9606 Macaque Macaca fascicularis 9541 Mongolian Gerbil Meriones unguiculatus 10047 Monkey Platyrrhini 9479 Mouse Mus musculus 10090 None None Parrot Psittacidae 9224 Pig Sus scrofa 9823 Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus 9986 Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss 8022 Rat Rattus 10114 Raven Corvus corax 56781 sei whale Balaenoptera borealis 9768 Sheep Ovis aries 9940 Squirrel Spermophilus richardsonii 37591 Tree shrew Tupaiidae 9393 Trouts, salmons & chars Salmoninae 504568 Turkey Meleagris gallopavo 9103 Vole Microtus ochrogaster 79684 Water buffalo Bubalus bubalis 391902 licensed Mumps human vaccine Generic Unknown VO_0000656 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed A generic representation of vaccines utilized to prevent mumps infection in humans, most commonly using live, attenuated mumps virus strains to induce protective immunity. These vaccines are historically the most prevalent and are included in combination formulations such as MMR (measles, mumps, rubella). M-M-R II Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Virus Vaccine, Live M-M-R II Merck & Co., Inc. VO_0000069 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed Intramuscular injection (i.m.) USA (License #0002) M-M-R II is a sterile lyophilized preparation of (1) ATTENUVAX* (Measles Virus Vaccine Live), a more attenuated line of measles virus, derived from Enders' attenuated Edmonston strain and propagated in chick embryo cell culture; (2) MUMPSVAX* (Mumps Virus Vaccine Live), the Jeryl Lynn** (B level) strain of mumps virus propagated in chick embryo cell culture; and (3) MERUVAX* II (Rubella Virus Vaccine Live), the Wistar RA 27/3 strain of live attenuated rubella virus propagated in WI-38 human diploid lung fibroblasts (FDA: MMR-II). 2 to 8°C (36 to 46°F) or colder. Do not freeze. The growth medium for measles and mumps in this vaccine is Medium 199 (a buffered salt solution containing vitamins and amino acids and supplemented with fetal bovine serum) containing SPGA (sucrose, phosphate, glutamate, and recombinant human albumin) as stabilizer and neomycin (FDA: MMR-II). Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Neutralizing and ELISA antibodies to measles, mumps, and rubella viruses are still detectable in most individuals 11 to 13 years after primary vaccination (FDA: MMR-II). Many clinical studies have shown the vaccine have a high rate of efficacy protection after vaccination with MMR-II (FDA: MMR-II). Side effects of vaccination are: fever, headache, dizziness, and irritability Mumps HN Protein Subunit Vaccine VO_0011419 Subunit vaccine Research Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Aluminum hydroxide (Liang et al., 2008). Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Recombinant protein preparation Rhesus macaques Six monkeys in Group 1 were immunized with 10 μg purified vaccine and adjuvant (aluminum hydroxide, aluminum content: 1.0 mg/ml). Six monkeys in Group 2 were immunized with 20 μg purified vaccine and adjuvant. Two monkeys in Group 3 were immunized with attenuated vaccine (4.1 log CCID50). Two monkeys in Group 4 were mock immunized with 0.9% saline. All experimental groups were immunized by deltoid muscle injection and boosted once per 4-week interval (Liang et al., 2008). At 1 week after the challenge injection, neutralization antibody was induced in the immunized monkeys to a higher level than in the control monkeys. The clinical and pathological observations after challenge of vaccinated rhesus monkeys indicated