Plasmodium spp. 5820 Malaria in humans develops via exoerythrocytic (hepatic) and erythrocytic phases. When an infected mosquito pierces a person's skin to take a blood meal, sporozoites in the mosquito's saliva enter the bloodstream and migrate to the liver. Within 30 minutes of being introduced into the human host, they infect hepatocytes, multiplying asexually and asymptomatically for a period of 6–15 d. During this "dormant" time in the liver, the sporozoites are often referred to as "hypnozoites". Once in the liver, these organisms differentiate to yield thousands of merozoites which, following rupture of their host cells, escape into the blood and infect red blood cells, thus beginning the erythrocytic stage of the life cycle. The parasite escapes from the liver undetected by wrapping itself in the cell membrane of the infected host liver cell. Within the erythrocytes, the parasites multiply further, periodically breaking out of their hosts to invade fresh erythrocytes. Several such amplification cycles occur, resulting in the classical waves of fever. Some merozoites turn into male and female gametocytes. If a mosquito pierces the skin of an infected person, it potentially picks up gametocytes within the blood. Fertilization and sexual recombination of the parasite occurs in the mosquito's gut, thereby defining the mosquito as the definitive host of the disease. New sporozoites develop and travel to the mosquito's salivary gland, completing the cycle. Pregnant women are especially attractive to the mosquitoes, and malaria in pregnant women is an important cause of stillbirths, infant mortality and low birth weight (Talman et al., 2004)(Bledsoe, 2005)(Sturm et al., 2006). Malaria Plasmodia are relatively protected from attack by the body's immune system because for most of its life cycle it resides within liver and blood cells and is relatively invisible to immune surveillance. However, circulating infected blood cells are destroyed in the spleen. To avoid this fate, P. falciparum displays adhesive proteins on the surface of the infected blood cells, causing blood cells to stick to the walls of small blood vessels, thereby sequestering the parasite from passage through the general circulation and the spleen and giving rise to hemorrhagic complications. Endothelial venules can be blocked by the attachment of masses of these infected red blood cells (RBCs). The blockage of these vessels causes placental and cerebral malaria. Although the RBC surface adhesive proteins (called PfEMP1, for Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1) are exposed to the immune system, they do not serve as good immune targets because of their extreme diversity; there are at least 60 variations of the protein within a single parasite and perhaps limitless versions within parasite populations (Chen et al., 2000)(Adams et al., 2002). The vast majority of malaria cases occur in children under the age of 5 years; pregnant women are also especially vulnerable. Despite efforts to reduce transmission and increase treatment, there has been little change in which areas are at risk of this disease since 1992. Precise statistics are unknown, as the majority of cases are undocumented. Although HIV/malaria co-infection produces less severe symptoms than the interaction between HIV and TB, HIV and malaria do contribute to each other's spread. This effect comes from malaria increasing viral load and HIV infection increasing a person's susceptibility to malaria infection. Malaria is presently endemic in a broad band around the equator, in areas of the Americas, many parts of Asia, and much of Africa; however, it is in sub-Saharan Africa where 85– 90% of malaria fatalities occur. The geographic distribution of malaria within large regions is complex, and malarial and malaria-free areas are often found close to each other. In drier areas, outbreaks of malaria can be predicted with reasonable accuracy by mapping rainfall (Breman, 2001)(Greenwood et al., 2005)(Hay et al., 2004). Malaria is a vector-borne infectious disease that is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions, causing disease in approximately 400 million people and killing 1-3 million, most of them young children in Sub-Saharan Africa. It is one of the most common infectious diseases, caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium. The most serious forms of the disease are caused by P. falciparum and P. vivax, but other related species (P. ovale, P. malariae, and sometimes P. knowlesi) can also infect humans. This group of human-pathogenic Plasmodium spp. is usually referred to as malaria parasites and are transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes. The parasites multiply within red blood cells, causing symptoms of anemia, as well as other general symptoms such as fever, chills, nausea, flu-like illness, and in severe cases, coma and death. No vaccine is currently available for malaria; preventative drugs must be taken continuously to reduce the risk of infection. These prophylactic drug treatments are often too expensive for most people living in endemic areas. Most adults from endemic areas have a degree of long-term recurrent infection and also of partial resistance, which reduces with time and such adults may become susceptible to severe malaria if they have spent a significant amount of time in non-endemic areas (Joy et al., 2003)(Escalante et al., 1998)(Kaufman et al., 2005)(Meis et al., 1983). Baboon Papio cynocephalus 9556 Bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus 447135 Bear Ursus americanus 9643 Birds Passeroidea 175121 Brown Trout Salmo trutta 8032 Buffalo Bison bison 9901 Carnivores Vulpes 9625 Cat Felis catus 9685 Catfishes Siluriformes 7995 Cattle Bos taurus 9913 Chicken Gallus gallus 9031 Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes 9598 chinchillas Chinchillidae 10150 Copper Pheasant Syrmaticus soemmerringii 9067 Deer Cervus elaphus 9860 Deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus 10042 Dog Canis familiaris 9615 Ducks Anas 8835 Ferret Mustela putorius furo 9669 Fish Hyperotreti 117565 Gerbil Gerbillina 10045 Goat Capra hircus 9925 Gray wolf Canis lupus 9612 Guinea pig Cavia porcellus 10141 Hamster Mesocricetus auratus 10036 Horse Equus caballus 9796 Human Homo sapiens 9606 Macaque Macaca fascicularis 9541 Mongolian Gerbil Meriones unguiculatus 10047 Monkey Platyrrhini 9479 Mouse Mus musculus 10090 None None Parrot Psittacidae 9224 Pig Sus scrofa 9823 Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus 9986 Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss 8022 Rat Rattus 10114 Raven Corvus corax 56781 sei whale Balaenoptera borealis 9768 Sheep Ovis aries 9940 Squirrel Spermophilus richardsonii 37591 Tree shrew Tupaiidae 9393 Trouts, salmons & chars Salmoninae 504568 Turkey Meleagris gallopavo 9103 Vole Microtus ochrogaster 79684 Water buffalo Bubalus bubalis 391902 Ad-MVA PvCelTOS Recombinant vector vaccine Research (Ad): ChAd63: recombinant chimpanzee adenoviral vector 63 (MVA): MVA: modified vaccinia virus Ankara [Ref5551:Alves et al., 2017] Intramuscular injection (i.m.) PvCelTOS (Ad): Recombinant chimpanzee adenoviral vector 63 (ChAd63) expressing PvCelTOS. PvCelTOS (MVA): Recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) expressing PvCelTOS **PvCelTOS (Ad) is the primary vaccination, and PvCelTOS (MVA) is the booster. (Alves et al., 2017) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) PvCelTOS: cell-traversal protein for ookinetes and sporozoites of P. vivax. A protein important for parasite traversal of host cells both for ookinetes in the mosquito and for sporozoites. (Alves et al., 2017) Recombinant protein preparation Humoral: anti-PvCelTOS antibody levels significantly increased after vaccination in both types of mice. Antibody responses were boosted with all three vaccine platforms. Cellular: CD-1: Mice in Ad-MVA group had significantly higher TNF-α levels (2.93% ± 0.72% comparing to 0.98% ± 0.42%) and IFN-γ levels(3.46% ± 0.699% and 1.36% ± 0.52%). No significant difference in IL-2 levels. The total anti-PvCelTOS cellular responses were low after background values subtraction (1.9% for TNF-α and 2.1% for IFN-γ. Only the value of IFN-γ significantly higher (P < 0.0001)). BALB/c: All immunization regimens substantially higher levels of TNF-α- and IFN-γ-producing CD3+/CD8+ cells. (Alves et al., 2017) 3 groups of mice were used, each group includes 6 mice. Mice were intramuscularly inject prime immune 1*10^8 IU ChAd63-PvCelTOS, then intramuscularly injected one of the boosters 8 weeks later: 1*10^6 PFU per ml of 1) PvCelTOS (MVA), 2) PvCelTOS (VLPs), 3) PvCelTOS (protein) (Alves et al., 2017) Pb-PvCelTOS: CD1: Ad-MVA provided 10% sterile protection, not significantly higher than the control BALB/c: no vaccination regimen conferred any protective efficacy even though it induced protective cellular and humoral immune responses. Pb-PfCelTOS: no protective immunity in CD1 mice. Wild-type P. berghei: no protective immunity from any immunization regimen in CD1 mice. (Alves et al., 2017) Same prime-boost vaccination performed (6 mice in each BALB/c group, 10 mice in each CD1 group). Three set of mice were each challenged with 1000 sporozoits of 1) Pb-PvCelTOS (P. berghei expressing P. vivax CelTOS), 2) Wild-type P.berghei, and 3) Pb-PfCelTOS (P. berghei sporozoites expressing P. falciparum CelTOS). Sporozoits were intravenous injected 10 days after booster. Efficacy was determined by measuring the prepatent period (the time to reach 1% parasitemia after challenge). (Alves et al., 2017) Ad-protein PvCelTOS (Ad): Recombinant vector vaccine; (protein): Subunit Vaccine Research (Ad): ChAd63: recombinant chimpanzee adenoviral vector 63 (protein): N/A [Ref5551:Alves et al., 2017] Intramuscular injection (i.m.) PvCelTOS (Ad): Recombinant chimpanzee adenoviral vector 63 (ChAd63) expressing PvCelTOS. PvCelTOS (protein): PvCelTOS expressed as a protein using HEK293T cells, a eukaryotic cell expression system. **PvCelTOS (Ad) is the primary vaccination, and PvCelTOS (protein) is the booster. (Alves et al., 2017) (protein): Matrix-M: A saponin-based adjuvant that is mixed with synthetic cholesterol and a phospholipid. (Alves et al., 2017) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) PvCelTOS: cell-traversal protein for ookinetes and sporozoites of P. vivax. A protein important for parasite traversal of host cells both for ookinetes in the mosquito and for sporozoites. (Alves et al., 2017) Recombinant protein preparation Humoral: anti-PvCelTOS antibody levels significantly increased after vaccination in both types of mice. Antibody responses were boosted with all three vaccine platforms, and boosting with protein in the Matrix-M adjuvant consistently elicited the highest titers. Cellular: CD-1: Mice in Ad-protein group had no significant cellular responses. BALB/c: All immunization regimens substantially higher levels of TNF-α- and IFN-γ-producing CD3+/CD8+ cells. (Alves et al., 2017) BALB/c mice and CD-1 mice (Alves et al., 2017) 3 groups of mice were used, each group includes 6 mice. Mice were intramuscularly inject prime immune 1*10^8 IU ChAd63-PvCelTOS, then intramuscularly injected one of the boosters 8 weeks later: 1*10^6 PFU per ml of 1) PvCelTOS (MVA), 2) PvCelTOS (VLPs), 3) PvCelTOS (protein) (Alves et al., 2017) Pb-PvCelTOS: CD1: 30% sterile protection, significantly higher than control. BALB/c: no vaccination regimen conferred any protective efficacy even though it induced protective cellular and humoral immune responses. Pb-PfCelTOS: 20% protection in CD1 mice, significantly higher than control. Wild-type P. berghei: no protective immunity from any immunization regimen in CD1 mice. *Regardless of the parasite line, Ad-protein induced the highest levels of protection. (Alves et al., 2017) Same prime-boost vaccination performed (6 mice in each BALB/c group, 10 mice in each CD1 group). Three set of mice were each challenged with 1000 sporozoits of 1) Pb-PvCelTOS (P. berghei expressing P. vivax CelTOS), 2) Wild-type P.berghei, and 3) Pb-PfCelTOS (P. berghei sporozoites expressing P. falciparum CelTOS). Sporozoits were intravenous injected 10 days after booster. Efficacy was determined by measuring the prepatent period (the time to reach 1% parasitemia after challenge). (Alves et al., 2017) Ad-VLPs PvCelTOS Recombinant vector vaccine Research (Ad): ChAd63: recombinant chimpanzee adenoviral vector 63 (VLPs): VLPs: bacteriophage Qβ virus-like particles [Ref5551:Alves et al., 2017] Intramuscular injection (i.m.) PvCelTOS (Ad): Recombinant chimpanzee adenoviral vector 63 (ChAd63) expressing PvCelTOS. PvCelTOS (VLPs): PvCelTOS conjugated to bacteriophage Qβ virus-like particles (VLPs) **PvCelTOS (Ad) is the primary vaccination, and PvCelTOS (VLPs) is the booster. (Alves et al., 2017) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) PvCelTOS: cell-traversal protein for ookinetes and sporozoites of P. vivax. A protein important for parasite traversal of host cells both for ookinetes in the mosquito and for sporozoites. (Alves et al., 2017) Recombinant protein preparation Humoral: anti-PvCelTOS antibody levels significantly increased after vaccination in both types of mice. Antibody responses were boosted with all three vaccine platforms. Cellular: CD-1: Mice in Ad-VLPs group had no significant cellular responses. BALB/c: All immunization regimens substantially higher levels of TNF-α- and IFN-γ-producing CD3+/CD8+ cells. (Alves et al., 2017) 3 groups of mice were used, each group includes 6 mice. Mice were intramuscularly inject prime immune 1*10^8 IU ChAd63-PvCelTOS, then intramuscularly injected one of the boosters 8 weeks later: 1*10^6 PFU per ml of 1) PvCelTOS (MVA), 2) PvCelTOS (VLPs), 3) PvCelTOS (protein) (Alves et al., 2017) Pb-PvCelTOS: CD1: 30% sterile protection, significantly higher than control. BALB/c: no vaccination regimen conferred any protective efficacy even though it induced protective cellular and humoral immune responses. Pb-PfCelTOS: no protective immunity in CD1 mice. Wild-type P. berghei: no protective immunity from any immunization regimen in CD1 mice. (Alves et al., 2017) Same prime-boost vaccination performed (6 mice in each BALB/c group, 10 mice in each CD1 group). Three set of mice were each challenged with 1000 sporozoits of 1) Pb-PvCelTOS (P. berghei expressing P. vivax CelTOS), 2) Wild-type P.berghei, and 3) Pb-PfCelTOS (P. berghei sporozoites expressing P. falciparum CelTOS). Sporozoits were intravenous injected 10 days after booster. Efficacy was determined by measuring the prepatent period (the time to reach 1% parasitemia after challenge). (Alves et al., 2017) AMA 49-CPE Virosome-formulated synthetic peptides Clinical trial Intramuscular injection (i.m.) AMA 49-CPE is an apical membrane antigen-1 (AMA-1) derived synthetic phospatidylethanolamine (PE)-peptide conjugate that serves as a malaria vaccine (Genton et al., 2007) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) A virosome-formulated P. falciparum protein derived synthetic peptide antigen (Genton et al., 2007) Conjugate vaccine preparation AMA 49-CPE is prepared as an apical membrane antigen-1 (AMA-1) derived synthetic phospatidylethanolamine (PE)-peptide conjugate (Genton et al., 2007) 50 microg antigen dose was associated with a higher mean antibody titer and seroconversion rate than the 10 microg dose (Genton et al., 2007) healthy Caucasian volunteers aged 18-45 years 11/46 study participants reported 16 vaccine related local AEs of being in pain (Genton et al., 2007) AMA1-C1Alhydrogel Subunit vaccine Clinical trial Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Alhydrogel®(Malkin et al., 2005): an aluminium hydroxide (alum) wet gel suspension, increase the efficacy of the vaccine by the repository effect, pro-phagocytic effect, and activation of the pro-inflammatory NLRP3 pathway (He et al., 2015) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) AMA1-C1(Malkin et al., 2005): Apical membrane antigen 1. An 83-kDa antigen that may be involved in the process of erythrocyte invasion (Hodder et al., 2001). Recombinant protein preparation An equal mixture of recombinant proteins based on sequences from the FVO and 3D7 P. falciparum, expressed in Pichia pastoris and adsorbed on Alhydrogel. (Malkin et al., 2005) Anti-AMA1 IgG antibodies: Two weeks after the second vaccination, 20%, 55%, and 89% individuals in 5-μg, 20-μg, and 80-μg groups respectively had detectable antibody responses to AMA1-3D7, and 20%, 55%, and 78% had detectable antibody responses to AMA1-FVO. There was significant dose-response relationship for both responses in the all groups on day 42. Antibody levels declined and became undetectable in 53% responders for the AMA1-3D7 and 43% responders for AMA1-FVO on ay180. 