MERS-CoV 1335626 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) Baboon Papio cynocephalus 9556 Bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus 447135 Bear Ursus americanus 9643 Birds Passeroidea 175121 Brown Trout Salmo trutta 8032 Buffalo Bison bison 9901 Carnivores Vulpes 9625 Cat Felis catus 9685 Catfishes Siluriformes 7995 Cattle Bos taurus 9913 Chicken Gallus gallus 9031 Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes 9598 chinchillas Chinchillidae 10150 Copper Pheasant Syrmaticus soemmerringii 9067 Deer Cervus elaphus 9860 Deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus 10042 Dog Canis familiaris 9615 Ducks Anas 8835 Ferret Mustela putorius furo 9669 Fish Hyperotreti 117565 Gerbil Gerbillina 10045 Goat Capra hircus 9925 Gray wolf Canis lupus 9612 Guinea pig Cavia porcellus 10141 Hamster Mesocricetus auratus 10036 Horse Equus caballus 9796 Human Homo sapiens 9606 Macaque Macaca fascicularis 9541 Mongolian Gerbil Meriones unguiculatus 10047 Monkey Platyrrhini 9479 Mouse Mus musculus 10090 None None Parrot Psittacidae 9224 Pig Sus scrofa 9823 Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus 9986 Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss 8022 Rat Rattus 10114 Raven Corvus corax 56781 sei whale Balaenoptera borealis 9768 Sheep Ovis aries 9940 Squirrel Spermophilus richardsonii 37591 Tree shrew Tupaiidae 9393 Trouts, salmons & chars Salmoninae 504568 Turkey Meleagris gallopavo 9103 Vole Microtus ochrogaster 79684 Water buffalo Bubalus bubalis 391902 Ad41.MERS-S protein Recombinant vector vaccine Licensed adenovirus type 41 [Ref5396:Guo et al., 2015] Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Adenovirus type 41 used as vector for MERS-CoV S protein (Guo et al., 2015) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) S protein(Guo et al., 2015) Ad5.MERS-S vaccine VO_0005117 Recombinant vector vaccine Research Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Recombinant adenoviral vector encoding the full-length MERS-CoV S protein (Ad5.MERS-S) (Kim et al., 2014) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) S from MERS-CoV(Kim et al., 2014). increased titers of neutralizing antibodies, slightly higher specific response than Vaccine 5720 vaccine (Kim et al., 2014) BALB/C(Kim et al., 2014) inoculated intramuscularly with 1e11 viral particles of Vaccine 5719 and boosted intranasally 3 weeks after with 1e11 viral particles of Vaccine 5719 Ad5.MERS-S1 vaccine VO_0005116 Recombinant vector vaccine Research Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Recombinant adenoviral vector encoding the the S1 extracellular domain of S protein (Ad5.MERS-S1). (Kim et al., 2014) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) S1 subunit of S from MERS-CoV (Kim et al., 2014). increased titers of neutralizing antibodies (Kim et al., 2014) BALB/C inoculated intramuscularly with 1e11 viral particles of Vaccine 5720 and boosted intranasally 3 weeks after with 1e11 viral particles of Vaccine 5720 (Kim et al., 2014) ChAdOx1-MERS-S vaccine VO_0005135 Recombinant vector vaccine Clinical trial chimpanzee adenovirus Oxford 1 [Ref5389:Munster et al., 2017] Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Chimpanzee adenovirus Oxford 1 vector expressing S protein from MERS-CoV (Munster et al., 2017) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) S protein increased viral neutralizing titer and reduced viral load (Munster et al., 2017) BALB/c 1e8 Infectious Units (IU) ChAdOx1 MERS via the intranasal or intramuscular rout(Munster et al., 2017) complete protection (Munster et al., 2017) hDPP4 mice were challenged intranasally with 1e4 TCID50 MERS-CoV (strain HCoV-EMC2012) (Munster et al., 2017) Significant increase from baseline in T-cell (p<0·003) and IgG (p<0·0001) responses to the MERS-CoV spike antigen was observed at all doses. Four (44% [95% CI 19-73]) of nine participants had neutralizing antibodies against live MERS-CoV and 19 (79% [58-93]) of 24 participants had antibodies capable of neutralisation in a pseudotyped virus neutralisation assay (Folegatti et al., 2020). Single intramuscular injection of ChAdOx1 5e9, 2.5e10, 5e10 MERS at (Folegatti et al., 2020) 92 (74% [95% CI 66-81]) of 124 solicited adverse events were mild, 31 (25% [18-33]) were moderate, and all were self-limiting. One serious adverse event determined to be unrelated to vaccine.5e10 dosage had significantly higher proportion of moderate and severe adverse events to lower doses.(Folegatti et al., 2020) Phase I Clinical Results were sufficient to proceed to field phase 1b and phase 2 trails (Folegatti et al., 2020) GLS-5300 Vaccine VO_0005145 DNA vaccine Clinical trial Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) MERS-CoV S protein(Modjarrad et al., 2019) S1-specific and S-specific antibodies were detectable in most patients between first and third doses. Neutralizing antibodies were not maintained through the end of the study (by most participants). IFN-γ detected in all groups. (Modjarrad et al., 2019) Patients were immunized with 1mL of 0.67 mg (low dose), 2 mg (middle dose), or 6 mg (high dose) GLS-5300 on day 1, week 4, and week 12 with co-localized intramuscular electroporation afterwards. (Modjarrad et al., 2019) Inactivated whole MERS-CoV (IV) vaccine with CpG and Alum VO_0005112 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Research Intramuscular injection (i.m.) inactivated whole MERS-CoV (IV) with a combined adjuvant (alum+CpG) as a vaccine formulation caused protection (Deng et al., 2018). alum+CpG (Deng et al., 2018) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) whole virus (Deng et al., 2018) anti-S protein and anti-NP IgG response and neutralizing activity. (Deng et al., 2018) BALB/c intramuscularly injected with 1 μg IV protein adjuvant with 100 μL of alum and 10 μg of CpG at weeks 0, 4, and 8 (Deng et al., 2018) protected (Deng et al., 2018) 9 days of the last immunization, the remaining mice were lightly anesthetized with isoflurane and transduced intranasally with 2.5e8 plaque-forming units (pfu) of Ad5-hDPP443. After 5 days, transduced mice were infected intranasally with MERS-CoV (1e5 pfu) in 50 μL of DMEM (Deng et al., 2018) licensed Middle East respiratory syndrome human vaccine Generic Unknown VO_0004900 Recombinant vector vaccine Licensed A generic representation of vaccines developed to prevent Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) in humans, most commonly utilizing recombinant viral vectors to deliver MERS coronavirus antigens and induce protective immunity. MERS England S1 subunit protein vaccine VO_0005118 Subunit vaccine Research Intramuscular injection (i.m.) A DNA vaccine constructed from a plasmid vaccines that encoded S1 subunit only. (Wang et al., 2015) Ribi adjuvant (Wang et al., 2015) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) S1 