further that the immune response induced by this vaccine provided complete protection from wild-type virus infection (Liang et al., 2008). Four weeks after the second immunization, all four monkeys in groups of experimental vaccine and all two monkeys in group of attenuated vaccine were challenged with virus, while the others remained uninfected to test their antibody titers at 2, 3, 4 and 6 months after the second dose (Liang et al., 2008). Priorix Priorix GlaxoSmithKline VO_0010734 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed Subcutaneous injection Canada Products: Live virus. Other components: Lactose. Store at at 2 to 8°C. Subcutaneous injection Priorix-Tetra Priorix-Tetra GlaxoSmithKline VO_0010735 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed Subcutaneous injection Canada Products: Live virus. Other components: Lactose. Store at at 2 to 8°C. Do not freeze Subcutaneous injection ProQuad Measles, Mumps, Rubella and Varicella Virus Vaccine Live ProQuad Merck & Co, Inc. VO_0000091 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed Intramuscular injection (i.m.) USA (License #0002) ProQuad is a sterile lyophilized preparation of (1) the components of M-M-R*II (Measles, Mumps and Rubella Virus Vaccine Live): Measles Virus Vaccine Live, a more attenuated line of measles virus, derived from Enders' attenuated Edmonston strain and propagated in chick embryo cell culture; Mumps Virus Vaccine Live, the Jeryl Lynnâ„¢ (B level) strain of mumps virus propagated in chick embryo cell culture; Rubella Virus Vaccine Live, the Wistar RA 27/3 strain of live attenuated rubella virus propagated in WI-38 human diploid lung fibroblasts; and (2) Varicella Virus Vaccine Live (Oka/Merck) refrigerator-stable formulation, the Oka/Merck strain of varicella-zoster virus propagated in MRC-5 cells (FDA: ProQuad). maintained at a temperature of 2° to 8°C (36° to 46°F) or colder. propagated in chick embryo cell culture (FDA: ProQuad). Intramuscular injection (i.m.) According to clinical trials, there were high levels of antibodies in 96.7% of those vaccinated after a single dose of Proquad (FDA: ProQuad). Side effects of vaccination include: injection site reactions, fever, irritability and diarrhea. rvOka-HN (mumps virus) VO_0004709 Recombinant vector vaccine Research Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Recombinant varicella-zoster virus (VZV) Oka vaccine strain (vOka) that contained the mumps virus (MuV) hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) gene, inserted into the site of the ORF 13 gene by using the bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) system in Escherichia coli (Somboonthum et al., 2007). Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Recombinant vector construction A recombinant varicella-zoster virus (VZV) Oka vaccine strain (vOka) that contained the mumps virus (MuV) hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) gene, inserted into the site of the ORF 13 gene (Somboonthum et al., 2007). Immunization of guinea pigs with rvOka-HN-induced VZV- and HN-specific antibodies (Somboonthum et al., 2007) VO_0003057 Interestingly, the induced antibodies had a strong neutralizing activity against virus-cell infections of both MuV and VZV. Therefore, the novel varicella vaccine expressing MuV HN protein is suitable as a polyvalent live attenuated vaccine against VZV and MuV infections (Somboonthum et al., 2007). HN Mumps rubulavirus VO_0011171 1489765 9695422 MuVgp6 AB040874 NP_054713 1979165 6613 8361 ? hemagglutinin-neuraminidase 