92% individuals boosted their antibody levels two weeks after the third vaccination, . Antibody responses from the 5-μg, 20-μg, and 80-μg groups were 153, 1,041, and 978 U on average for AMA-3D7 and 113, 649, and 712 U on average for AMA-FVO. A relationship was found between antigen dose and antibody response to AMA1-FVO two weeks after the third vaccination. Antibody level declined on day 364. (Malkin et al., 2005) Significant AMA specific inhibition of both P. falciparum 3D7 and FVO growth was achieved in the in vitro growth inhibition assay. (Malkin et al., 2005) Open-label, dose-escalating phase 1 clinical trial Ten volunteers in each of three dose groups (5 μg, 20 μg, and 80 μg of AMA1-C1) were vaccinated by a 0.5-ml intramuscular injection on study days 0, 28, and 180 (Malkin et al., 2005). Mild or moderate headaches, nausea, malaise and localized myalgia. (Malkin et al., 2005) AMA1-C1Alhydrogel + CPG 7909 Subunit vaccine Clinical trial Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Alhydrogel®(NIAID, 2006): an aluminium hydroxide (alum) wet gel suspension, increase the efficacy of the vaccine by the repository effect, pro-phagocytic effect, and activation of the pro-inflammatory NLRP3 pathway (He et al., 2015); and CPG-7909(NIAID, 2006): a TLR9 agonist oligodeoxynucleotide that improves the body's reactions to vaccines(Cooper et al., 2004) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) AMA1-C1 (NIAID, 2006): Apical membrane antigen 1. An 83-kDa antigen that may be involved in the process of erythrocyte invasion (Hodder et al., 2001). Recombinant protein preparation An equal mixture of recombinant proteins based on sequences from the FVO and 3D7 P. falciparum, expressed in Pichia pastoris and adsorbed on Alhydrogel. (Malkin et al., 2005) Double blind Phase 1 trial 24 participants were randomly assigned to one of the two groups: 12 volunteers will receive two doses of 80 microgram AMA1-C1/Alhydrogel + 500 microgram CPG; 12 volunteers will receive 80 microgram AMA1-C1/Alhydrogel, both at a 1-month dosing interval. (NIAID, 2006) BDES-PfCSP (baculovirus dual expression system) VO_0004801 Recombinant vector vaccine Research Intramuscular injection (i.m.) (Iyori et al., 2013) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) ChAd63 -PvTRAP VO_0004797 Recombinant vector vaccine Research Intramuscular injection (i.m.) (Bauza et al., 2014) the recombinant ChAd63 vectors expressing P. vivax TRAP (PvTRAP). Intramuscular injection (i.m.) ChAd63 MVA PvDBP Recombinant vector vaccine Clinical trial ChAd63: Chimpanzee adenovirus: vector for prime vaccination [Ref5587:Hou et al., 2022], MVA: modified vaccinia Ankara: vector for booster vaccination [Ref5587:Hou et al., 2022] Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Prime-boosting vaccine that use different vectors: ChAd63 PvDBP is the prime vaccination and MVA PvDBP is the booster. (Hou et al., 2022) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) PvDBPII: region II of P. vivax Duffy-binding protein (Hou et al., 2022) Recombinant protein preparation Region II of PvDBP, a 327-amino acid domain. (Hou et al., 2022) Non-randomized, Phase IIa study. Group 1 participants received 5 x 10^10 vp ChAd63 PvDBP and 2 x 10^8 pfu MVA PvDBP 8 weeks later, followed by CHMI 2–4 weeks later. Group 2 received one dose of 5 x 10^10 vp ChAd63 PvDBP, and 12-18 months later received a second dose of 5 x 10^10 vp ChAd63 PvDBP and 8 weeks later 2 x 10^8 pfu MVA PvDBP. Group 3 participants received 5 x 10^10 vp ChAd63 PvDBP and 2 x 10^8 pfu MVA PvDBP 8 weeks later, followed by CHMI 2–4 weeks later. Group 3 participants received the first dose 2 years later than participants in group 1 and had CHMI at the same time with participants in Group 2. (Hou et al., 2022) All volunteers developed parasitemia. There was no significant difference in PMR or LCP compared to the controls. (Hou et al., 2022) CHMI 2–4 weeks after booster vaccination (Hou et al., 2022) ChAd63-MVA AMA1 Recombinant vector vaccine Clinical trial ChAd63: replication-deficient chimpanzee adenovirus: vector for prime vaccination [Ref5571:Sheehy et al., 2012]; MVA: attenuated orthopoxvirusmodified vaccinia virus Ankara: vector for booster vaccination [Ref5571:Sheehy et al., 2012] Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Prime-boosting combination that use the same antigen but different vectors: ChAd63 MSP1 is the prime vaccination and MVA MSP1 is the booster.(Sheehy et al., 2012) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) AMA1: apical membrane antigen 1 of P. falciparum(Sheehy et al., 2012) Recombinant protein preparation Cellular: peak of IFN-γ SFC response at day 14, no significant difference between the two groups (921 vs 933 SFU/million PBMCs in higher vs lower group). Responses contracted by day 56. After MVA MSP1: responses were significantly boosted, stronger response in the highest dose group (7186 vs 2631SFU/million PBMCs in 5×10^8 group vs lower dose group).CD4+ and CD8+ responses were detectable: CD8+ upregulated CD107a expression and produced IFN-γ and TNFα, and CD4+ produced high levels of TNFα. Humoral: serum IgG antibody response detectable. Peak of antibody responses against AMA1 at day 28, significantly stronger responses in the higher dose group (109 vs 37 AU). Response declined slowly but was maintained at day 90. After MVA MSP1: responses were significantly boosted and reached peak at day 84, no significant difference between the lower dose groups and the highest dose group (1709 vs 949 AU). Response declined but was maintained at day 140 (971 vs 547 AU). (Sheehy et al., 2012) malaria-naive adults from Oxford area(Sheehy et al., 2012) Phase Ia, open-label, non-randomized blood stage malaria vaccine trial Participants were divided into two groups: Group 1 (eight volunteers) received 5 × 10^9 viral particles ChAd63 AMA1 diluted in 0.9% NaCl and administered in 300 µL as primary vaccination, and four of these received 5 × 10^8 pfu MVA AMA1 undiluted and administered in 200 µL as booster 56 days later. Group 2 (8 volunteers) received 5 × 10^10 viral particles ChAd63 AMA1 undiluted and administered in 300 µL as primary vaccination, and four of these received MVA AMA1 as booster 56 days later: one received 2.5×10^8 pfu undiluted and administered in 100 µL, and the rest (three volunteers) received 1.25×10^8 pfu undiluted and administered in 50 µL. (Sheehy et al., 2012) Local: swelling, pruritus, warmth, erythema, and pain. Systematic: nausea, malaise, headache, fever, feverish, fatigue, arthralgia, and myalgia Most AEs were mild in severity and all resolved completely. (Sheehy et al., 2012) ChAd63-MVA ME-TRAP Recombinant vector vaccine Clinical trial ChAd63: Chimpanzee adenovirus: vector for prime vaccination [Ref5542:Mensah et al., 2016], MVA: modified vaccinia Ankara: vector for booster vaccination [Ref5542:Mensah et al., 2016] Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Prime-boosting vaccine that use different vectors: ChAd63 ME-TRAP is the prime vaccination and MVA ME-TRAP is the booster. Intramuscular injection (i.m.) ME-TRAP: multiple epitope thrombospondin-related adhesion protein of the pre-erythrocyte stage P.falciparum (Mensah et al., 2016) Recombinant vector construction Increases in anti-TRAP IgG responses. Cellular immunogenicity: TRAP-specific T cells induced 14 days after prime vaccination: 261 SFC per million PBMC (95% CI 165–412) compared with 48 SFC (95% CI 30–79 SFC) in control group. 7 days after booster: 932 SFC (95% CI 754–1152) compared with 57 SFC per million (95% CI 44–72) in control group. Humoral: TRAP peptide pools 1, 2, 3 and 6 frequently recognized: 66–93% positive response to these pools at the peak time point after MVA in TRAP group, comparing with 19% positive response to pool 3 and 10% positive response to pool 1 in control group. Positive correlation between humoral and cellular immunogenicity. Neutralising antibodies to the ChAd63 vector detected: LGMT of 216 (95% CI 188–247), 56% responses above the clinically relevant threshold of 200.(Mensah et al., 2016) Healthy men aged 18–50 years old in the peri-urban area of Dakar in Senegal, West Africa. Random, controlled, single-blinded phase IIb efficacy trial. Participants radomly receive either 1) ChAd63 ME-TRAP (5x105 vp) as prime vaccination and MVA ME-TRAP (2x108 pfu) as booster eight weeks later or 2) two doses of anti-rabies vaccine (0.5ml) at the same interval. (Mensah et al., 2016) PCR positive cases:12 of 57 in TRAP group, 13 of 58 in controls: 8% efficacy, but not statistically significant. Malaria cases: 11 in TRAP group, 12 in control group: unadjusted efficacy of 9%, non-significant. *protocol-specified metaanalysis after pooling the data of the Kenyan and Senegalese trials showed significant protective efficacy of 50% (95% CI 17%-70%). (Mensah et al., 2016) ChAd63: Solicited local AEs: Mild or moderate pain, itching, redness, swelling, and warmth. Systematic AEs: fever, myalgia, discomfort, headache, arthralgia, and nausea. MVA: more reactogenic than ChAd63, but still tolerable for the majority. Solicited local AEs: swelling, pain, itching, and warmth (last between a few hours to 2 days). Systematic AEs: arthralgia, fever, headache, myalgia, nausea, and discomfort (Mensah et al., 2016) ChAd63-MVA MSP1 Recombinant vector vaccine Clinical trial ChAd63: replication-deficient chimpanzee adenovirus: vector for prime vaccination [Ref5569:Sheehy et al., 2011], MVA: attenuated orthopoxvirusmodified vaccinia virus Ankara: vector for booster vaccination [Ref5569:Sheehy et al., 2011] Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Prime-boosting combination that use the same antigen but different vectors: ChAd63 MSP1 is the prime vaccination and MVA MSP1 is the booster. (Sheehy et al., 2011) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) MSP1: merozoite surface protein 1 of P.falciparum(Sheehy et al., 2011) Recombinant protein preparation conserved blocks of P. falciparum MSP1 sequence and the sequence encoding 42-kDa C-terminus (MSP142) (Sheehy et al., 2011) Cellular: peak of IFN-γ SFC response at day 14, stronger response in higher dose group (2,785 versus 979 SFU/million PBMC). Responses contracted by day 56 and were maintained at day 90. After MVA MSP1: responses were boosted and maintained at high level at day 140 with significantly stronger response in higher dose group (1,640 versus 1,347 SFU/million PBMC). Both CD4+ and CD8+ responses were detectable after peptide restimulation on day 84. Humoral: peak of antibody responses against MSP119 at day 28, stronger response in higher dose group (53.1 versus 7.8 MSP1 AU). Responses contracted by day 56, and only responses in higher dose group were maintained at day 90. After MVA MSP1: responses were significantly boosted and reached peak at day 84, stronger response in higher dose group (4,266 versus 1,618 MSP1 AU). Response maintained at day 140, and higher dose group had stronger response. (Sheehy et al., 2011) malaria-naive adults from Oxford area (Sheehy et al., 2011) Phase Ia, non-randomized study. Participants were separated into two groups: 1) Six volunteers received 5 × 10^9 viral particles ChAd63 MSP1 as primary vaccination, and four of these received 5 × 10^8 pfu MVA MSP1 as booster 56 days later. 2) 10 volunteers received 5 × 10^10 viral particles ChAd63 MSP1 as primary vaccination, and eight of these received 5 × 10^8 pfu MVA MSP1 as booster 56 days later. (Sheehy et al., 2011) Local: swelling, pruritus, warmth, erythema, and pain. Systematic: nausea, malaise, headache, fever, feverish, fatigue, arthralgia, and myalgia Most of the AEs were mild in severity and all resolved completely. (Sheehy et al., 2011) Sporozoite malaria challenge 12-28 days post second vaccination. (Hill et al., 2009) ChAd63-MVA RH5 Recombinant vector vaccine Clinical trial ChAd63 [Ref5598:Payne et al., 2017]: Chimpanzee adenovirus: vector for prime vaccination [Ref5542:Mensah et al., 2016]; MVA [Ref5598:Payne et al., 2017]: modified vaccinia Ankara: vector for booster vaccination [Ref5542:Mensah et al., 2016] Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) RH5: reticulocyte–binding protein homolog 5: forms a critical nonredundant interaction with its receptor basigin (CD147) on the RBC surface. (Payne et al., 2017) Recombinant protein preparation reticulocyte–binding protein homolog 5 full length sequence (Payne et al., 2017) Cellular: peak of the response on day 14 after primary vaccination, no significant difference between lower-dose priming and higher-dose priming group. Responses contracted by day 56. The booster dose boosted the responses in all volunteers as measured on day 63, no significant difference between lower-dose booster and higher-dose booster group. Humoral: induced IgG1 and IgG3 serum antibody response and memory B cells (mBCs). 2 of 4 volunteers in lower-dose priming group and 16 of 20 volunteers in higher-dose priming group showed a detectable response on day 28. Response maintained prior to administration of booster and was boosted as measured on day 84. There was significant difference between high-dose booster group and no booster group. Response in higher-dose booster group tended to be higher than that in lower-dose booster group, but did not reach significance. Response decreased by day 140. (Payne et al., 2017) healthy adults in United Kingdom (Payne et al., 2017) Phase I, non-randomized, dose-escalation study. Participants were assigned to one of the four groups: 1) 4 volunteers received 1 dose of ChAd63 RH5 5 x 10^9 vp, 2) 4 volunteers received 1 dose of ChAd63 RH5 5 x 10^10 vp, 3) 8 volunteers received 1 dose of ChAd63 RH5 at 5 x 10^10 vp and 1 dose MVA RH5 at 1 x 10^8 pfu 8 weeks later, 4) 8volunteers received 1 dose of ChAd63 RH5 at 5 x 10^10 vp and 1 dose MVA RH5 at 2 x 10^8 pfu 8 weeks later (Payne et al., 2017) Systematic: nausea, fever, arthralgia, feverish, malaise, myalgia, fatigue, headache; Local: itch, redness, warmth, swelling, pain. Most mild or moderate in severity, all resolved in 24 hours. (Payne et al., 2017) ChAd63/MVA Pfs25-IMX313 Recombinant vector vaccine Clinical trial Replication-deficient chimpanzee adenovirus serotype 63 (ChAd63) and the attenuated orthopoxvirus modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA), encoded Pfs25-IMX313. [Ref6264:de Graaf et al., 2021] Intramuscular injection (i.m.) ChAd63/MVA Pfs25-IMX313 uses Pfs25, the vaccine antigen, fused to IMX313 which functions as the adjuvant, and expressed in recombinant replication-deficient chimpanzee adenovirus serotype 63 (ChAd63) and an attenuated orthopoxvirus MVA viral vectors. IMX313 is a small protein domain that self-assembles into a nanoparticle with seven identical chains. The 55 amino acid sequence is a hybrid of the oligomerisation domains of two chicken C4b-binding proteins, both distant homologues of human Complement 4 binding protein (C4bp), simultaneously performing an adjuvant-like effect that improves antibody responses to the fused protein antigens. (de Graaf et al., 2021) For the Pfs25-IMX313 constructs a 229 bp DNA fragment encoding the IMX313 domain was cloned at the C-terminus of Pfs25. The Pfs25-IMX313 insert was subcloned into the ChAd63 and MVA destination and shuttle vectors. (de Graaf et al., 2021) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Pfs25 is a sexual stage antigen of Plasmodium falciparum that is expressed on the surface of the zygote and ookinete forms of the parasite, where it is involved in ookinete formation (de Graaf et al., 2021) Recombinant protein preparation Recombinant Pfs25 was used as the vaccine antigen. Vaccination with ChAd63/MVA Pfs25-IMX313 induced antigen-specific T cell responses in all volunteers; IFN-γ T cell responses were induced and peaked at median levels of greater than 2,000 SFU/million PBMCs following the MVA boost. The kinetics and magnitude of the anti-Pfs25 serum IgG antibody response were assessed over time by ELISA against Pfs25 recombinant protein. Priming vaccination with 5 × 1010 vp ChAd63 Pfs25-IMX313 followed by MVA Pfs25-IMX313 boost induced antigen-specific IgG responses in all volunteers. Median transmission reducing activity was 7.2% (range -5.8% to 37.3%) in Group 2B and 25.3% (range 10.2% to 41.3%) in Group 2C. There was no significant inhibition of oocyst intensity, further progression of research unlikely. (de Graaf et al., 2021) Healthy Adults Adults were vaccinated with 5x1010vp of ChAd63 Pfs25-IMX313 followed by 1x108pfu of MVA Pfs25-IMX313 56 days after the first vaccination. (de Graaf et al., 2021) There were no serious adverse events (SAEs) or unexpected reactions during the course of the trial and no volunteers withdrew due to vaccine-related adverse events (AEs). The reactogenicity of the vaccines was similar to that seen in previous malaria vaccine trials using the same viral vectors at similar doses in healthy adultswith the higher doses of both vaccines associated with an increased number of reported AEs. (de Graaf et al., 2021) FMP012 with AS01B adjuvant system Recombinant vector vaccine Clinical trial Intramuscular injection (i.m.) AS01B: liposomes mixed with the immunostimulants monophosphoryl lipid (MPL) and Quillaja saponaria (QS)-21. (Bennett et al., 2014) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) FMP012: Escherichia coli-expressed P. falciparum cell-traversal protein for ookinetes and sporozoites (PfCelTOS) (Bennett et al., 2014) Recombinant protein preparation Phase 1, non-randomized study Participants were randomly assigned in 2 groups: 1). 