subunit of S from MERS-CoV. (Wang et al., 2015) Induced high level of neutralizing antibodies (IgG1). (Wang et al., 2015) BALB/cJ (Wang et al., 2015) immunized intramuscularly with plasmid DNA at weeks 0 3, and 6 (Wang et al., 2015) Induced high level of neutralizing antibodies (IgG1). Sera from immunized NHPs blocked mAbs targeted to the RBD and non-RBD S1 subunit, but not the S2 subunit. (Wang et al., 2015) Macaca mulatta (Wang et al., 2015) Six NHPs in the protein-only group were injected with 100 μg of MERS-CoV S1 protein and AlPO4 adjuvant at weeks 0 and 8. (Wang et al., 2015) protected (Wang et al., 2015) Animals were administered 100 μg of MERS-CoV S1 protein and AlPO4 adjuvant at weeks 0 and 8, then challenged with Jordan N3 strain of MERS-CoV 19 weeks after imunization at 3.1 x 10^6, 3.6 x 10^6, and 3.4 x 10^6 p.f.u. (Wang et al., 2015) MERS England1 S DNA + MERS England1 S protein subunit vaccine VO_0005119 Mixed, DNA vaccine and Subunit vaccine Research Intramuscular injection (i.m.) A mixed vaccine using England S1 subunit protein vaccine and England1 S DNA vaccine. VRC8400 plasmid used to construct antigen (Wang et al., 2015) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) high titers of neutralizing antibody (Wang et al., 2015) BALB/cJ S1 MERS-CoV full-length Spike protein at weeks and 3 and then injected with S1 protein plus Ribi adjuvant (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) at week 6 (Wang et al., 2015) Animals were challenged with JordanN3 strain of MERS-CoV (Wang et al., 2015) Macaca mulatta (Wang et al., 2015) Six NHPs in the S DNA-S1 protein group were injected with 1 mg of plasmid DNA encoding MERS-CoV full-length Spike at weeks 0 and 4 and boosted with 100 μg of MERS-CoV S1 protein and AlPO4 adjuvant (Brenntag Biosector, Frederikssund, Denmark) at week 8 (Wang et al., 2015) protected (Wang et al., 2015) challenged with Jordan N3 strain of MERS-CoV 19 weeks after immunization at 3.1e6, 3.6e6, and 3.4 e6 p.f.u. (Wang et al., 2015) MERS England1 S DNA vaccine VO_0005120 DNA vaccine Research Intramuscular injection (i.m.) A DNA vaccine constructed from a plasmid vaccines that encoded full-length, membrane-anchored Spike protein. VRC8400 plasmid used to construct antigen (Wang et al., 2015) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) S from MERS-CoV (Wang et al., 2015) DNA vaccine construction high titers of neutralizing antibody (Wang et al., 2015) BALB/cJ immunized with plasmid DNA at weeks 0, 3, and 6 (Wang et al., 2015) MERS-CoV pcDNA3.1-S1 DNA vaccine VO_0005122 DNA vaccine Research Intramuscular injection (i.m.) DNA vaccine encoding the first 725 amino acids of S from MERS-CoV induces antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses in mice (Chi et al., 2017) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) S from MERS-CoV (Chi et al., 2017) DNA vaccine construction Plasmid created containing first 735 amino acids of S from MERS-CoV (Chi et al., 2017) Anti-antigen IgG response and strong neutralizing activity, production of IFN-γ, production of IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, increase in IFN-γ-producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. (Chi et al., 2017) Balb/c (Chi et al., 2017) injected intramuscularly in the quadriceps muscle with 100 μg recombinant plasmid in 100 μL PBS on week 0, 3, 6 (Chi et al., 2017) MERS-CoV S vaccine adjuvanted with CpG and Alum VO_0005111 