7.68 59974.82 582 >NC_002200.1:6613-8361 Mumps virus, complete genome GATGGAGCCCTCCAAACTCTTCACAATGTCAGACAATGCCACCTTTGCACCTGGGCCTGTTATCAATGCG GCTGACAAGAAGACATTCCGAACCTGCTTCCGAATATTGGTACTGTCTGTACAAGCTGTTACCCTTATAT TAGTTATTGTCACTTTAGGTGAGCTTGTGAGGATGATCAATGATCAAGGCTTGAGCAATCAGTTGTCTTC AATTGCAGACAAGATAAGAGAGTCAGCTACTATGATTGCATCTGCTGTGGGAGTAATGAATCAAGTTATT CACGGAGTAACGGTATCCTTACCCCTACAAATTGAGGGAAACCAAAATCAATTGTTATCCACGCTTGCCA CAATCTGTACAGGCAAAAAACAAGTCTCAAACTGCTCTACAAACATCCCCTTAGTTAATGACCTTAGGTT TATAAATGGGATCAATAAATTCATCATTGAAGATTATGCAACTCATGATTTCTCTATCGGCCATCCACTC AACATGCCTAGCTTTATCCCAACTGCAACTTCACCCAATGGTTGCACAAGAATTCCATCCTTTTCTCTAG GTAAGACACACTGGTGCTACACACATAATGTAATTAATGCCAACTGCAAGGATCATACTTCGTCCAACCA ATATATTTCCATGGGGATACTTGTTCAGACCGCGTCAGGGTATCCTATGTTCAAAACCTTAAAGATCCAA TATCTCAGTGATGGCCTGAATCGGAAAAGCTGCTCAATTGCAACAGTCCCTGATGGATGCGCAATGTACT GTTATGTCTCAACTCAACTTGAAACCGACGACTATGCGGGGTCCAGCCCACCTACCCAGAAACTTACCCT GTTATTCTATAATGATACCGTCACAGAAAGGACAATATCTCCAACTGGTCTCGAAGGGAACTGGGCCACT TTGGTTCCAGGAGTGGGGAGTGGAATATATTTCGAGAATAAATTGATCTTTCCTGCATATGGGGGTGTCT TGCCCAATAGTTCACTCGGAGTTAAATCAGCAAGAGAATTTTTCCGGCCTGTTAATCCATATAATCCATG TTCAGGACCACAACAAGATTTAGATCAGCGTGCTTTGAGATCATACTTCCCAAGTTACTTCTCTAATCGA AGAGTACAGAGTGCATTTCTTGTCTGTGCCTGGAATCAGATCCTAGTTACAAATTGCGAGCTAGTTGTCC CCTCAAACAATCAGACACTGATGGGTGCAGAAGGAAGAGTTTTATTGATCAATAATCGACTATTATATTA TCAGAGAAGTACCAGCTGGTGGCCGTATGAACTCCTCTATGAGATATCATTCACATTTACAAACTCTGGT CAATCATCTGTGAATATGTCCTGGATACCTATATATTCATTCACTCGTCCTGGTTCAGGCAACTGCAGTG GTGAAAATGTGTGCCCAACTGCTTGTGTGTCAGGGGTTTATCTTGATCCCTGGCCATTAACTCCATATAG CCACCAATCAGGCATTAACAGAAATTTCTATTTCACAGGTGCACTATTAAATTCAAGCACAACTAGAGTA AATCCTACCCTTTATGTCTCTGCCCTTAATAATCTTAAAGTACTAGCCCCATATGGTAATCAGGGACTGT TTGCCTCGTACACTACAACCACCTGCTTTCAAGATACCGGTGATGCTAGTGTGTATTGTGTTTATATTAT GGAACTAGCATCGAATATCGTTGGAGAATTCCAAATTCTACCTGTGCTAACCAGATTGACCATCACTTG >NP_054713.1 hemagglutinin-neuraminidase [Mumps rubulavirus] MEPSKLFTMSDNATFAPGPVINAADKKTFRTCFRILVLSVQAVTLILVIVTLGELVRMINDQGLSNQLSS IADKIRESATMIASAVGVMNQVIHGVTVSLPLQIEGNQNQLLSTLATICTGKKQVSNCSTNIPLVNDLRF INGINKFIIEDYATHDFSIGHPLNMPSFIPTATSPNGCTRIPSFSLGKTHWCYTHNVINANCKDHTSSNQ YISMGILVQTASGYPMFKTLKIQYLSDGLNRKSCSIATVPDGCAMYCYVSTQLETDDYAGSSPPTQKLTL LFYNDTVTERTISPTGLEGNWATLVPGVGSGIYFENKLIFPAYGGVLPNSSLGVKSAREFFRPVNPYNPC SGPQQDLDQRALRSYFPSYFSNRRVQSAFLVCAWNQILVTNCELVVPSNNQTLMGAEGRVLLINNRLLYY QRSTSWWPYELLYEISFTFTNSGQSSVNMSWIPIYSFTRPGSGNCSGENVCPTACVSGVYLDPWPLTPYS HQSGINRNFYFTGALLNSSTTRVNPTLYVSALNNLKVLAPYGNQGLFASYTTTTCFQDTGDASVYCVYIM ELASNIVGEFQILPVLTRLTIT Protective antigen A novel mumps vaccine with good immunity and safety was developed by selecting an antigen (HN) component of the mumps virus. The clinical and pathological observations after challenge of vaccinated rhesus monkeys indicated further that the immune response induced by this vaccine provided complete protection from wild-type virus infection [Ref1178:Liang et al., 2008]. FDA: MMR-II website http://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/Vaccines/ApprovedProducts/ucm094050.htm FDA: ProQuad website http://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/Vaccines/ApprovedProducts/ucm094051.htm Hviid et al., 2008 journal Hviid A, Rubin S, Mühlemann K 2008 371 9616 932-944 Lancet Liang et al., 2008 journal Liang Y, Ma S, Yang Z, Liu L, Wang L, Wang J, Jiang L, Shi C, Dong C, Li Q 2008 26 33 4276-4283 Vaccine Merck: Mumpsvax website http://www.merck.com/product/usa/pi_circulars/m/mumpsvax/mumpsvax_pi.pdf Šantak et al., 2015 journal Šantak M, Örvell C, Gulija TK 2015 96 Pt 5 982-990 The Journal of general virology