10 µg FMP012 antigen reconstituted with 500 µL AS01B adjuvant to equal 0.5 mL final volume. Doses administered intramuscular at week 0, 4, 8, and 24. and 2). 30 µg FMP012 antigen reconstituted with 500 µL AS01B adjuvant to equal 0.5 mL final volume. Doses administered intramuscular at week 2, 6, 10, and 24. (Bennett et al., 2014) FMP1/AS02A VO_0000777 Subunit vaccine The Plasmodium falciparum vaccine candidate FMP2.1/AS02A , a recombinant E coli-expressed protein based upon the apical membrane antigen-1 (AMA-1 ) of the 3D7 clone formulated with the AS02A adjuvant (Polhemus et al., 2007). FMP2.1 antigen represents amino acids #83-531 of the P. falciparum (clone 3D7) AMA-1 protein. Just prior to immunization, the lyophilized FMP2.1 protein was mixed with AS02A such that approximately 8, 20 or 40 μg of FMP2.1 was delivered in a final volume of 0.5 mL of AS02A (Polhemus et al., 2007). Apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA-1) is an asexual blood stage antigen. AMA-1 is considered to be an important candidate malaria vaccine antigen (Morais et al., 2006)(Polhemus et al., 2007). Recombinant protein preparation All volunteers seroconverted after second immunization as determined by ELISA. Immune sera recognized sporozoites and merozoites by immunofluorescence assay (IFA), and exhibited both growth inhibition and processing inhibition activity against homologous (3D7) asexual stage parasites. Post-immunization, peripheral blood mononuculear cells exhibited FMP2.1-specific lymphoproliferation and IFN-γ and IL-5 ELISPOT assay responses (Polhemus et al., 2007). An open-label, staggered-start, dose-escalating Phase I trial was conducted in 23 malaria-naïve volunteers who received 8, 20 or 40 μg of FMP2.1 in a fixed volume of 0.5 mL of AS02A on a 0, 1, and 2 month schedule. Nineteen of 23 volunteers received all three scheduled immunizations (Polhemus et al., 2007). The most frequent solicited local and systemic adverse events associated with immunization were injection site pain (68%) and headache (29%). There were no significant laboratory abnormalities or vaccine-related serious adverse events. licensed Malaria human vaccine Generic Unknown VO_0010489 Subunit vaccine Licensed A generic representation of vaccines used to prevent malaria in humans, most notably including subunit vaccines such as RTS,S/AS01, which utilize recombinant malaria antigens to stimulate an immune response without using the whole parasite. MSP3-CRM-Vac4All/ Alhydrogel® Subunit vaccine Clinical trial Intramuscular injection (i.m.) A protein-protein conjugate malaria and helminth TBV that uses a modified msp3 protein as an antigen and Alhydrogel (R) and CRM197 as adjuvant. Alhydrogel® (Aw et al., 2021): an aluminium hydroxide (alum) wet gel suspension, increase the efficacy of the vaccine by the repository effect, pro-phagocytic effect, and activation of the pro-inflammatory NLRP3 pathway (He et al., 2015); CRM197(cross reacting material197) (Aw et al., 2021): a non-toxic mutant of diphtheria toxoid that used as glycoconjugate and improves vaccine immunogenicity (Aw et al., 2021). Intramuscular injection (i.m.) MSP3 (Thera et al., 2022): merozoite surface protein 3. Presents on the surface of merozoites, forms a protein complex with MSP1, MSP6 and MSP7.The protein complex is bound to receptors during the invasion of erythrocytic cells. (Coelho et al., 2019) Recombinant protein preparation Phase I, Randomised, Dose-Finding Single Center Study, not started. Participants will be randomly put into three groups and will receive 3 doses of MSP3-CRM-Vac4All/ Alhydrogel®. Each group will receive different dose levels of MSP3-CRM-Vac4All/ Alhydrogel®: 3 µg, 10 µg, or 30 µg total MSP3-CRM197 conjugate protein (corresponding to 1, 3, 10 µg MSP3 protein). Participants will receive vaccination on day 1, day 28, and day 56 of the study. (Thera et al., 2022) MSP3-LSP with aluminium hydroxide VO_0000773 Subunit vaccine aluminium hydroxide (Sirima et al., 2007). In another phase I clinical trial study using MSP3-LSP, two adjuvants were used, including Montanide ISA 720 and aluminum hydroxide (Audran et al., 2005). However, it showed that it was unacceptably reactogenic when it was combined with Montanide (Audran et al., 2005). No. The merozoite surface protein-3 long synthetic peptide (MSP3-LSP) comprises the amino acid sequence 186-276 of the Plasmodium falciparum protein MSP3 (Sirima et al., 2007). The C-terminal conserved region of Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein 3 (MSP3) is the trigger antigen of a protective immune response mediated by cytophilic antibodies (Audran et al., 2005). Humoral immune responses (IgG, IgG subclasses, IgM) to MSP3-LSP peptide were similar in the two groups following vaccination. Some cell-mediated immune responses appeared to differ between the two vaccine groups. After the second dose of MSP3-LSP, there appeared to be a marked increase in the lymphocyte proliferation index and IFN-gamma in response to stimulation with MSP3-LSP (Sirima et al., 2007). healthy male adults Africans A Phase 1b single-blind controlled trial was performed in the village of Balonghin in Burkina Faso. Thirty male volunteers aged 18-40 years were randomised to receive either three doses of 30 microg MSP3-LSP or 0.5 ml of tetanus toxoid vaccine . The second and third vaccine doses were given 28 and 112 days after the first dose . Participants for 1 year were followed for one year (Sirima et al., 2007). Immune response did not wane appreciably up to 365 days post-vaccination (Sirima et al., 2007). There were no serious adverse events in either vaccine group. In both groups participants reported local reactions at the site of injection when compared to an earlier trial in European volunteers. Only one systemic adverse event ( tachycardia ) was identified which occurred immediately after the first vaccination in one individual receiving MSP3-LSP. No clinically significant biological abnormalities following vaccination were observed (Sirima et al., 2007). In summary, this Phase 1b single-blind controlled trial showed that three doses of 30 microg MSP3-LSP when administered subcutaneously on days 0 , 28 and 112 are well-tolerated by adult males previously exposed to natural P falciparum infection. MSP3-LSP is able to stimulate an enhanced cell-mediated immune response in individuals with some degree of preexisting immunity (Sirima et al., 2007). MVA-PvTRAP VO_0004796 Recombinant vector vaccine Research Intramuscular injection (i.m.) (Bauza et al., 2014) the recombinant MVA vectors expressing P. vivax TRAP (PvTRAP) . Intramuscular injection (i.m.) NILV-Py CSP VO_0004798 Recombinant vector vaccine Research Intramuscular injection (i.m.) (Coutant et al., 2012) nonintegrative lentiviral vectors (NILV) encoding Plasmodium yoelii Circumsporozoite Protein (Py CSP), and challenged with sporozoites one month later. 50% (37.5-62.5) of the animals were fully protected. Moreover, protection was long-lasting with 42.8% sterile protection six months after the last immunization. Intramuscular injection (i.m.) NYVAC-CSP (malaria) VO_0004800 Recombinant vector vaccine Research Intramuscular injection (i.m.) (Lanar et al., 1996) NYVAC-based vaccinia virus recombinants expressing the circumsporozoite protein (CSP) were evaluated in the Plasmodium berghei rodent malaria model system. Immunization of mice with a NYVAC-based CSP recombinant elicited a high level of protection (60 to 100%). Intramuscular injection (i.m.) NYVAC-Pf7 VO_0004794 Recombinant vector vaccine Research Intramuscular injection (i.m.) (Ockenhouse et al., 1998) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) PfCS, PfSSP2, LSA1, MSP1, SERA, AMA1, and Pfs25 (Ockenhouse et al., 1998) Recombinant protein preparation Recombinant protein preparation Recombinant protein preparation Recombinant protein preparation Recombinant protein preparation Recombinant protein preparation Recombinant protein preparation P. berghei CS Protein Subunit Vaccine VO_0011549 Subunit vaccine Research Intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) Intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) A tandem repeat of the B cell immunodominant repeat epitope (DPPPPNPN)2D of the malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei circumsporozoite protein (P4c-Mal) (Kaba et al., 2009). Recombinant protein preparation BALB/c, C57BL/6 Mice were randomly divided into groups of 5 or 10 and immunized i.p. three times at 14-day intervals. Where indicated, a positive control group was immunized with irradiated P. berghei sporozoites (Kaba et al., 2009). More than 95% of mice immunized with P4c-Mal, both with and without Montanide ISA-720, or R-PbCSP in Montanide ISA-720 did not develop any parasitemia and thus showed complete protection against challenge with viable sporozoites (Fig. 2B). This ability to prevent parasitemia and thus prevent malaria following sporozoite challenge is equivalent to what is only achieved with the whole, irradiated sporozoite immunization regime. In contrast, as few as 5% of animals administered saline, saline and Montanide ISA-720, or R-PbCSP in saline did not develop parasites and survived until 11 days post challenge. No animal was observed with blood stage parasites that did not die naturally or was killed according to protocol. These results show that immunization with P4c-Mal had a significant ability to induce a protective immune response in the presence as well as in the absence of adjuvant (Kaba et al., 2009). P. berghei sporozoites (ANKA strain), maintained by cyclical transmission in mice and Anopheles stephensi, were dissected from mosquitoes 21–23 days after their infectious blood meal and used within 6 h. Fourteen days after the final immunization or at other specific times on long-term memory experiments, mice were challenged with a lethal dose of live P. berghei sporozoites by i.v. inoculation. C57BL/6, MHC KO, and nude mice were injected with 1000 sporozoites and BALB/c mice were injected with 4000 sporozoites per mouse (Kaba et al., 2009). P. berghei DNA vaccine CSP-3p28 VO_0004594 DNA vaccine Research pBLUESCRIPT [Ref2779:Bergmann-Leitner et al., 2007] Gene gun Gene gun CSP and 3 copies of the p28 fragment of C3d (Bergmann-Leitner et al., 2007) DNA vaccine construction VO_0003057 Vaccination with CSP-3p28 resulted in better (100%) protection than CSP alone (60%) against P. berghei sporozoites at the 6-week challenge (p = 0.043) suggesting that the addition of 3 copies of the p28 peptide to CSP results in the generation of a better vaccine (Bergmann-Leitner et al., 2007). P. berghei DNA vaccine encoding PbCSP VO_0004591 DNA vaccine Research pcDNA3.1 [Ref2776:Yoshida et al., 2000] Gene gun Gene gun DNA vaccine construction VO_0003057 Protection obtained by gene gun delivery into the liver once (73%) was significantly higher than that by the material into the skin twice (31%) (Yoshida et al., 2000). P. berghei MSP1 Protein Vaccine VO_0004065 Subunit vaccine Research Intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) Alum Intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) Recombinant MSP1 (rPbMSP1) Recombinant protein preparation BALB/c Lyophilized rPbMSP1 was mixed with alum on the day of injection. Each vaccine formulation, containing 10 ug was administered through IP route to mice . Eight out of ten mice vaccinated with rMSP1 in alum survived challenge with P. berghei (Wan et al., 2007). For challenge study, mice were intraperitoneally inoculated with parasitized erythrocytes at a density of either 10^6 or 10^5 parasitized erythrocytes per mouse (Wan et al., 2007). P. berghei p36p mutant vaccine VO_0003008 Live, attenuated vaccine Research Intravenous injection (i.v.) Intravenous injection (i.v.) Gene mutation This p36p mutant is from Plasmodium berghei (Douradinha et al., 2007). A p36p mutant is attenuated in mice (Douradinha et al., 2007). A p36p mutant provides protection in mice from challenge with wild type Plasmodium berghei (Douradinha et al., 2007). P. chabaudi AMA1 Protein Vaccine VO_0004194 Subunit vaccine Research Intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) Montanide ISA720 Intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) Recombinant ectodomain of P. chabaudi adami (DS stain) AMA1 (denoted rAMA1B) Recombinant protein preparation BALB/c Groups of three to five mice were immunized i.p. with 15 µg of rAMA1B emulsified in Montanide ISA720. Four weeks later, a booster immunization was given using the same amount of rAMA1B emulsified with Montanide ISA720. Controls were immunized with PBS emulsified in Montanide ISA720 (Xu et al., 2000). Immunized mice demonstrated significantly lower peak parasitemias compared with PBS-immunized mice, showing that rAMA1B immunization confers protection against challenge with P. chabaudi (Xu et al., 2000). Ten days after being given a booster immunization the mice were challenged i.v. with 1 x 10^5 P. chabaudi adami parasitized erythrocytes (Xu et al., 2000). P. falciparum CS expressed in irradiated P. berghei as Vaccine VO_0004195 Recombinant vector vaccine Research non-specified injection non-specified injection CSP from P. falciparum Recombinant vector construction P. berghei ANKA cloned lines were transfected with the P. falciparum CSP gene (Grüner et al., 2007). BALB/cJ In order to induce sterile immunity in all the animals, BALB/cJ mice were immunized with 12,000 rad-irradiated P. berghei sporozoites as follows: one dose of 75,000 sporozoites followed by two booster doses of 25,00 of P. berghei sporozoites on days 15 and 21. In [BALB/c×C57BL/6] F1 mice immunisation was made with 3 injections of 10,000 P. berghei irradiated sporozoites at days 0, 15 and 21 (Grüner et al., 2007). Mice immunized with irradiated sporozoites were protected from challenge (Grüner et al., 2007). Control mice and mice immunized with irradiated sporozoites (transfected with P. falciparum CS) were challenged intravenously with 5,000 P. berghei or P. berghei [PfCS] sporozoites (Grüner et al., 2007). P. falciparum DNA and MVA encoding ME-TRAP VO_0000747 DNA vaccine pSG2 and MVA [Ref874:Dunachie et al., 2006] The T-cell responses induced by this prime-boost regime , in animals and humans, are substantially greater than the sum of the responses induced by DNA or MVA vaccines used alone, leading to the term introduced here of "synergistic" prime-boost immunisation. DNA and modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) prime-boost regimes were assessed by using either thrombospondin-related adhesion protein (TRAP) with a multiple-epitope string ME (ME-TRAP) (Dunachie et al., 2006). Multiple epitope-thrombospondin-related adhesion protein (ME-TRAP) Epitope construction used for delivery vector Multiple epitopes from the thrombospondin-related adhesion protein were prepared. The ME-TRAP were then introduced into three delivery vectors: DNA and modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) (Dunachie et al., 2006). The vaccines were well tolerated and immunogenic, with the DDM-ME TRAP regimen producing strong ex vivo IFN-gamma ELISPOT responses Sixteen healthy subjects who never had malaria (malaria-naive subjects) received two priming vaccinations with DNA, followed by one boosting immunization with MVA, with ME-TRAP (Dunachie et