Subunit vaccine Research Intramuscular injection (i.m.) The spike protein of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus adjuvanted with CpG and Alum provided protection against infection of MERS-CoV (Deng et al., 2018). alum+CpG (Deng et al., 2018) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Recombinant protein preparation The S spike protein was conjugated with CpG or Alum as a subunit MERS vaccine (Deng et al., 2018). Induced S-specific neutralizing antibodies after 2 weeks, though titres were lower than in vaccine 5721. S-specific IgG tires were 10^5 at 6 weeks (after second dose), similar to titres of vaccine 5721. S-specific IgG titres did not increase after the third dosage. The IgG2a/IgG1 and IgG2b/IgG1 ratios were ~1. (Deng et al., 2018) Balb/c Mice were given intramuscular immunizations at 4-week intervals of S protein + adjuvant at a dosage of 1 μg of S protein. (Deng et al., 2018) MERS-CoV VLP vaccine Subunit vaccine Research Recombinant baculovirus [Ref5412:Wang et al., 2017] Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Alum adjuvant (Wang et al., 2017) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) MERS-CoV S, E, and M proteins (Wang et al., 2017) Induced neutralizing antibodies (titres up to 1:40), RBD-Specific IgG (endpoint titres up to 1:1,280), T-helper 1 cell (Th1)-mediated immunity, production of IFN-γ. (Wang et al., 2017) Animals were vaccinated intramuscularly (i.m.) in the gastrocnemius muscle with 250 μg of MERS-CoV VLPs and mixed with 250 μg Alum adjuvant. (Wang et al., 2017) MERS-CoV-S rNTD vaccine Subunit vaccine Research Intramuscular injection (i.m.) neutralizing monoclonal antibodiesagainst MERS-CoV which bind to the N-terminal domain (NTD) of the MERS-CoV S1 subunit (Chen et al., 2017) Freund’s complete adjuvant (Chen et al., 2017) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Recombinant N-terminal domain (amino acids 18 - 353) of S1 subunit of S protein. (Chen et al., 2017) Recombinant protein preparation baculovirus-insect cell sf9-derived recombinant MERS-CoV was used to express rNTD (Chen et al., 2017) anti-S protein IgG response and neutralizing activity (Chen et al., 2017) Balb/c (Chen et al., 2017) 35 μg MERS-CoV rS combined with 150 μL Freund’s complete adjuvant (Sigma, St Louis, CA, USA) via subcutaneous immunization and boosted twice at 2-week intervals beginning three weeks after the initial immunization (Chen et al., 2017) MERS-CoV-S rRBD vaccine Subunit vaccine Research Intramuscular injection (i.m.) monoclonal antibody of MERS-CoV, which mapped to a wide range of regions on the spike (S) protein of the virus. In addition to mAbs with neutralizing epitopes located on the receptor-binding domain Freund’s complete adjuvant (Chen et al., 2017) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Recombinant ribosomal binding site of S1 subunit of S from MERS-COV.(Chen et al., 2017) Recombinant protein preparation baculovirus-insect cell sf9-derived recombinant MERS-CoV was used to express rRBD (Chen et al., 2017) anti-S protein IgG response and neutralizing activity (Chen et al., 2017) Balb/c (Chen et al., 2017) 35 μg MERS-CoV rS combined with 150 μL Freund’s complete adjuvant (Sigma, St Louis, CA, USA) via subcutaneous immunization and boosted twice at 2-week intervals beginning three weeks after the initial immunization (Chen et al., 2017) MVA-MERS-S vaccine VO_0005152 Recombinant vector vaccine Clinical trial modified vaccinia virus Ankara (rMVA)[Ref5391:Song et al., 2013] Intramuscular injection (i.m.) recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara (rMVA) vaccine vector carrying full MERS-CoV spike glycoprotein(Koch et al., 2020) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) S protein (Song et al., 2013) Following booster immunization, nine (75%) of 12 participants in the low-dose group and 11 (100%) participants in the high-dose group showed seroconversion using a MERS-CoV S1 ELISA at any timepoint during the study which correlated with MERS-CoV-specific neutralising antibodies (Spearman's correlation r=0·86 [95% CI 0·6960-0·9427], p=0·0001). MERS-CoV spike-specific T-cell responses were detected in ten (83%) of 12 immunised participants in the low-dose group and ten (91%) of 11 immunized participants in the high-dose group. (Koch et al., 2020) 1e7 plaque-forming unit or 1e8 PFU MVA-MERS-S intramuscularly injected at 0 and 28 days (Koch et al., 2020) Participants had no severe or serious adverse events. 67 vaccine-related adverse events were reported in ten (71%) of 14 participants in the low-dose group, and 111 were reported in ten (83%) of 12 participants in the high-dose group. Pain (seven at 1e7 vaccinationgroup vs ten 1e8 PFU vaccination group), swelling (two vs eight), induration (one vs nine), fatigue or maliase (ten vs seven) were most common events (Koch et al., 2020) Phase 1 trial results of MVA-MERS-S showed a benign safety profile MVvac2-CoV-N Recombinant vector vaccine Licensed live-attenuated measles virus (MV)[Ref5395:Bodmer et al., 2018] Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Live-attenuated measles virus (MV) vaccine encoding the MERS-CoV nucleocapsid protein (MERS-N) (Bodmer et al., 2018) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) N protein(Bodmer et al., 2018) Vaccinated animals exhibited high MV virus neutralizing titers (VNT), production of IFN-γ producing cells. (Bodmer et al., 2018) IFNAR−/−-CD46Ge Mice were inoculated intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 1 × 10^5 TCID50 of recombinant virus on days 0 and either on day 21 or 28. (Bodmer et al., 2018) MVvac2-CoV-S Recombinant vector vaccine Research recombinant measles virus (MV) [Ref5394:Malczyk et al., 2015] Intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) MVs expressing the spike glycoprotein of MERS-CoV in its full-length cloned into vaccine strain MVvac2 genome and rescued (Malczyk et al., 2015) Intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) S protein (Malczyk et al., 2015) increased viral neutralizing titers, increased CD8+ T cells with low CFSE (Malczyk et al., 2015) IFNAR−/−-CD46Ge inoculated intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 1 × 105 TCID50 of recombinant MV(Malczyk et al., 2015) decreased viral loads, even accounting for fraction of mice where transduction of MERS-CoV failed (~30%) (Malczyk et al., 2015) immunized mice were transduced intranasally (i.n.) on day 63 with 20 μl of an adenovirus vector encoding human DPP4 and mCherry with a final titer of 2.5e8 PFU per inoculum (AdV-hDPP4; ViraQuest Inc.) and challenged i.n. with 20 μl of MERS-CoV at a final titer of 7e4 TCID50 on day 68.