al., 2006). One of eight subjects receiving the DDM-ME TRAP regimen was completely protected against malaria challenge, with this group as a whole showing significant delay to parasitemia compared to controls (P = 0.045). The peak ex vivo IFN-gamma ELISPOT response in this group correlated strongly with the number of days to parasitemia (P = 0.033). Therefore, prime-boost vaccination with DNA and MVA encoding ME-TRAP resulted in partial protection against P. falciparum sporozoite challenge in the present study (Dunachie et al., 2006). Two weeks after the final vaccination, the subjects underwent P. falciparum sporozoite challenge, with six unvaccinated controls. P. falciparum DNA Vaccine encoding EBA-175 VO_0004196 DNA vaccine Research expression plasmid vector VR1020 Intradermal injection (i.d.) Intradermal injection (i.d.) P. falciparum EBA-175 RII DNA vaccine construction Aotus lemurinus lemurinus Intradermal delivery of DNA vaccines was performed under light sedation with Ketamine at 20 mg/kg intramuscularly, using a 1 mL insulin syringe with a fused 29-gauge 0.5-inch needle. Monkeys received a total of 500 &mu;g of plasmid DNA in saline in a series of four immunizations at weeks 0, 3, 6, and 47 on the lower back on six different sites. The maximal volume administered in any one site was 100 &mu;l (Sim et al., 2001). One of three monkeys vaccinated with EBA-175 was protected from challenge of parasitized erythrocytes (Sim et al., 2001). Aotus monkeys were challenged with 1 X 10^4 P. falciparum (FVO) infected erythrocytes (Sim et al., 2001). P. falciparum Hsp90 Protein Subunit Vaccine VO_0011396 Subunit vaccine Research Subcutaneous injection Freund's complete adjuvant (Bonnefoy et al., 1994). Subcutaneous injection Recombinant protein preparation S. sciureus Monkeys were immunized on days 0, 21, and 42 with 120/~g of protein in PBS/0.1% SDS. Each dose consisted of 1.5ml emulsified with Freund's complete adjuvant for the first immunization and Freund's incomplete adjuvant for the others, injected subcutaneously on multiple sites in the back. Control monkeys received the same treatment but without parasite proteins (Bonnefoy et al., 1994). The three control monkeys showed a rapid rise of parasitaemia with a prepatent period of 2 days and required drug treatment within 7 days to prevent fatal outcome. Three immunized monkeys developed a reduced parasitaemia with a prepatent period of 2 to 6 days with a maximum peak of parasitaemia of 5-11.6% that dropped spontaneously. The two other immunized monkeys developed parasitaemia similar to the controls and were drug-cured at day 7 (Bonnefoy et al., 1994). All monkeys were challenged on day 56 by intravenous injection of 5 x 10^7 FUP/SP-infected monkey erythrocytes (Bonnefoy et al., 1994). P. falciparum LSA-3 Protein Vaccine VO_0004193 Subunit vaccine Research subcutaneous injection Montanide ISA51 subcutaneous injection Recombinant proteins GST-DG729, GST-NN and GST-PC were designed to cover 95% of the LSA-3 antigen and were used as a mixture (called LSA-3 GST-rec) (Daubersies et al., 2000). Recombinant protein preparation 50 μg of recombinant LSA-3 peptides were emulsified in Montanide ISA51 and were injected subcutaneously into chimpanzees (Daubersies et al., 2000). Immunization with LSA-3 induced protection against successive heterologous challenges with large numbers of P. falciparum sporozoites (Daubersies et al., 2000). All chimpanzees were immunized at weeks 0, 4 and 8 and were challenged with 2 x 10^4 sporozoites at week 13 (Daubersies et al., 2000). P. falciparum MSA-2 subunit vaccine VO_0004269 Subunit vaccine Research Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) merozoite antigen, MSA-2 (Pye et al., 1997). DNA vaccine construction Sheep immunized with MSA-2 and SAF-1 had higher antibody response than sheep immunized with MSA-2 and alhydrogel (Pye et al., 1997). Sheep were immunized intramuscularly (i.m.) in the left rear leg, with a second immunization in the right rear leg 4 weeks later. A 100 μg antigen dose was delivered in 1.0 ml. Serum was prepared from bleeds taken prior to the first immunization, 3 or 4 weeks later (i.e. prior to the second dose), and a final bleed 2 weeks after the second immunization (Pye et al., 1997). P. falciparum MSP1 from transgenic mice with Freund's adjuvant VO_0000775 Subunit vaccine It is likely for producing efficacious malarial vaccines in transgenic animals (Stowers et al., 2002). The initial vaccinations were emulsified with complete Freund's adjuvant (Sigma), and the next two with incomplete Freund's adjuvant (Sigma) (Stowers et al., 2002). None. Two strains of transgenic mice were generated that secrete into their milk a malaria vaccine candidate, the 42-kDa C-terminal portion of Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP1-42). One strain secretes an MSP1-42 with an amino acid sequence homologous to that of the FVO parasite line. In the other strain, an MSP1-42 where two putative N-linked glycosylation sites in the FVO sequence have been removed. Both forms of MSP142 were purified from whole milk to greater than 91% homogeneity at high yields (Stowers et al., 2002). the 42-kDa C-terminal portion of Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP1) (Stowers et al., 2002). Recombinant protein preparation Generated by transgenic mice (Stowers et al., 2002). There was a significant difference in the Endpoint ELISA titers to bvMSP142 between those animals vaccinated with bvMSP142 and TgMSP142 G (P = 0.008), and between those vaccinated with TgMSP142 NG and TgMSP142 G (P = 0.05). No differences in titers were observed between the bvMSP142 and TgMSP142 NG groups. No significant differences were seen in ELISA titers to other antigens (TgMSP142 NG, TgMSP142 G, or MSP119), nor were any significant differences seen in IFA titers against P. falciparum FVO parasites. Overall, antibody titers to none of the four antigens used as ELISA capture antigens (bvMSP142, TgMSP142 NG, TgMSP142 G, or MSP119) correlated with the primary outcome of protection as defined above (cumulative parasitemia until first monkey treated for anemia). However, antibody titers to bvMSP142 did correlate with days until treatment (r2 = 0.6241, P = 0.005) and inversely with parasitemia at time of treatment (r2 = -0.4206, P = 0.05) (Stowers et al., 2002). owl monkey (Aotus nancymai) In total 28 monkeys were randomly assigned to groups of seven. The three vaccine groups received bvMSP1-42, TgMSP1-42 NG, and TgMSP1-42 G, respectively, and the fourth group placebo. Monkeys received three vaccinations of 100 µg of the respective recombinant protein 3 wk apart, following our established protocol. The initial vaccinations were emulsified with complete Freund's adjuvant (Sigma), and the next two with incomplete Freund's adjuvant (Sigma) (Stowers et al., 2002). Vaccination with the glycosylated version of milk-derived MSP1(42) conferred no protection compared with an adjuvant control. Vaccination with the nonglycosylated, milk-derived MSP1(42) successfully protected the monkeys, with 4/5 animals able to control an otherwise lethal infection with P falciparum compared with 1/7 control animals (Stowers et al., 2002). During vaccination, three animals died (two in the TgMSP142 NG group and one in the TgMSP142 G group), unfortunately not a rare occurrence with these fragile monkeys. No animals died during the second study. When partially protected from P. falciparum malaria, it is a characteristic of Aotus monkeys that some protected animals will suffer from anemia (Stowers et al., 2002). Vaccinated monkeys were challenged 15 days after the third vaccination by i.v. infusion of a freshly passaged preparation of 10^4 infected RBC of the highly virulent P. falciparum FVO strain. Monkeys were treated when parasitemia reached 5%, or their hematocrit fell below 20%. All monkeys not treated previously were treated on day 30. The treatment consisted of mefloquine administered in a single dose of 25 mg/kg of body mass by intubation. The second Aotus challenge trial followed the protocol outlined above, with the exceptions that only two groups (TgMSP142 NG and placebo) and a larger challenge inoculum were used (1 ml of 5 × 104 pRBCs/ml) (Stowers et al., 2002). Analysis of the different vaccines used suggested that the differing nature of the glycosylation patterns may have played a critical role in determining efficacy (Stowers et al., 2002). P. falciparum MSP3 Protein Subunit Vaccine VO_0011440 Subunit vaccine Research Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Freund's complete adjuvant (Tsai et al., 2009). Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Recombinant protein preparation Aotus nancymai Seven monkeys were vaccinated with 100 μg of EcMSP3, seven with 100 μg of control protein Pfs25, a parasite protein expressed during the mosquito stage of the life cycle. Each monkey received 0.125 mL of antigen emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant at four sites, for a total of 0.5 mL, followed by two booster vaccinations with the same dose of antigen in a Montanide ISA51 (SEPPIC) formulation at 3-week intervals (Tsai et al., 2009). By day 11 post-challenge, the parasitemia in all but one monkey in the control group had reached the predetermined upper limit and were treated In contrast, no animals in the EcMSP3-vaccinated group required treatment by this time (Tsai et al., 2009). Seventeen days after the third vaccination, the monkeys were challenged by intravenous infusion of 5 × 10^4 P. falciparum FVO strain parasitized RBCs collected from a naïve donor monkey (Tsai et al., 2009). P. falciparum MSP4 with AFCo1 Adjuvant VO_0004243 Subunit vaccine Research Not specified Not specified Recombinant protein preparation AFCo1 significantly enhanced the IgG and T-cell response against MSP4, with a potency equivalent to CFA, with the response being characterized by both IgG1 and IgG2a isotypes, increased interferon gamma production and a strong DTH response, consistent with the ability of AFCo1 to induce Th1-like immune responses (Bracho et al., 2009). BALB/c MIce were immunized at 14-day intervals with three doses of 10 μg MSPs (Bracho et al., 2009). P. falciparum pfCelTos protein vaccine VO_0004204 Subunit vaccine Research subcutaneous injection Montanide ISA 720 subcutaneous injection Recombinant protein preparation Balb/c-J Mice were immunized subcutaneously in the scruff of the neck three times with 25 or 10 or 1 µg/dose of recombinant PfCelTOS or saline emulsified in Montanide ISA 720 (Bergmann-Leitner et al., 2010). Fourteen days after the final immunization, mice were challenged by subcutaneous inoculation (into the inguinal region) with 4,000 P. berghei sporozoites for Balb/c and 15,000 P. berghei sporozoites for CD-1 mice, dissected from infected mosquito salivary glands. The challenge dose was determined by titration studies in each mouse strain and compared to the different challenge routes. Infection was determined by the presence of blood stage parasites in Giemsa stained thin blood smears on day 6 and day 8 after challenge. Animals that were not infected at that time were tested again on day 14. Mice that remained un-infected by day 14 were classified as sterilely protected. We used this evaluation schedule because animals that are infected with P. berghei ANKA strain malaria parasites do not self-cure. P. falciparum Pfen Protein Subunit Vaccine VO_0011418 Subunit vaccine Research Intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) Freund's adjuvant (Pal-Bhowmick et al., 2007). Intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) Recombinant protein preparation Swiss Mice were injected intraperitoneally with r-Pfen emulsified in Freund's adjuvant at 21-day intervals (the first injection was 100 μg of r-Pfen in complete Freund's adjuvant, followed by 50 μg for the two boosters in incomplete Freund's adjuvant). In one control group, mice were injected in parallel with a recombinant Drosophila odorant binding protein OSF (as an irrelevant His-tagged protein control) emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant. The other control group received no injections. After three immunizations, the antibody titers against r-Pfen were monitored (Pal-Bhowmick et al., 2007). All the control mice and the mice immunized with the irrelevant His-tagged protein developed a high degree of parasitemia (>17% on average) by day 4 postchallenge, whereas r-Pfen-immunized mice showed <1% parasitemia at that time point. The highest average parasitemia values were 70% and 40% for nonimmunized mice and mice injected with irrelevant His-tagged protein, respectively. However, among the mice immunized with r-Pfen, there was significant delay in the increase in parasitemia, and the highest average parasitemia was about 20% on day 8 postchallenge. The averages of these groups were compared using one-way analysis of variance, which showed that the mice immunized with enolase were significantly protected (Pal-Bhowmick et al., 2007). Mice having anti-r-Pfen antibody titers greater than 1:300,000 were then challenged with the lethal strain of P. yoelii (strain 17XL; 10^6 parasites per mouse), and parasitemia was monitored daily (Pal-Bhowmick et al., 2007). P. falciparum recombinant vector vaccine MVA.ME-TRAP VO_0004399 Recombinant vector vaccine Research Recombinant fowlpox strain FP9 and recombinant MVA [Ref2302:Webster et al., 2005] Intramuscular injection (i.m.) A prime boost P. falciparum vaccine that utilizes FP9 and MVA as recombinant vectors for priming and boosting, respectively (Webster et al., 2005). Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Vaccine regimes with FP9 as the priming agent induced significantly more CD8+ T cells in addition to the CD4+ T cells. This finding suggests that induced CD8+ T cell responses may be of particular value in vaccination against liver-stage malaria (Webster et al., 2005). FFM Regime: FP9 priming, either once or twice, followed by MVA boosting (Webster et al., 2005). VO_0000286 Two of five subjects who went on to a malaria challenge conducted 14 days after their final vaccination were completely protected. These two subjects were entered, without further vaccinations, into a second malaria challenge 6 months later in which one subject (137) remained completely protected. In addition, all 17 subjects immunized with this FFM regime (FP9 priming, once or twice, followed by MVA boosting) who underwent challenge, overall, compared with nonvaccinees, had a significant delay in time to onset of parasitemia (Webster et al., 2005). P. falciparum Subunit SE36 Protein Vaccine VO_0011415 Subunit vaccine Clinical trial Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Aluminum hydroxide (Horii et al., 2010). Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Recombinant protein preparation squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) The monkeys, weighing between 680 and 760 g at the beginning of the experiment, were divided into two groups. Group1 monkeys (R57, R59, and R61) received SE36/AHG and Group2 monkeys (R60 and R62) received PBS as a control by intra-muscular injection in their left thigh 5 and 3 weeks before challenge infection. Monkey R61 received a third injection on the 2 weeks before challenge infection. The dose used was 50 μg SE36 protein with 500 μg aluminum hydroxide gel (50/500) in 0.5 ml of PBS. Group2 monkeys (R60 and R62) received the same volume of PBS (Horii et al., 2010). Whereas two control monkeys developed 10–20% peak parasitemia, the parasitemia in the two immunized monkeys with higher antibody titers stayed at low values below 3% (Fig. 3B). One vaccinated monkey (Monkey R61), with the lowest antibody titer, developed 5% peak parasitemia but was able to control parasitemia by Day 7 onwards. Importantly, control monkeys did not raise anti-SE36 IgG titer even after the onset of parasitemia which parallels the less immunogenicity of SERA5 N-terminal domain observed in endemic areas. Thus, although the observed protection was not able to prevent infection, vaccinated monkeys had lower parasitemia and booster effects on antibody titers were observed after infection for all vaccinated monkeys (Horii et al., 2010). Two weeks after the last immunization, all monkeys were challenged with P. falciparum-infected red blood cells. Each of the five squirrel monkeys received 1 × 10^9 parasitized red blood cells. Parasitemia was monitored daily by counting 5000 RBCs in Giemsa-stained thin blood smears (Horii et al., 2010). Chimpanzee immunization experiment, likewise, indicated the immunogenicity of SE36/AHG and a long duration of antibody production over 1-year with only a gradual decrease. Three chimpanzees were immunized with GMP-grade SE36/AHG of either 10/100, 50/500 or 450/4500 dose. Throughout the study, all blood biochemistry results were normal according to human standards and no signs of systemic aberrations were observed, except for the commonly observed swelling at the administration sites (Horii et al., 2010). Three chimpanzees, named Satoru (7 years old male, 45 kg), Arare (10 years old female, 51 kg) and Mizuo (11 years old male, 60 kg) were born in Japan, and thus have no prior exposure to P. falciparum. Satoru, Arare and Mizuo received 10/100, 50/500 and 450/4500 SE36/AHG, respectively by subcutaneous injection on their backs after anesthetization with Ketamine hydrochloride (5 mg/kg) at Weeks 0, 4 and 8 (Horii et al., 2010). P. falciparum vaccine Combination B Combination B VO_0000740 Subunit vaccine The "Combination B" vaccine resulted from a collaborative effort by the Papua New Guinea Institute for Medical Research along with the Australian Cooperative Research Center for Vaccine Technology in Queensland, The Walter and Eliza Hall Research Institute and the Swiss Tropical Institute (Girard et al., 2007). This vaccine has led to a considerable reduction of parasite density in the immunized children. Montanide ISA 720. It is an oil composition containing a natural metabolizable oil and a highly refined emulsifier from the mannide mono-oleate family (Genton et al., 2003). Combination B is a malaria vaccine that comprises recombinant P falciparum blood-stage proteins MSP1, MSP2 and RESA, formulated with the adjuvant Montanide ISA 720 (Genton et al., 2003a). The three vaccine candidate antigens were produced by recombinant DNA technology. All three antigens were expressed in Escherichia coli with histidine tags to facilitate purification by nickel chelate chromatography. Two of the antigens, 190LCS.T3 (Ro 45-2067) and Ag1624 (Ro 46-2924), corresponded to parts of the well-characterized merozoite surface proteins MSP1 and MSP2, respectively. The MSP1 antigen was the 190L fragment from the K1 parasite line, comprising the relatively conserved blocks 3 & 4 of MSP1 fused with a universal T cell epitope derived from the circumsporozoite protein of P. falciparum. The MSP2 antigen corresponded to the near full-length MSP2 sequence of the 3D7 cloned line. Ag1505H (Ro 45-2164) consisted of the C-terminal 70% of RESA of the FCQ-27/PNG parasite line. All three antigens were supplied in separate vials at a concentration of 160 μg/ml of saline-Montanide ISA720 emulsion. Prior to use the three formulations were mixed and diluted with additional emulsion to give a dose of 15 μg of each antigen in a total volume of 0.55 ml (Genton et al., 2003). The vaccine Combination B contains three recombinant asexual blood-stage Plasmodium falciparum proteins: merozoite surface protein (MSP) 1, MSP2 and ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen (RESA) (Genton et al., 2003). Recombinant protein preparation The vaccine Combination B contains peptides from the ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen (RESA) (Genton et al., 2003). Recombinant protein preparation The vaccine Combination B contains MSP1 peptides (Genton et al., 2003). The vaccine induced significant antibody responses to all three antigens but triggered an IFN-γ response to MSP1 only. At Week 12, the IFN-γ response to MSP1 was substantially higher in the vaccine group where No SP had been given (Genton et al., 2003) Papua New Guinean children To insure safety, the enrolment and immunisations were done sequentially, with 10 days observation between each sub-cohort. It was started with one block (3 No SP+vaccine, 3 No SP+placebo, 3 SP+vaccine, 3 SP+placebo) of the older age group, then the remaining four blocks (12 No SP+vaccine, 12 No SP+placebo, 12 SP+vaccine, 12 SP+placebo) of this stratum, then one block of the younger age group, and then the remaining four blocks of this stratum. Children were given either SP or a sugar tablet (indistinguishable tablets provided by Hoffman La-Roche). During Week 0 they were injected i.m. in the left lateral thigh with the vaccine or placebo. Four weeks after the first injection, they received a second injection i.m. in the right lateral thigh (Genton et al., 2003). No serious or severe AEs occurred. Moderate AEs were seen in 3% of the vaccine and 3% of the placebo recipients after first injection and in 12 and 10% after second injection (Genton et al., 2003). This is a phase I-IIb double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trial was undertaken in 120 children aged 5-9 years. P. knowlesi DNA vaccine encoding PkCSP, PkSSP2, PkAMA1, and PkMSP1p42 VO_0004595 DNA vaccine Research VR1020 prime, recombinant canarypox viruses boost [Ref2780:Rogers et al., 2001] Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) DNA vaccine construction DNA vaccine construction DNA vaccine construction DNA vaccine construction VO_0003057 Following challenge with 100 P. knowlesi sporozoites, 1 of 12 experimental monkeys was completely protected and the mean parasitemia in the remaining monkeys was significantly lower than that in 4 control monkeys (Rogers et al., 2001). 100 sporozoites were injected into the saphenous vein. Beginning on day 6 after challenge peripheral thick and thin blood films were examined to determine parasitemia. (Rogers et al., 2001) P. vivax PVS25 with Montanide ISA-720 VO_0000776 Subunit vaccine Montanide ISA-720 an adjuvant suitable for human vaccination trials (Arevalo-Herrera et al., 2005). Not virulent. To produce a recombinant protein, Pvs25 was expressed in S. cerevisiae in a secreted form. Briefly, P. vivax genomic DNA from the Salvador I strain was used to amplify the gene fragment encoding the Pvs25 regions (Ala23-Leu195), which was inserted into the yeast episomal plasmid YEpRPEU-3 that encodes a secretory {alpha} factor containing a 6-His tail.12 Supernatants of fermentation were recovered by tangential microfiltration, concentrated by ultrafiltration, and extensively dialyzed. The retentate was incubated overnight at 4°C with Ni-nitrilotriacetic acid agarose. Proteins were purified by chromatography (Arevalo-Herrera et al., 2005). P. vivax protein Pvs25 is the vaccine antigen. It is a protein composed of four cysteine-rich epidermal growth factor–like domains expressed on the surface of zygotes and ookinetes of P. vivax (Arevalo-Herrera et al., 2005). Recombinant protein preparation Pvs25 was cloned and purified from yeast (Arevalo-Herrera et al., 2005). Antigen-specific antibody responses to the Pvs25 protein as determined by ELISA were evident by day 30 after the first immunization at low levels (61–478 units of anti-Pvs25). By day 60, at the time of the first boosting dose, responses of most animals were similar and by day 90, antibodies were boosted in all but two animals. Only one monkey had an apparent boost with the third antigen injection given on day 120. All animals had maximum antibody levels by day 150. These levels started to decrease by day 180, but were still detectable 10 months after the first immunization (Arevalo-Herrera et al., 2005). owl monkey (Aotus lemurinus griseimembra) Male and female adult, malaria-naive Aotus monkeys were randomly allocated into two groups. An experimental group of six animals (group A) were immunized with the recombinant Pvs25 vaccine. A control group of three animals (group B) were immunized with adjuvant alone. Both groups were immunized on days 0, 60, and 120. Group A was inoculated with a total volume of 500 µL of vaccine formulated as 100 µg of the Pvs25 recombinant protein in Montanide ISA-720 in a 7:3 antigen:adjuvant ratio. Group B was injected with distilled water containing no protein and mixed in the same adjuvant following the same procedure. The immunization was performed by the subcutaneous route distributed in five different sites of the thorax and abdomen of each animal (Arevalo-Herrera et al., 2005). All monkeys developed patent parasitemia by day 453, approximately two weeks after intravenous challenge. The peak of parasitemia for most of the monkeys was observed between days 462 and 464 with parasitemias and ranged from 0.1% to 1.3% as determined by thin blood smear. Gametocytes were first evident between days 458 and 460 and remained at detectable levels in all animals until day 468. Plasma samples obtained on days 447, 462, 482, and 503 after parasite challenge were negative for antibodies directed to the Pvs25 recombinant protein by ELISA. Gametocytes that developed in both groups were infectious to mosquitoes as determined in an MFA conducted with monkey blood drawn on day 460 in which plasma from AB human control sera was replaced by sera from infected monkeys. This result supports the viability and functionality of the circulating gametocytes from both the Pvs25-immunized and the control animals. Mosquitoes fed with P. vivax gametocyte-carrying human blood in the presence of either normal monkey plasma or normal AB human sera (negative controls) produced positive infections with an arithmetic mean of oocysts per midgut ranging between 0.3 and 3.8 and 0.2 and 1.0 oocysts, respectively. However, plasma from the Pvs25-immunized Aotus tested individually were highly inhibitory and completely blocked the development of oocysts, in all assays (reduction of the oocysts number > 98%) using three different P. vivax human isolates. Plasma from monkeys in the Montanide ISA-720 control group showed similar inhibition to the normal monkey plasma (negative control). Therefore, boosting of antibodies to Pvs25 is not caused by the parasite infection, this Pvs25 vaccine can be used as a malaria transmission-blocking vaccine (Arevalo-Herrera et al., 2005). No adverse side effects were encountered here (Arevalo-Herrera et al., 2005). Approximately 10 months after the last immunization (day 440) when specific antibodies to Pvs25 are no longer detected by ELISA, all monkeys were challenged with the P. vivax Salvador I strain by intravenous injection of 105 parasitized red blood cells. Total parasitemia and gametocytemia were followed every other day using thick and thin blood smears stained with Giemsa. Parasite concentrations were expressed as the number of gametocytes per microliter and the percentage of red blood cells parasitized by asexual parasite forms.19 Monkeys were bled post-challenge (days 447–503) to evaluate the presence of antibodies to Pvs25 by ELISA. In addition, the infectivity of circulating gametocytes was tested by feeding of An. albimanus mosquitoes with parasitized monkey red blood cells mixed with normal AB human sera using the MFA on days 460 (Arevalo-Herrera et al., 2005). P. yoelii DNA vaccine encoding MSP1 VO_0004593 DNA vaccine Research pJW4304 [Ref2778:Sakai et al., 2003] Gene gun IL-12 (Sakai et al., 2003) Gene gun DNA vaccine construction VO_0003057 MSP1 vaccine alone conferred partial protection. Vaccination with MSP1 + IL-12 conferred the strongest protective immunity against the infection. Only two of the six mice immunized with MSP1 alone survived, while five of the six mice immunized with MSP1 + IL-12 survived (Sakai et al., 2003). Two weeks after the final immunization, the mice were challenged i.p. with 10^5 P. yoelii pRBC. The course of infection was monitored by microscopic examination of tail-blood smears stained with Gimsa. (Sakai et al., 2003) P. yoelii DNA vaccine encoding PyHEP17 Protein VO_0004162 DNA vaccine Research nkCMVintpolyli [Ref1597:Doolan et al., 1996] Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) DNA vaccine construction BALB/cByJ, A/J, B10.BR, B10.Q and C57BL/6 Female 6- to 8-wk-old mice were immunized three times at 3-wk intervals intramuscularly in each tibialis anterior muscle with 50 μg of PyHEP17 DNA in 50 μl of saline or unmodified nkCMVintpolyli plasmid. 2 wk after the third immunization, mice were challenged by tail-vein injection with 100 infectious sporozoites or 200 infected erythrocytes (Doolan et al., 1996). P. yoelii DNA vaccine encoding PySSP2 VO_0004590 DNA vaccine Research nkCMVint or VR1012 [Ref2775:Hoffman et al., 1997] Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) DNA vaccine construction VO_0003057 The full-length gene of PySSP2 in the nkCMVint vector induced specific antibodies and protected 50% of immunized mice. Subsequently, outbred CD-l mice were immunized with nkCMVint and VR1012 vector based PySSP2 DNA vaccines and as many as 33% were protected (Hoffman et al., 1997). P. yoelii DNA vaccine pDIP/PyCSP. 1 VO_0004589 DNA vaccine Research pBC12/CMV/IL-2 [Ref2774:Hoffman et al., 1994] Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) DNA vaccine construction VO_0003057 Mice immunized with three doses of pDIP/PyCSP.1 and challenged with 5 × 105 P. yoelii sporozoites had a significant reduction in liver stage infection compared with mice immunized with the empty plasmid. Most importantly, 9 of 16 mice were protected against challenge (Hoffman et al., 1994). P. yoelii DNA vaccine pPyHsp60-VR1012 VO_0004592 DNA vaccine Research VR1012 [Ref2777:Sanchez et al., 2001] Intramuscular injection (i.m.) GM-CSF (Sanchez et al., 2001) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) DNA vaccine construction VO_0003057 In experiment 1, 40% of mice immunized with the combination of pPyHsp60-VR1012 and pmurGM-CSF did not develop parasitemia during the 14 days postchallenge. Only this group had statistically significant protection on day 14 as compared with the pooled controls (two-tailed Fisher's exact test: P = 0.031 , group 1.B versus group 1.H + group 1.I). However, in experiment 2 (identical immunization schedule), immunized mice only experienced delayed parasitemia, rather than protection from parasitemia (Sanchez et al., 2001). P. yoelii MSP1 and MSP4/5 Proteins Subunit Vaccine VO_0011439 Subunit vaccine Research Orally Orally Recombinant protein preparation One group of mice was treated by gavage with 25 μg of EcMSP4/5, and the other group was treated by gavage with 25 μg of EcMSP4/5 plus an amount of GST-PyMSP119 equivalent to 25 μg of PyMSP119 (Wang et al., 2004). Oral immunization of mice with Escherichia coli-expressed Plasmodium yoelii merozoite surface protein 4/5 or the C-terminal 19-kDa fragment of merozoite surface protein 1 induced systemic antibody responses and protected mice against lethal malaria infection. All of the eight immunized mice survived the challenge, with peak parasitemia levels between 0.2 and 55.2% (Wang et al., 2004). In order to examine the protective efficacy of the induced antibodies, the immunized mice were challenged at 2 weeks after the sixth immunization with a lethal dose of 10^5 P. yoelii YM parasites (Wang et al., 2004). P. yoelii p36/p52 mutant vaccine VO_0003009 Live, attenuated vaccine Research Intravenous injection (i.v.) Intravenous injection (i.v.) Gene mutation This p36/p52 mutant is from Plasmodium yoelii (Labaied et al., 2007). Gene mutation This p36/p52 mutant is from Plasmodium yoelii (Labaied et al., 2007). A p36/p52 mutant is attenuated in mice (Labaied et al., 2007). A p36/p52 mutant induces protection in mice from challenge with wild type Plasmodium (Labaied et al., 2007). P. yoelii TyCS-VLP Vaccine VO_0004271 Subunit vaccine Research Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) CD8+ T cell epitope (SYVPSAEQI) of the circumsporozoite (CS) protein of Plasmodium yoelii (Oliveira-Ferreira et al., 2000). BALB/c All the immunizations with TyCS-VLP carrying the CTL epitope of the P. yoelii circumsporozoite protein (SYVPSAEQI), except the dose response and the route of immunization experiments, consisted of 50 mg per mouse injected intramuscularly (i.m.) in the leg quadriceps (Oliveira-Ferreira et al., 2000). 