(Malczyk et al., 2015) MVvac2-CoV-solS Recombinant vector vaccine Licensed recombinant measles virus (MV) (Malczyk et al., 2015) Intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) MVs expressing a soluble, truncated version of spike glycoprotein of MERS-CoV in its full-length cloned into vaccine strain MVvac2 genome and rescued (Malczyk et al., 2015) Intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) truncated soluble S protein (Malczyk et al., 2015) Immune Response Description: increased viral neutralizing titers, increased CD8+ T cells with low CFSE (Malczyk et al., 2015) IFNAR−/−-CD46Ge inoculated intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 1 × 105 TCID50 of recombinant MV(Malczyk et al., 2015) decreased viral loads, even accounting for fraction of mice where transduction of MERS-CoV failed (~30%) (Malczyk et al., 2015 Challenge Protocol: immunized mice were transduced intranasally (i.n.) on day 63 with 20 μl of an adenovirus vector encoding human DPP4 and mCherry with a final titer of 2.5 × 108 PFU per inoculum (AdV-hDPP4; ViraQuest Inc.) and challenged i.n. with 20 μl of MERS-CoV at a final titer of 7 × 104 TCID50 on day 68.(Malczyk et al., 2015) RVΔP-MERS/S1 Recombinant vector vaccine Licensed replication-incompetent P-gene-deficient rabies virus (RVΔP) [Ref5385:Kato et al., 2019] Intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) Recombinant RVΔP that expresses S1 fused with transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains together with 14 amino acids from the ectodomains of the RV-glycoprotein (RV-G)(Kato et al., 2019) Intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) S1 subunit of S protein (Kato et al., 2019) increased neutralizing antibody titer for MERS-CoV and rabies virus (Kato et al., 2019) BALB/c (Kato et al., 2019) All mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with 100 μL of each virus solution containing 107 FFU/mL or PBS, with the day on which mice were inoculated with viruses defined as day 0. (Kato et al., 2019) Safety profile indicated no deaths when inoculated intracerebrally for three weeks with 107 FFU/mL of RVΔP-MERS/S1. VRP-MERS-N vaccine VO_0005130 Viral Like Particle Vaccine Research Venezuelan equine encephalitis replicons [Ref5387:Zhao et al., 2016] intranasal immunization Venezuelan equine encephalitis replicons bearing epitopes of N protein from MERS(Zhao et al., 2016).Identical to VRP-MERS-N vaccine (Vaccine 5754). intranasal immunization N protein (Zhao et al., 2016) Reduced viral titre load, Production of N-specific CD4+ T cells, Production of IFN-γ, Production of CD8+ T cells. (Zhao et al., 2016) BALB/c BALB/c mice vaccinated at 2 μg/ml or 20 μg/ml and boosted with VRP-SARS-N, VRP-SARS-S, or VRP-GFP in the left footpad in 20 μL PBS or intranasally (i.n.) in 50 μL PBS after light anesthesia with isoflurane (Zhao et al., 2016) protected (Zhao et al., 2016) Mice were challenged 4-6 weeks after boosting (Zhao et al., 2016) VRP-SARS-N vaccine VO_0005131 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed Venezuelan equine encephalitis replicons (VRP) (Zhao et al., 2016) intranasal immunization Venezuelan equine encephalitis replicons (VRP) encoding a SARS-CoV CD4+ T cell epitope vaccinated intranasally. Does not have same efficacy if vaccinated subcutaneously (Zhao et al., 2016) Identical to VRP-SARS-N vaccine (Vaccine 5759). intranasal immunization CD4+ T cell epitope in the nucleocapsid (N) protein of SARS-CoV (N353) (Zhou et al., 2006) Decreased viral titre, increase in N-specific CD4+ T cells and IFN-γ in lungs, production of IL-10, increased mobilization of CD8+ cells to