2/8 mice immunized with the TyCs-VLP vaccine were protected from challenge with P. yoelii sporozoites (Oliveira-Ferreira et al., 2000). Mice were challenged with 75 sporozoites per mice administered i.v. (Oliveira-Ferreira et al., 2000). P. yoelii UIS3 mutant vaccine VO_0003011 Live, attenuated vaccine Research Intravenous injection (i.v.) Intravenous injection (i.v.) UIS3(Tarun et al., 2007) Gene mutation This UIS3 mutant is from Plasmodium yoelii (Tarun et al., 2007). A UIS3 mutant is attenuated in mice (Tarun et al., 2007). A UIS3 mutant provided complete protection in mice after two doses from challenge with wild type Plasmodium yoelii (Tarun et al., 2007). p52(-)/p36(-) GAP VO_0005806 Live, attenuated vaccine Clinical trial mosquito bites mosquito bites Genetically attenuated NF54 strain P.falciparum sporozoites: p52 and p36 gene deleted Humoral: Post 5 bites: below the threshold. Post 200 bites: Pre-erythrocytic stage antigens: LSA-1 still not detectable, 2.9 μg/ml (0.7–12.3 μg/ml) CSP. Blood stage antigens: Only the volunteer with a peripheral blood stage parasitemia has humoral response to MSP-1 (3D7) and MSP-1 (FVO). Cellular: IFN-γ, IL-2 and TNF responses significantly increased in the CD4 T cell compartment after 5 bites exposure, and amongst CD8 T cells after 200 bites exposure. IFN-γ production was primarily produced by CD8 T cells, and TNF production was primarily produced by CD4 T cells. No significant responses to CSP overlapping peptides or CSP recombinant protein observed. Memory responses: CSP peptide 2, CelTOS and MSP-1 recalled the highest responses, followed by CSP and LSA-1 protein and then AMA-1, the CSP peptide pool and CSP peptide 4. LSA-1 peptide pools #1 and #2 failed to recall any responses. (Spring et al., 2013) Four volunteers identifying as Caucasian and two as African American. (Spring et al., 2013) Single group, non-randomized, phase I/IIa Trial. 6 volunteers received five infectious bites from GAP-infected Anopheles mosquito at first exposure, and then received around 200 bites as second exposure one month later. (Spring et al., 2009) First exposure: erythema and pruritus Second exposure: local: erythema, pruritus, edema; systematic: fever, nausea/vomiting, headache and malaise in the first 24 hours of exposure. **One volunteer developed peripheral P. falciparum parasitemia on day 12 post-second, high dose exposure:24 parasites/μL, experienced fever, headache, fatigue, malaise, and myalgia. The Stopping Rule was activated and therefore the efficacy test was not executed as originally planned. (Spring et al., 2013) Pb(PfCS@UIS4) VO_0005807 Live, attenuated vaccine Clinical trial infectious mosquito bites infectious mosquito bites Pb(PfCS@UIS4): genetically modified parasite: P. falciparum circumsporozoite (CS)- protein gene integrated in the P. berghei parasite. (Reuling et al., 2020) Genetic modification PfCS expressed by P. berghei (Reuling et al., 2020) Non-randomized phase I/IIa study. Volunteers in the experiment groups were first exposed to 1) 5, 2) 25, or 3) 75 Pb(PfCS@UIS4)-infected mosquitoes for first dose of vaccination, and were then exposed to ~75 Pb(PfCS@UIS4)-infected mosquitoes on week 4, 8, and 16 for the second, third, and fourth doses of vaccination. Group 3 were challenged by 5 Pf-infected mosquitoes together with the control group that did not receive vaccination. (Reuling et al., 2020) Sterile protection against an NF54 P. falciparum challenge was not observed, but there was a significant delay in time to parasitemia in PbVac-immunized subjects (9.9 ± 2.0 days) compared to controls (7.7 ± 1.6 days) (P=0.026) There was also a significantly 12.8-fold lower parasite peak density on the day of first positive PCR in immunized volunteers compared to the control group (P = 0.04) Collectively, this corresponds to an estimated 95% average reduction in parasite liver load. (Reuling et al., 2020) Mild or moderate headache, nausea, and malaise. (Reuling et al., 2020) CHMI: volunteers were exposed to 5 NF54 Pf-infected mosquitoes 3 weeks after the last dose of vaccination (Reuling et al., 2020) PbVac P. Berghei Whole-Sporozoite Vaccine Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Research Intramuscular injection (i.m.) PbVac is a transgenic line of the rodent malaria parasite P. berghei (Pb) that expresses the P. falciparum (Pf) circumsporozoite protein (PfCS). It is capable of infecting and developing in human hepatocytes but not in human erythrocytes, and inducing neutralizing antibodies against the human Pf parasite. Intramuscular injection (i.m.) PbVac has been engineered to express the immunodominant Pf antigen, the circumsporozoite protein (PfCS), flanked by the Pb pre-erythrocytic stage-specific promoter, UIS4 (upregulated in infective sporozoites 4). PbVac infects and develops in human hepatocytes but not in human red blood cells. (Mendes et al., 2018) After vaccination, the parasite is completely eliminated from rabbits’ livers and all other organs analyzed up to 10 days after its administration. Pre-clinical results has shown that PbVac is unable to lead to a patent blood stage infection in rabbits and is incapable of developing in human erythrocytes. (Mendes et al., 2018) NZW rabbits This study performed an extensive evaluation of potential toxicity resulting from 5 consecutive administrations of PbVac delivered to rabbits by 97 infective mosquito bites each, ensuring 75 effective bites per administration. (Mendes et al., 2018) This study revealed the absence of toxicity as a result of vaccine administration, indicating the safety of its use in non-permissive human hosts. PfAMA1-FVO/ Alhydrogel Subunit vaccine Clinical trial Intramuscular injection (i.m.) The PfAMA1-FVO vaccine uses the FVO clone of the AMA1 surface protein as the vaccine antigen and Alhydrogel as the adjuvant. Alhydrogel, is a crystalline aluminium oxyhydroxide AlOOH, also known as boehmite supplied as a 0.2 % suspension by Staten Serum Institute (SSI), Denmark. (Thera et al., 2016) The vaccine was prepared in single dose vials containing 62.5 µg AMA1 protein, 23.3 µg EDTA, 25 mg saccharose, 187 µg NaH2PO4·2H2O, 226 µg Na2HPO4. Vials were reconstituted by adding 625 µL 0.2 % Alhydrogel® suspension. he reconstituted vaccine was then incubated for 60 min at room temperature to facilitate adsorption to the Alhydrogel® and a dose of 0.5 mL containing 50 µg AMA1 and approximately 0.5 mg aluminium was used for injection. (Thera et al., 2016) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Recombinant protein Pichia pastoris-expressed AMA-1, surface protein expressed during the asexual blood stage of Plasmodium falciparum. PfAMA1-FVO is a lyophilized preparation of the ectodomain of the FVO clone of P. falciparum AMA1 (Thera et al., 2016) Recombinant protein preparation A lyophilized preparation of the ectodomain of the FVO clone of P. falciparum AMA1 (Thera et al., 2016) The PfAMA1 vaccine induced a significant increase in AMA1-specific IgG following vaccination (p < 0.05); after vaccination, titres increased gradually in the PfAMA1 recipients until day 84 when a maximum level was observed with a geometric mean of 17,584 arbitrary units 95 % CI (9889 to 31,267). Antibody titres peaked 1 month after the third dose reaching a 3.5 fold rise. (Thera et al., 2016) Adults in Bandiagara aged 18–55 years old The study vaccines were given on study days 0, 28 and 56. (Thera et al., 2016) The 40 participants experienced a total of 257 adverse events, 136 were solicited AEs and 121 were unsolicited AEs. Additional vaccine doses did not globally increase the number of AEs. injection site pain was reported at least by 60 % of the participants after any dose compared to 40 % in the control group. Overall, the results showed a good biological safety profile. (Thera et al., 2016) PfAMA1-FVO malaria vaccine candidate clinical development was stopped after the present trial was completed, partly because of the potential limits imposed by strain specificity of protection to polymorphic AMA1 confirmed in human (Thera et al., 2016) PfP0 P-BSA Subunit vaccine Research Intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) Freund's adjuvant(Rajeshwari et al., 2004): comprised of dead mycobacteria and mineral oil, boost immune responses(Dubé et al., 2020); BSA(Rajeshwari et al., 2004): Bovine serum albumin, cultural medium(Loughney et al., 2014) Intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) PfP0 P peptide: 16-amino-acid C-terminal peptide sequence of ribosomal phosphoprotein P0 of P. falciparum (Rajeshwari et al., 2004) Recombinant protein preparation PfP0 P peptide was coupled to BSA (PfP0 P-BSA) using glutaraldehyde (Rajeshwari et al., 2004) Swiss mice (Rajeshwari et al., 2004) Mice were injected intraperitoneally with PfP0 P-BSA conjugate in Freund's adjuvant at 21-day intervals. In one control group, mice were injected in parallel with PBS emulsified in Freund's adjuvant. The other control group received no injections. The titers of the anti-PfP0 antibodies were measured after five immunizations. (Rajeshwari et al., 2004) Two of the six mice immunized with PfP0 P peptide developed parasitemia, compared with all 14 mice developed parasitemia in the control. One immunized mouse showed parasitemia on day 7 and died on day 8, and the other mouse showed parasitemia on day 14 but recovered by day 31, while all controls developed parasitemia by the sixth day postchallenge. The mean parasitemia levels of the three groups were statistically significantly different on day 9 (P < 0.0001), day 11 (P = 0.0014), day 13 (P = 0.0007), day 15 (P = 0.003), and day 17(P = 0.023). (Rajeshwari et al., 2004) The mice were challenged with P. yoelii (106 parasites per mouse) after 5 immunizations. (Rajeshwari et al., 2004) PfRH5 DNA Vaccine DNA vaccine Research Intramuscular injection (i.m.) The PfRH5 DNA Vaccine vaccine is designed as bivalent homodimers where each chain is composed of an amino-terminal single chain fragment variable (scFv) targeting unit specific for major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) expressed on APCs, and a carboxyl-terminal antigenic unit genetically linked by the dimerization units. This vaccine uses PfRH5ΔNL as the antigen, with the APC-targeted vaccine construct, termed a “Vaccibody”. (Bjerkan et al., 2021) DNA vaccines were encoded in a pUMVC4a plasmid vector (Aldevron) under a CMV-IE promoter and containing a tPA signal peptide. The targeted constructs were cloned into pUMVC4a using PmlI and BamHI.(Bjerkan et al., 2021) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) PfRH5: reticulocyte-binding protein homolog 5, a leading blood-stage antigen to APCs. The vaccine uses PfRH5ΔNL, the crystal structure and key functional antibody epitopes for the trunacated version of PfRH5. (Bjerkan et al., 2021) Recombinant protein preparation The crystal structure and key functional antibody epitopes for the truncated version of PfRH5 were characterized to create PfRH5ΔNL, used as the vaccine antigen. (Bjerkan et al., 2021) Vaccination with the MHCII-targeted vaccine showed significantly increased levels of total PfRH5FL-specific IgG compared to vaccination with the antigen alone at days 41 and 62 post-prime vaccination. The results showed that vaccination with the MHCII-targeted-PfRH5ΔNL vaccine induced significantly higher levels of IFN-γ producing cells in response to PfRH5FL protein in both spleens and dLNs as compared to vaccination with the non-targeted control vaccine and PfRH5ΔNL antigen alone. Strong and comparable levels of GIA were detected for IgG raised following DNA vaccination with PfRH5ΔNL-containing vaccines and the PfRH5ΔNL control vaccine. (Bjerkan et al., 2021) Female BALB/c mice For intramuscular (i.m.) delivery of DNA vaccines, mice were shaved on each leg, and 25 µg of PfRH5ΔNL-containing DNA or 2.5 µg of PvDBP-containing DNA was injected in a 50 µl volume into each quadriceps femoris muscle (50 µg or 5 µg total DNA/mouse, respectively). Immediately after injection, electrical pulses were applied at the injection site. BALB/c mice were immunized three times at three weeks intervals, with 50 µg plasmids that encoded either MHCII-targeted or non-targeted Vaccibodies, or antigen alone. (Bjerkan et al., 2021) PfRipr5/ Alhydrogel Protein Subunit Vaccine Research Intramuscular injection (i.m.) PfRipr5/ Alhydrogel is a asexual-blood stage malaria vaccine that uses the PfRipr5 protien segment as the vaccine antigen and an Alhydrogel adjuvant. (Takashima et al., 2022) Alhydrogel: an aluminum-based adjuvant (Takashima et al., 2022) PfRipr5 recombinant protein was produced in a 50 L stirred-tank bioreactor by infecting insect High Five cells at 2 ×106 cell/mL with a recombinant baculovirus encoding pfripr5 nucleotide sequence and His6-tag for purification, using a multiplicity of infection of 0.1 virus per cell. cell culture bulk was clarified using a Sartopore 2 30’’ 0.45 µm + 0.2 µm filter, loaded on a Histrap HP column, and protein was eluted with a linear Imidazole gradient. The eluate was concentrated using a Vivaflow 200 Hydrosart 10 kDa and loaded into a Superdex 75 prep grade XK50/100 gel size-exclusion chromatography column, from which fractions corresponding to monomeric PfRipr5 were collected. The collected fractions were loaded in a HiPrep desalting 26/10 column, the eluate was concentrated as mentioned above, and then sterile-filtered (0.2 μm). The final sample was formulated in 16 mM sodium phosphate buffer, 250 mM NaCl, at pH 8.0, aliquoted and stored at -80°C. (Takashima et al., 2022) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) PfRipr5: a protein fragment of PfRipr complex considered to play one of the central roles in the sequential molecular events leading to P. falciparum merozoite invasion. PfRipr5 is a protein fragment inducing the most potent growth inhibitory antibodies as comparable level to the antibodies against full-length PfRip. (Takashima et al., 2022) Formulation of PfRipr5 with Alhydrogel® induced statistically significant higher levels of antibodies in most low dose (50 µg) (Mean ELISA titers: Alum = 1.0 ×105 (P<0.01)); and in all high dose groups (200µg) (Mean ELISA titers: Alum = 8.8 ×104 (P<0.05)). The GIA activity of IgG induced by PfRipr5 Alhydrogel® formulation was higher in the low dose (50 µg) (Mean %GIA = 37%) than in the high dose (200 µg) (Mean %GIA = 19.9%) groups. (Takashima et al., 2022) Japanese white rabbits Japanese white rabbits (n=6 per group) were subcutaneously immunized with the PfRipr5 protein alone (50 µg/shot) or with PfRipr5 antigen (0, 50, and 200 µg/shot) formulated with the aforementioned adjuvants at the specific concentrations in 500 µL injection, twice at three-week intervals (Day 0 and Day 21). Antisera were collected two weeks after the last immunization (Day 35). (Takashima et al., 2022) The current study shows that PfRipr5 antigen alone was immunogenic to rabbits without any adjuvant, although the generated antibodies could not induce significant GIA activities.