infected lung. (Zhao et al., 2016) Balb/c Protection at 100 pfu, protected at 500 and 1000 PFU doses (Zhao et al., 2016) VSVΔG-MERS vaccine VO_0005123 Recombinant vector vaccine Research vesicular stomatitis virus [Ref5103:Liu et al., 2018] Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Chimeric virus based on the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) in which the G gene was replaced by MERS-CoV S gene (VSVΔG-MERS) (Liu et al., 2018) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) S from MERS-CoV (Liu et al., 2018) recombinant virus induced high level of S protein specific IgG in both groups (Liu et al., 2018) intramuscularly immunized with 2e7 FFU VSVΔG-MERS (preparation described below) in 2 ml medium via hind limb muscle injection or intranasally immunized with 2e7 FFU VSVΔG-MERS as via nostril instillation under anesthesia (Liu et al., 2018) S from MERS-CoV Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 14254594 667489389 G128_gp02 YP_009047204 1335626 21455 25516 + spike glycoprotein 5.92 139840.56 1353 >NC_019843.3:21455-25516 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, complete genome AATGATACACTCAGTGTTTCTACTGATGTTCTTGTTAACACCTACAGAAAGTTACGTTGATGTAGGGCCA GATTCTGTTAAGTCTGCTTGTATTGAGGTTGATATACAACAGACTTTCTTTGATAAAACTTGGCCTAGGC CAATTGATGTTTCTAAGGCTGACGGTATTATATACCCTCAAGGCCGTACATATTCTAACATAACTATCAC TTATCAAGGTCTTTTTCCCTATCAGGGAGACCATGGTGATATGTATGTTTACTCTGCAGGACATGCTACA GGCACAACTCCACAAAAGTTGTTTGTAGCTAACTATTCTCAGGACGTCAAACAGTTTGCTAATGGGTTTG TCGTCCGTATAGGAGCAGCTGCCAATTCCACTGGCACTGTTATTATTAGCCCATCTACCAGCGCTACTAT ACGAAAAATTTACCCTGCTTTTATGCTGGGTTCTTCAGTTGGTAATTTCTCAGATGGTAAAATGGGCCGC TTCTTCAATCATACTCTAGTTCTTTTGCCCGATGGATGTGGCACTTTACTTAGAGCTTTTTATTGTATTC TAGAGCCTCGCTCTGGAAATCATTGTCCTGCTGGCAATTCCTATACTTCTTTTGCCACTTATCACACTCC TGCAACAGATTGTTCTGATGGCAATTACAATCGTAATGCCAGTCTGAACTCTTTTAAGGAGTATTTTAAT TTACGTAACTGCACCTTTATGTACACTTATAACATTACCGAAGATGAGATTTTAGAGTGGTTTGGCATTA CACAAACTGCTCAAGGTGTTCACCTCTTCTCATCTCGGTATGTTGATTTGTACGGCGGCAATATGTTTCA ATTTGCCACCTTGCCTGTTTATGATACTATTAAGTATTATTCTATCATTCCTCACAGTATTCGTTCTATC CAAAGTGATAGAAAAGCTTGGGCTGCCTTCTACGTATATAAACTTCAACCGTTAACTTTCCTGTTGGATT TTTCTGTTGATGGTTATATACGCAGAGCTATAGACTGTGGTTTTAATGATTTGTCACAACTCCACTGCTC ATATGAATCCTTCGATGTTGAATCTGGAGTTTATTCAGTTTCGTCTTTCGAAGCAAAACCTTCTGGCTCA GTTGTGGAACAGGCTGAAGGTGTTGAATGTGATTTTTCACCTCTTCTGTCTGGCACACCTCCTCAGGTTT ATAATTTCAAGCGTTTGGTTTTTACCAATTGCAATTATAATCTTACCAAATTGCTTTCACTTTTTTCTGT GAATGATTTTACTTGTAGTCAAATATCTCCAGCAGCAATTGCTAGCAACTGTTATTCTTCACTGATTTTG GATTACTTTTCATACCCACTTAGTATGAAATCCGATCTCAGTGTTAGTTCTGCTGGTCCAATATCCCAGT TTAATTATAAACAGTCCTTTTCTAATCCCACATGTTTGATTTTAGCGACTGTTCCTCATAACCTTACTAC TATTACTAAGCCTCTTAAGTACAGCTATATTAACAAGTGCTCTCGTCTTCTTTCTGATGATCGTACTGAA GTACCTCAGTTAGTGAACGCTAATCAATACTCACCCTGTGTATCCATTGTCCCATCCACTGTGTGGGAAG ACGGTGATTATTATAGGAAACAACTATCTCCACTTGAAGGTGGTGGCTGGCTTGTTGCTAGTGGCTCAAC TGTTGCCATGACTGAGCAATTACAGATGGGCTTTGGTATTACAGTTCAATATGGTACAGACACCAATAGT GTTTGCCCCAAGCTTGAATTTGCTAATGACACAAAAATTGCCTCTCAATTAGGCAATTGCGTGGAATATT CCCTCTATGGTGTTTCGGGCCGTGGTGTTTTTCAGAATTGCACAGCTGTAGGTGTTCGACAGCAGCGCTT TGTTTATGATGCGTACCAGAATTTAGTTGGCTATTATTCTGATGATGGCAACTACTACTGTTTGCGTGCT TGTGTTAGTGTTCCTGTTTCTGTCATCTATGATAAAGAAACTAAAACCCACGCTACTCTATTTGGTAGTG TTGCATGTGAACACATTTCTTCTACCATGTCTCAATACTCCCGTTCTACGCGATCAATGCTTAAACGGCG AGATTCTACATATGGCCCCCTTCAGACACCTGTTGGTTGTGTCCTAGGACTTGTTAATTCCTCTTTGTTC GTAGAGGACTGCAAGTTGCCTCTTGGTCAATCTCTCTGTGCTCTTCCTGACACACCTAGTACTCTCACAC CTCGCAGTGTGCGCTCTGTTCCAGGTGAAATGCGCTTGGCATCCATTGCTTTTAATCATCCTATTCAGGT TGATCAACTTAATAGTAGTTATTTTAAATTAAGTATACCCACTAATTTTTCCTTTGGTGTGACTCAGGAG TACATTCAGACAACCATTCAGAAAGTTACTGTTGATTGTAAACAGTACGTTTGCAATGGTTTCCAGAAGT GTGAGCAATTACTGCGCGAGTATGGCCAGTTTTGTTCCAAAATAAACCAGGCTCTCCATGGTGCCAATTT ACGCCAGGATGATTCTGTACGTAATTTGTTTGCGAGCGTGAAAAGCTCTCAATCATCTCCTATCATACCA GGTTTTGGAGGTGACTTTAATTTGACACTTCTAGAACCTGTTTCTATATCTACTGGCAGTCGTAGTGCAC GTAGTGCTATTGAGGATTTGCTATTTGACAAAGTCACTATAGCTGATCCTGGTTATATGCAAGGTTACGA TGATTGCATGCAGCAAGGTCCAGCATCAGCTCGTGATCTTATTTGTGCTCAATATGTGGCTGGTTACAAA GTATTACCTCCTCTTATGGATGTTAATATGGAAGCCGCGTATACTTCATCTTTGCTTGGCAGCATAGCAG GTGTTGGCTGGACTGCTGGCTTATCCTCCTTTGCTGCTATTCCATTTGCACAGAGTATCTTTTATAGGTT AAACGGTGTTGGCATTACTCAACAGGTTCTTTCAGAGAACCAAAAGCTTATTGCCAATAAGTTTAATCAG GCTCTGGGAGCTATGCAAACAGGCTTCACTACAACTAATGAAGCTTTTCAGAAGGTTCAGGATGCTGTGA ACAACAATGCACAGGCTCTATCCAAATTAGCTAGCGAGCTATCTAATACTTTTGGTGCTATTTCCGCCTC TATTGGAGACATCATACAACGTCTTGATGTTCTCGAACAGGACGCCCAAATAGACAGACTTATTAATGGC CGTTTGACAACACTAAATGCTTTTGTTGCACAGCAGCTTGTTCGTTCCGAATCAGCTGCTCTTTCCGCTC AATTGGCTAAAGATAAAGTCAATGAGTGTGTCAAGGCACAATCCAAGCGTTCTGGATTTTGCGGTCAAGG CACACATATAGTGTCCTTTGTTGTAAATGCCCCTAATGGCCTTTACTTCATGCATGTTGGTTATTACCCT AGCAACCACATTGAGGTTGTTTCTGCTTATGGTCTTTGCGATGCAGCTAACCCTACTAATTGTATAGCCC CTGTTAATGGCTACTTTATTAAAACTAATAACACTAGGATTGTTGATGAGTGGTCATATACTGGCTCGTC CTTCTATGCACCTGAGCCCATTACCTCCCTTAATACTAAGTATGTTGCACCACAGGTGACATACCAAAAC ATTTCTACTAACCTCCCTCCTCCTCTTCTCGGCAATTCCACCGGGATTGACTTCCAAGATGAGTTGGATG AGTTTTTCAAAAATGTTAGCACCAGTATACCTAATTTTGGTTCCCTAACACAGATTAATACTACATTACT CGATCTTACCTACGAGATGTTGTCTCTTCAACAAGTTGTTAAAGCCCTTAATGAGTCTTACATAGACCTT AAAGAGCTTGGCAATTATACTTATTACAACAAATGGCCGTGGTACATTTGGCTTGGTTTCATTGCTGGGC TTGTTGCCTTAGCTCTATGCGTCTTCTTCATACTGTGCTGCACTGGTTGTGGCACAAACTGTATGGGAAA ACTTAAGTGTAATCGTTGTTGTGATAGATACGAGGAATACGACCTCGAGCCGCATAAGGTTCATGTTCAC TA >YP_009047204.1 spike glycoprotein [Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus] MIHSVFLLMFLLTPTESYVDVGPDSVKSACIEVDIQQTFFDKTWPRPIDVSKADGIIYPQGRTYSNITIT YQGLFPYQGDHGDMYVYSAGHATGTTPQKLFVANYSQDVKQFANGFVVRIGAAANSTGTVIISPSTSATI RKIYPAFMLGSSVGNFSDGKMGRFFNHTLVLLPDGCGTLLRAFYCILEPRSGNHCPAGNSYTSFATYHTP ATDCSDGNYNRNASLNSFKEYFNLRNCTFMYTYNITEDEILEWFGITQTAQGVHLFSSRYVDLYGGNMFQ FATLPVYDTIKYYSIIPHSIRSIQSDRKAWAAFYVYKLQPLTFLLDFSVDGYIRRAIDCGFNDLSQLHCS YESFDVESGVYSVSSFEAKPSGSVVEQAEGVECDFSPLLSGTPPQVYNFKRLVFTNCNYNLTKLLSLFSV NDFTCSQISPAAIASNCYSSLILDYFSYPLSMKSDLSVSSAGPISQFNYKQSFSNPTCLILATVPHNLTT ITKPLKYSYINKCSRLLSDDRTEVPQLVNANQYSPCVSIVPSTVWEDGDYYRKQLSPLEGGGWLVASGST VAMTEQLQMGFGITVQYGTDTNSVCPKLEFANDTKIASQLGNCVEYSLYGVSGRGVFQNCTAVGVRQQRF VYDAYQNLVGYYSDDGNYYCLRACVSVPVSVIYDKETKTHATLFGSVACEHISSTMSQYSRSTRSMLKRR DSTYGPLQTPVGCVLGLVNSSLFVEDCKLPLGQSLCALPDTPSTLTPRSVRSVPGEMRLASIAFNHPIQV DQLNSSYFKLSIPTNFSFGVTQEYIQTTIQKVTVDCKQYVCNGFQKCEQLLREYGQFCSKINQALHGANL RQDDSVRNLFASVKSSQSSPIIPGFGGDFNLTLLEPVSISTGSRSARSAIEDLLFDKVTIADPGYMQGYD DCMQQGPASARDLICAQYVAGYKVLPPLMDVNMEAAYTSSLLGSIAGVGWTAGLSSFAAIPFAQSIFYRL NGVGITQQVLSENQKLIANKFNQALGAMQTGFTTTNEAFQKVQDAVNNNAQALSKLASELSNTFGAISAS IGDIIQRLDVLEQDAQIDRLINGRLTTLNAFVAQQLVRSESAALSAQLAKDKVNECVKAQSKRSGFCGQG THIVSFVVNAPNGLYFMHVGYYPSNHIEVVSAYGLCDAANPTNCIAPVNGYFIKTNNTRIVDEWSYTGSS FYAPEPITSLNTKYVAPQVTYQNISTNLPPPLLGNSTGIDFQDELDEFFKNVSTSIPNFGSLTQINTTLL DLTYEMLSLQQVVKALNESYIDLKELGNYTYYNKWPWYIWLGFIAGLVALALCVFFILCCTGCGTNCMGK LKCNRCCDRYEEYDLEPHKVHVH Protective antigen MERS-CoV S spike protein is a protective antigen [Ref5098:Deng et al., 2018]. 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