(Takashima et al., 2022) PfRipr5/ CAF01 Protein Subunit Vaccine Research Intramuscular injection (i.m.) PfRipr5/ CAF01 is a asexual-blood stage malaria vaccine that uses the PfRipr5 protien segment as the vaccine antigen and a CAF01 adjuvant. CAF01 is a fully synthetic liposome-based adjuvant system able to elicit potent Th1 and Th17 responses. (Takashima et al., 2022) PfRipr5 recombinant protein was produced in a 50 L stirred-tank bioreactor by infecting insect High Five cells at 2 ×106 cell/mL with a recombinant baculovirus encoding pfripr5 nucleotide sequence and His6-tag for purification, using a multiplicity of infection of 0.1 virus per cell. cell culture bulk was clarified using a Sartopore 2 30’’ 0.45 µm + 0.2 µm filter, loaded on a Histrap HP column, and protein was eluted with a linear Imidazole gradient. The eluate was concentrated using a Vivaflow 200 Hydrosart 10 kDa and loaded into a Superdex 75 prep grade XK50/100 gel size-exclusion chromatography column, from which fractions corresponding to monomeric PfRipr5 were collected. The collected fractions were loaded in a HiPrep desalting 26/10 column, the eluate was concentrated as mentioned above, and then sterile-filtered (0.2 μm). The final sample was formulated in 16 mM sodium phosphate buffer, 250 mM NaCl, at pH 8.0, aliquoted and stored at -80°C. The PfRipr5 was diluted in 10 mM Tris buffer with 2% glycerol (pH=7.0) to the target concentration in each vaccine formulation. CAF01 vaccine formulations containing CAF®01 (1250 µg/mL DDA and 250 µg/mL TDB), and either 100 µg/mL (low dose) or 400 µg/mL (high dose) of PfRipr5. Intramuscular injection (i.m.) PfRipr5: a protein fragment of PfRipr complex considered to play one of the central roles in the sequential molecular events leading to P. falciparum merozoite invasion. PfRipr5 is a protein fragment inducing the most potent growth inhibitory antibodies as comparable level to the antibodies against full-length PfRip. (Takashima et al., 2022) Formulation of PfRipr5 with CAF®01 induced statistically significant higher levels of antibodies in most low dose (50 µg) (Mean ELISA titers: CAF = 1.0 ×105 (P<0.01)) and in all high dose groups (200 µg) (Mean ELISA titers: CAF = 1.1 ×105 (P<0.001)). The GIA activities of IgG induced by PfRipr5 CAF®01 formulations were higher in the high dose (200 µg) (Mean %GIA: CAF = 49.4%) than in the low dose (50 µg) (Mean %GIA: CAF = 38%) groups. (Takashima et al., 2022) Japanese white rabbits apanese white rabbits (n=6 per group) were subcutaneously immunized with the PfRipr5 protein alone (50 µg/shot) or with PfRipr5 antigen (0, 50, and 200 µg/shot) formulated with the aforementioned adjuvants at the specific concentrations in 500 µL injection, twice at three-week intervals (Day 0 and Day 21). Antisera were collected two weeks after the last immunization (Day 35). (Takashima et al., 2022) The PfRipr5/CAF®01 formulation was identified as the most promising vaccine candidate for further development because of its higher immunogenicity. (Takashima et al., 2022) PfRipr5/GLA-SE Protein Subunit Vaccine Research Intramuscular injection (i.m.) PfRipr5/ GLA-SE is a asexual-blood stage malaria vaccine that uses the PfRipr5 protien segment as the vaccine antigen and a GLA-SE adjuvant. GLA-SE: a Synthetic Toll-like Receptor 4 Agonist, Enhances T-Cell Response PfRipr5 recombinant protein was produced in a 50 L stirred-tank bioreactor by infecting insect High Five cells at 2 ×106 cell/mL with a recombinant baculovirus encoding pfripr5 nucleotide sequence and His6-tag for purification, using a multiplicity of infection of 0.1 virus per cell. cell culture bulk was clarified using a Sartopore 2 30’’ 0.45 µm + 0.2 µm filter, loaded on a Histrap HP column, and protein was eluted with a linear Imidazole gradient. The eluate was concentrated using a Vivaflow 200 Hydrosart 10 kDa and loaded into a Superdex 75 prep grade XK50/100 gel size-exclusion chromatography column, from which fractions corresponding to monomeric PfRipr5 were collected. The collected fractions were loaded in a HiPrep desalting 26/10 column, the eluate was concentrated as mentioned above, and then sterile-filtered (0.2 μm). The final sample was formulated in 16 mM sodium phosphate buffer, 250 mM NaCl, at pH 8.0, aliquoted and stored at -80°C. GLA-SE vaccine formulation contains GLA-SE (50 µg/mL) and 400 µg/mL (high dose) of PfRipr5. (Takashima et al., 2022) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) PfRipr5: a protein fragment of PfRipr complex considered to play one of the central roles in the sequential molecular events leading to P. falciparum merozoite invasion. PfRipr5 is a protein fragment inducing the most potent growth inhibitory antibodies as comparable level to the antibodies against full-length PfRip. (Takashima et al., 2022) Formulation of PfRipr5 with GLA-SE in in the high dose group (200 µg) produced Mean ELISA titers: GLA = 1.2 ×105 (P<0.001)and the low dose (50 µg) formulation Mean ELISA titer = 8.0 ×104. The GIA activities of IgG induced by PfRipr5 GLA-SE were higher in the high dose (200 µg) (Mean %GIA: GLA = 36.2%) Japanese white rabbits Japanese white rabbits (n=6 per group) were subcutaneously immunized with the PfRipr5 protein alone (50 µg/shot) or with PfRipr5 antigen (0, 50, and 200 µg/shot) formulated with the aforementioned adjuvants at the specific concentrations in 500 µL injection, twice at three-week intervals (Day 0 and Day 21). Antisera were collected two weeks after the last immunization (Day 35). Pfs230D1-EPA/ AS01 Subunit vaccine Research Intramuscular injection (i.m.) The Pfs230D1-EPA/AS01 uses the Pfs230D1 pre-fertilization antigen conjugated with EPA nanoparticles with GSK platform AS01 as the vaccine adjuvant tested on mice. EPA: a recombinant, detoxified ExoProtein A from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Talaat et al., 2016); AS01: AS01: a liposomal preparation that incorporates the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) ligand 3-O-desacyl-4′-monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) and the saponin fraction Quillaja saponaria 21 (QS-21) (Rausch et al., 2023) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Pfs230 domain 1: Pre-fertilization antigens, expressed during gametocyte development in human (Duffy et al. 2021) Pfs230D1-EPA induces higher titers and IgG levels in AS01 vs. alum adjuvants in mice (Rausch et al., 2023) CD-1 Mice Pfs230D1-EPA/Matrix-M Subunit vaccine Clinical trial Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Malaria transmission blocking vaccine: block parasite transmission through mosquitoes (Coelho et al., 2021) Matrix-M: efficiently activate and recruit immune cells to the draining lymphnode, which may lead to enhanced antigen presentation (Mulamba et al., 2022) EPA: ExoProtein A: carrier. (Coelho et al., 2021) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Pfs230 domain 1 (Duffy et al. 2021) Recombinant protein preparation Expressed by gametocytes in the human stage of P. falciparum. Also a surface antigen of gametes and zygotes in the mosquito stage. Mediates binding of exflagellating microgametes to red blood cells. (Coelho et al., 2021) Adults in Mali Phase I, Dose-Escalating, Double-Blind, Randomized, Comparator-Controlled Trial. Ongoing. Participants are randomly assigned to different groups, getting 3 doses of 1) 160 µg/mL conjugated Pfs230D1M and 124 µg/mL conjugated EPA or 2) 160 µg/mL conjugated Pfs230D1M and 143 µg/mL conjugated EPA or 3)Verorab Rabies, each dose injected at 0, 1, and 2 months. Outcome Measures: Primary: Number of local and systemic adverse events (AEs) and serious adverse events (SAEs) to assess the safety of the study drug Secondary: 1) Level of humoral immune response as measured by ELISA titer response to Pfs230D1M after third immunization. 2) Duration of humoral immune response as measured by ELISA titer response to Pfs230D1M after third immunization. 3) Level of functional antibody response to Pfs230D1M as measured by standard membrane feeding assay (Duffy et al. 2021) Pfs25 VLP-FhCMB Subunit vaccine Licensed Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Pfs25 VLP-FhCMB is a plant-produced Pfs25 virus-like particle usedas a transmission blocking vaccine against malaria Alhydrogel: Aluminum hydroxide gel (Chichester et al., 2018) Pfs25 VLP-FhCMB, a chimeric non-enveloped VLP comprising Pfs25 fused to the Alfalfa mosaic virus coat protein (CP), produced in hydroponically grown Nicotiana benthamiana plants using a Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)-based hybrid vector, then purified and characterized. 400 µg of total protein per mL in an aqueous formulation containing 50 mM sodium phosphate. Four total protein dose levels of the vaccine (2, 10, 30 and 100 μg per 0.5 mL) were formulated in the clinic on the day of administration with 0.3% Alhydrogel (Chichester et al., 2018) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Pfs25: is a member of a Plasmodium protein family characterized by the presence of epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like repeat motifs, numerous cysteine residues and a complex tertiary structure. (Chichester et al., 2018) Recombinant protein preparation Pfs25 is used as the malaria vaccine antigen. Pfs25-EPA / AS01 Protein-nanoparticle vaccine Research Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Pfs25-EPA/ AS01 vaccine is made by using the Pfs25 as the vaccine antigen, which is conjugated to EPA nanoparticles, and the GSK platform AS01 serves as the vaccine adjuvant (Talaat et al., 2016). AS01 is used as the vaccine adjuvant. AS01 is a liposomal preparation that incorporates the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) ligand 3-O-desacyl-4′-monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) and the saponin fraction Quillaja saponaria 21 (QS-21) (Rausch et al., 2023) Pfs25 is a leading TBV candidate, and previous studies conducted in animals demonstrated an improvement of its functional immunogenicity after conjugation to EPA, a recombinant, detoxified ExoProtein A from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Talaat et al., 2016). In addition, AS01 is used as the vaccine adjuvant. Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Pfs25, a post-fertilization antigen that is involved in ookinete formation and survives in the mosquito midgut (Mulamba et al., 2022) Recombinant protein preparation Pfs25 (or P25) from P. falciparum was used as the vaccine antigen CD-1 Mice Pfs25-EPA formulated in AS01 induced significantly higher antibody levels than unconjugated Pfs25 formulated in AS01 (Rausch et al., 2023) Pfs25-EPA/AS01 showed significant oocyst reduction compared to Pfs25-EPA/Alhydrogel, but the difference between these groups was not statistically significant at end of study (Rausch et al., 2023) Pfs25-EPA/Alhydrogel Walter Reed Army Institute of Research Bioproduction Facility Subunit vaccine Licensed Intramuscular injection (i.m.) The Pfs25-EPA/ Alhydrogel uses a recombinant Pfs25 antigen with a recombinant EPA (rEPA) formulated with an Alhydrogel adjuvant. rEPA: a recombinant, detoxified ExoProtein A from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Talaat et al., 2016); Alhydrogel®: an aluminum hydroxide gel formulated with Pfs25-EPA (Talaat et al., 2016) The Pfs25-EPA conjugate was produced by reaction between thiolated Pfs25H and maleimide-activated rEPA, followed by purification using size-exclusion chromatography. Pfs25-EPA was subsequently formulated with Alhydrogel®. 78 μg/mL Pfs25H and 93 μg/mL rEPA, bound to 1600 μg/mL Alhydrogel® in a volume of 0.8 mL. (Talaat et al., 2016) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Pfs25H is a Pichia pastoris-expressed hexa-His tagged recombinant Pfs25, a post-fertilization surface antigen of ookinetes in the mosquito stage of P. falciparum. (Talaat et al., 2016) Recombinant protein preparation Pfs25H is a Pichia pastoris-expressed hexa-His tagged recombinant Pfs25 used as the vaccine antigen. Proportion of antibody levels in responders increased after second, third vaccinations, and the final booster, demonstrating immunogenicity. However, antibody levels declined rapidly weeks after the final dose. Healthy adults age 18–50 were recruited from the Baltimore, MD region without significant medical conditions. Participants were divided into three groups: Group 1a received two injections of a low vaccine dose (8 μg Pfs25H), Group 1b received two injections of a medium dose (16 μg Pfs25H) at 0 and 2 months, and Group 2 received four injections of a high dose (47 μg Pfs25H) at 0, 2, 4, and 10 months. Additionally, one high responder in Group 1a received a third injection of the low vaccine dose (8 μg Pfs25H) at 10 months. (Talaat et al., 2016) Pfs25-IMX313/Matrix-M protein-nanoparticle vaccine Clinical trial Intramuscular injection (i.m.) **Mechanism: Human get vaccinated --> Human produce antibodies --> mosquitoes take up antibodies --> reduce parasite fertilization in mosquitoes (Mulamba et al., 2022) Matrix-M: activate and recruit immune cells to the draining lymph node (Mulamba et al., 2022); IMX313: a hybrid of the oligomerization domain of chicken complement inhibitor C4-binding protein (C4bp), 21% homology to the sequence of the human protein. Pfs25 antigen fused to IMX313 oligomerization domain. (Mulamba et al., 2022) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Pfs25: post-fertilization antigen, three potential N-linked glycosylation sites (112, 165 and 187) mutated. Involved in ookinete formation, survival in the mosquito midgut, and a possible role in parasite traversal of the mid-gut epithelium. (Mulamba et al., 2022) Recombinant protein preparation Pfs25 antigen is genetically fused to the IMX313 oligomerization domain (Mulamba et al., 2022) Semi-immune healthy adults from Bagamoyo district in Tanzania Phase I trial, not started. A two-years enrollment schedule has been designed, with one group of volunteers receiving immunization at months; zero, one and three, while another group shall receive immunization at months; zero, one and seven. Enrollment of volunteers will follow a strict staggered approach, with one of group of adults receiving a low dose of the vaccine followed by another adults’ group receiving a high dose of the vaccine in six-weeks interval.(Mulamba et al., 2022) Pfs25/ Montanide ISA 51 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed Intramuscular injection (i.m.) The Pfs25/ Montanide ISA 51 uses Pfs25, a P. falciparum ookinete surface protein, as the vaccine antigen emulsified in Montanide ISA 51 as the vaccine adjuvant. Montanide ISA 51, based on mineral oil with a mannide mono-oleate emulsifier (Wu et al., 2008) Recombinant proteins Pfs25 were produced in the yeast expression system utilizing Pichia pastoris. A hexa-His tag was added to the C-terminus of the recombinant protein to facilitate purification and characterization. the Pfs25 at a concentration of 320 µg/mL in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, 155 mM NaCl, 1 mMKH2PO4, 3 mM Na2HPO3) was aseptically emulsified with an equal volume of Montanide ISA 51 to give a final vaccine concentration of 160 µg/mL. The emulsion was achieved by homogenizing the mixture in a volume of 200 mL in a 400-mL vessel at room temperature for 6 min at 6000 rpm using an Omni Mixer-ES homogenizer. (Wu et al., 2008) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Pfs25, a protein expressed on the surface of ookinetes of P. falciparum (Wu et al., 2008) Recombinant protein preparation Recombinant Pfs25 was used as the vaccine adjuvant. (Wu et al., 2008) Four of 10 volunteers, including the one that developed a leukemoid reaction (Volunteer “C”), had no detectable antibodies against Pfs25 (i.e. <25 ELISA units) by day 120 following the first vaccination. Of the 2 volunteers that developed grade 3 induration, one (Volunteer “H”) had a minimal antibody level of 30 ELISA units on day 90, 30 days after the induration resolved. The other (Volunteer “G”) had 132 ELISA units on day 60. All 5 volunteers (Volunteers “A” through “E”) receiving a second dose of 5 µg Pfs25/ISA 51 developed substantial antibody levels against Pfs25 following the second vaccination (Table 4). The antibody levels reached a peak 30–60 days after the second vaccination and the geometric mean of the peak of this group was 1295 ELISA units. (Wu et al., 2008) healthy US volunteers Vaccines were administered at three dose levels (5, 20, and 80 µg per dose in 0.5 mL) (Wu et al., 2008) In ex vivo membrane feeding assays, one antiserum that contained 7322 ELISA units resulted in reduction of the parasite in mosquitoes by >90%. The severity and duration of the local reactions seen in this study, combined with the observed systemic reactions, make further progression of the Montanide ISA 51 formulations unlikely. Local adverse events included erythema, induration, swelling, and tenderness at the site of injection. Solicited systemic adverse events included fever (oral temperature≥37.5°C), headache, nausea, malaise, myalgia, and arthralgia. In the groups receiving antigen with ISA 51, 6 volunteers experienced severe local reaction, 4 experienced moderate local reaction, and 14 experienced mild reaction (maximum severity for each). Four of six volunteers who received the control vaccine (PBS/ISA 51) complained of mild injection site pain lasting up to 4 days and two recipients reported mild erythema for one day. (Wu et al., 2008) Pfs48/45 in Matrix-M Subunit vaccine Clinical trial Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Transmission Blocking Vaccine: induce antibodies that taken up by the mosquito and subsequently prevent development of parasites in the mosquito midgut (Theisen et al., 2017) Matrix-M(Minassian et al., 2022): activate and recruit immune cells to the draining lymph node (Mulamba et al., 2022) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Pfs48/45 (Minassian et al., 2022): plays an important role in the fertilization of plasmodium: males lacking Pfs48/45 show severely reduced fertility and are incapable of adhering to and penetrating female gametes. (Theisen et al., 2017) Recombinant protein preparation Pfs48/45 and the 10 C and 6 C fusion proteins. The secondary structure prediction of Pfs48/45 have assigned 2 loops in domain II between amino acid residues 190–210 and 239–259, and in domain III between the residues 302–327 and 357–397. Epitope I is located between residues 295 and 418. (Theisen et al., 2017) adults living in UK(Minassian et al., 2022) Non-randomized, phase Ia trial, not strated. Participants will be separated into three different groups with 8-10 participants in each group: 1) low dose: three doses of 10 µg Pfs48/45 in 50 µg Matrix-M on days 0, 28 and 56; 2) standard dose: three doses of 50 µg Pfs48/45 in 50 µg Matrix-M on days 0, 28 and 56; and 3) two doses of 50 µg Pfs48/45 in 50 µg Matrix-M on days 0 and 28, followed by one dose of 10 µg Pfs48/45 in 50 µg Matrix-M on day 56. (Minassian et al., 2022) PfSPZ VO_0005808 Live, attenuated vaccine Clinical trial Intravenous injection (i.v.) Intravenous injection (i.v.) live (metabolically active), nonreplicating, radiation-attenuated P. falciparum sporozoites (SPZ)(Oneko et al., 2021) Dose-dependent increase in IgG and IgM antibody responses and a significantly greater rate of seroconversion and net increase in IgG and IgM antibodies: 94.0% and 89.5% of vaccinees and 12.7% and 12.7% of controls had increased IgG and IgM antibodies two weeks after third vaccination. Dose-dependent increase in the PfCSP-specific memory B cell response. ** There were low-to-undetectable PfSPZ-specific CD4 and CD8 T cell responses, which might because of the limited magnitude and functional capacity of γδ T cells in infants. (Oneko et al., 2021) Infants aged 5–12-month-old in Kenya(Oneko et al., 2021) Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled Phase2 trial. Participants were randomly assigned in 4 groups, each receiving 1) 4.5 × 105, 2) 9.0 × 105 and 3) 1.8 × 106 PfSPZ or 4) normal saline placebo. (Oneko et al., 2021) No statistically significant (P < 0.05) VE against the presence of parasitemia at the primary 6-month end point by either proportional or time-to-event analyses. (Oneko et al., 2021) Mild to moderate fever (more common in participants in the highest-dose group); febrile seizures. (Oneko et al., 2021) Phase I trial. 57 adults participated in the trial. 40 of them were vaccine recipients (36 completed the vaccination), 12 were CHMI controls, and 5 were backup controls. For volunteers in the vaccination group: 1) 2 of the volunteers were given 2 × 10^3 PfSPZ per dose without CHMI to access safety, while the rest of the vaccination group were given 1.35 × 10^5 PfSPZ per dose and given CHMI later. (Seder et al., 2013) 16 of 17 subjects who received 7.5 × 10^3 and 3×10^4 PfSPZ Vaccine per dose developed parasitemia. Among the nine subjects who had received four doses of 3 × 10^4 PfSPZ Vaccine, one did not develop parasitemia, whereas the other eight had a 1.4 day prolongation of time to parasitemia compared with the six nonvaccinated controls (P = 0.007, LogRank). The prepatent periods in the 7.5 × 10^3 PfSPZ Vaccine-per-dose group were not significantly different than those of controls. 12 of 15 subjects immunized with 1.35 × 10^5 PfSPZ Vaccine per dose were protected (P = 0.028). Three of nine subjects in the four-dose group and none of six in the five-dose group developed parasitemia (P = 0.015 for the fivedose group versus controls, Fisher’s exact test). All subjects who did not develop parasitemia were negative as determined by means of quantitative PCR at 28 days after CHMI. In the three vaccinated subjects that became infected, there was a modest delay in the time to positive PCR. (Seder et al., 2013) CHMI ~3 weeks after last immunization (Seder et al., 2013) Plasmodium FabB/FabF mutant vaccine VO_0003007 Live, attenuated vaccine Research Intravenous injection (i.v.) Intravenous injection (i.v.) Gene mutation This FabB/FabF mutant is from Plasmodium (Butler et al., 2011). A FabB/FabF genetically attenuated parasite is attenuated in mice (Butler et al., 2011). A FabB/FabF genetically attenuated parasite induces complete protection in mice from challenge with wild type Plasmodium (Butler et al., 2011). PvCS/Montanide ISA-51 Subunit vaccine Clinical trial Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Montanide ISA-51: 50:50 Water in oil emulsion: a mix of a mineral oil and a surfactant from mannide monnooleate family. (Aucouturier et al., 2002) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) PvCS: circumsporozoite protein of P. vivax. N+C: Two long synthetic peptides (LSP): the N-terminal (N) and C-terminal (C) regions; N+C+R: Three LSP: N-terminal, C-terminal, and the central repeats (R) regions. (Arévalo-Herrera et al., 2022) Recombinant protein preparation N: N-term aa 20–96, C: C-term aa 301–372. R: VK210 (type I): first central repeat (aa 96–104) in tandem three times, collinearly linked to a universal T-cell epitope (ptt-30) derived from tetanus toxin. (Arévalo-Herrera et al., 2022) malaria-naïve or semi-immune adults Randomized, double-blind, controlled Phase II trial. Participants were divided into malaria naïve and semi-immune groups, each of which included experimental and control groups, and received vaccination or placebo at months 0, 2, and 6. Experimental group received PvCS N+C formulated in Montanide ISA-51 as the first dose, and PvCS N+C formulated in Montanide ISA-51 adjuvant as the second and third dose, while control group received three doses of Montanide ISA-51. (Arévalo-Herrera et al., 2022) Local: local pain, headache and malaise, mild or moderate cases, all resolved the next day after vaccination. Systematic: low frequency of fever, nausea, chills, diarrhea, and abdominal pain (Arévalo-Herrera et al., 2022) sporozoite CHMI at month 9 (Arévalo-Herrera et al., 2022) PvDBPII/Matrix-M1 Subunit vaccine Clinical trial Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Matrix-M1(Hou et al., 2022): activate and recruit immune cells to the draining lymphnodes (Mulamba et al., 2022) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) PvDBPII: region II of P. vivax Duffy-binding protein (Hou et al., 2022) Recombinant protein preparation Region II of PvDBP, a 327-amino acid domain. (Hou et al., 2022) Humoral: Anti-PvDBPII (SalI) total IgG serum antibody responses peaked around 2 weeks following the final vaccination. PvDBPII/M-M given at 0, 1 and 14 months induced higher response (geometric mean 198 μg/mL, range 153–335). Cellular: PvDBPII-specific CD4+ CD45RA− CCR7− effector memory T cells producing IFN-γ were detectable following final vaccinations in a delayed dosing regimen. IFN-γ producing CD8+ effector memory T cells were not detectable. (Hou et al., 2022) healthy adults living in the UK (Minassian et al., 2019) Phase I/IIa, blood-stage trial Volunteers received vaccination based on the time they participated in the experiment: group 1 received three doses of the PvDBPII 50ug/Matrix M1 50ug vaccine at 0, 1 and 14 months, and group 2 received three doses of the PvDBPII 50ug/Matrix M1 50ug vaccine at 0, 1 and 2 months. (Hou et al., 2022) All volunteers developed parasitemia, but the PMR and LCP is significant lower in the delayed dosing group compared to unvaccinated controls, due to the delayed dosing (PMR: 3.2-fold growth per 48 hours (range 2.3 to 4.3) compared to 6.8-fold growth per 48 hours [range 4.0 to 11.1], p <0.001), resulted in a 7-day delay in median time to reach malaria diagnosis (15.5 days in controls compared to 22.5 days in delayed dosing group). (Hou et al., 2022) Mild or moderate cases of warmth, itch, injection site pain, redness, malaise, nausea, fatigue, headache, feverishness, myalgia, arthralgia, and temperature, all resolved within 48 hours. (Hou et al., 2022) Blood stage CHMI 2–4 weeks after the third dose of vaccination (Hou et al., 2022) PvRII/ AS02A Subunit vaccine Research Intramuscular injection (i.m.) The PvRII/ AS02A vaccine uses recombinant PvRII (region II), the receptor-binding domain of the Plasmodium vivax Duffy binding protein. Antibodies raised against the P.vivax Duffy binding protein, which belong to a family of erythrocyte binding protiens residing in region II, block erythrocyte invasion in the malaria infection process. Formulations emulsified with the AS02A adjuvant elicted higher titer binding inhibitory antibodies compared to other adjuvants such as Alhydrogel and MF59. (Moreno et al., 2008) GSK proprietary Adjuvant System AS02A: contains monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL), QS21 and an oil in water emulsion, induced fast and vigorous humoral and helper T cell responses of the Th1 type. (Vandepapelière et al., 2005) PvRII from P. vivax Salvador I strain was cloned as a NcoI-SalI fragment in the E. coli expression vector pET28a(+). Protein expression of the recombinant 6-His tag PvRII was induced with 1 mM IPTG for 4 hours and purified. 50 μg and 10 μg of PvRII formulated in AS02A. (Moreno et al., 2008) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) PvRII, receptor-binding domain of Plasmodium vivax Duffy binding protein, region II, with a C-terminal 6-histidine tag expressed in E. coli. (Moreno et al., 2008) Recombinant protein preparation The designed gene encoding PvRII was synthesized using overlapping oligomers (Midland Certified Reagent Company) and cloned in plasmid pET28a(+) (Novagen) at NcoI and SalI sites. Expression of recombinant PvRII using synthetic gene was higher compared with native gene. (Yazdani et al., 2006) PvRII/ Montanide ISA 720 Subunit vaccine Research Intramuscular injection (i.m.) The PvRII/ Montanide ISA 720 vaccine uses recombinant PvRII (region II), the receptor-binding domain of the Plasmodium vivax Duffy binding protein. Antibodies raised against the P.vivax Duffy binding protein, which belong to a family of erythrocyte binding protiens residing in region II, block erythrocyte invasion in the malaria infection process. Formulations emulsified with the Montanide ISA 720 adjuvant elicted higher titer binding inhibitory antibodies compared to other adjuvants such as Alhydrogel and MF59. (Moreno et al., 2008) Montanide ISA 720: formulated as water-in-oil emulsions, induces high antibody titers PvRII from P. vivax Salvador I strain was cloned as a NcoI-SalI fragment in the E. coli expression vector pET28a(+). Protein expression of the recombinant 6-His tag PvRII was induced with 1 mM IPTG for 4 hours and purified. 50 μg and 10 μg of PvRII emulsified in Montanide ISA 720. (Moreno et al., 2008) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) PvRII, receptor-binding domain of Plasmodium vivax Duffy binding protein, region II, with a C-terminal 6-histidine tag expressed in E. coli. (Moreno et al., 2008) Recombinant protein preparation The designed gene encoding PvRII was synthesized using overlapping oligomers (Midland Certified Reagent Company) and cloned in plasmid pET28a(+) (Novagen) at NcoI and SalI sites. Expression of recombinant PvRII using synthetic gene was higher compared with native gene. (Yazdani et al., 2006) Increase in antibody titers Healthy rhesus macaques of Chinese origin from the Yerkes National Primate Research Center facility Selected animals were matched by age, sex and weight, housed in social settings and randomly assigned to six experimental groups of 5 individuals each that received different vaccine formulations (Groups 1-6) and three control groups of two individuals each that received adjuvant alone (Groups 7-9). Groups 3 and 4 received 50 μg and 10 μg of PvRII emulsified in Montanide ISA 720. (Moreno et al., 2008) Intramuscularly, priming into the right quadriceps femoris on day 0, first boost into the right musculus deltoideus on day 60 and the last boost into the left musculus deltoideus on day 150. PvRII/​ Alhydrogel Subunit vaccine Research Intramuscular injection (i.m.) The PvRII/ Alhydrogel vaccine uses recombinant PvRII (region II), the receptor-binding domain of the Plasmodium vivax Duffy binding protein. Antibodies raised against the P.vivax Duffy binding protein, which belong to a family of erythrocyte binding protiens residing in region II, block erythrocyte invasion in the malaria infection process. Recombinant PvRII formulated with Alhydrogel yielded antibodies with significant binding inhibitory activity.. (Moreno et al., 2008) Alhydrogel: an aluminum hydroxide gel adjuvant. PvRII from P. vivax Salvador I strain was cloned as a NcoI-SalI fragment in the E. coli expression vector pET28a(+). Protein expression of the recombinant 6-His tag PvRII was induced with 1 mM IPTG for 4 hours and purified. 50 μg and 10 μg of PvRII were adsorbed to Alhydrogel. (Moreno et al., 2008) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) PvRII, receptor-binding domain of Plasmodium vivax Duffy binding protein, region II, with a C-terminal 6-histidine tag expressed in E. coli. (Moreno et al., 2008) Recombinant protein preparation The designed gene encoding PvRII was synthesized using overlapping oligomers (Midland Certified Reagent Company) and cloned in plasmid pET28a(+) (Novagen) at NcoI and SalI sites. Expression of recombinant PvRII using synthetic gene was higher compared with native gene. (Yazdani et al., 2006) Antibody titers, determined by ELISA, increased in PvRII formulated with Alhydrogel, refolded PvRII induced functional antibodies with the potential to inhibit parasite invasion. (Moreno et al., 2008) Healthy rhesus macaques of Chinese origin from the Yerkes National Primate Research Center facility Selected animals were matched by age, sex and weight, housed in social settings and randomly assigned to six experimental groups of 5 individuals each that received different vaccine formulations (Groups 1-6) and three control groups of two individuals each that received adjuvant alone (Groups 7-9). Groups 1 and 2 were immunized with 50 μg and 10 μg of PvRII adsorbed to Alhydrogel, respectively. Intramuscularly, priming into the right quadriceps femoris on day 0, first boost into the right musculus deltoideus on day 60 and the last boost into the left musculus deltoideus on day 150. (Moreno et al., 2008) Pvs25 mRNA–LNP Protein Subunit Vaccine Research Intramuscular injection (i.m.) The Pvs25 mRNA-LNP uses nucleoside-modified Pvs25 mRNA, the P.vivax surface protein, as the vaccine antigen encapsulated in liquid nanoparticles (LNP). LNP, the nucleoside-modified mRNA antigen is encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles, which potently induce antigen-specific germinal center B and T cell responses (Kunkeaw et al., 2023) Four nucleoside-modified Pvs25 mRNAs were designed based on the sequence of the Pvs25 gene from the reference P. vivax strain Sal I. Two constructs (Pvs25A and Pvs25A I130T) express Pvs25 with wildtype signal peptide without the C-terminal glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. The other two constructs (Pvs25F and Pvs25F I130T) encode the full-length Pvs25 with its C-terminal GPI anchor. mRNAs were in vitro transcribed using T7 RNA polymerase (Megascript; Ambion) on linearized plasmids encoding mammalian codon-optimized Pvs25. mRNAs were generated to contain 101 nucleotide-long poly(A) tails and modified by replacing uridine-5′-triphosphate with m1Ψ-5′-triphosphate (TriLink BioTechnologies). mRNA capping was performed alongside transcription through the addition of a trinucleotide cap1 analog, CleanCap (TriLink), and mRNA was purified with cellulose-based purification. Purified mRNAs and poly(C) RNA (Sigma) were LNP-encapsulated using a self-assembly process where a mixture of an ionizable cationic lipid, phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, and polyethylene glycol-lipid in ethanol was rapidly combined with an aqueous solution containing mRNA at acidic pH. (Kunkeaw et al., 2023) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Pvs25, the P. vivax ookinete surface protein expressed on the surface of zygotes/ookinetes and essential for the survival of ookinetes in the mosquito midgut (Kunkeaw et al., 2023) Recombinant protein preparation Pvs25A constructs were designed with wildtype signal peptide without the C-terminal GPI anchor, which is essential for parasite cell surface localization. Pvs25A has the wildtype sequence, and Pvs25A I130T contains the I130T substitution predominant in the Asian P. vivax isolates. Pvs25F encodes the full-length sequence of the Pvs25 gene from Sal I with wild-type signal peptide. Pvs25F I130T construct contains the full-length sequence of Pvs25 with the I130T mutation. (Kunkeaw et al., 2023) Western blot analysis revealed protein production from each Pvs25 mRNA. The levels of Pvs25 protein production from the two full-length constructs (Pvs25F and Pvs25F I130T) were higher than those from the truncated constructs (Pvs25A and Pvs25A I130T). Human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells Pvs25 mRNA–LNPs were produced and transfected into human embryonic kidney 293 cells. (Kunkeaw et al., 2023) At 4 weeks after the first (prime) vaccination, the Pvs25-specific IgG induced by mRNA–LNPs was detectable with a geometric mean of reciprocal titer (GMT) value between 630–5300. After the booster dose, the antibody levels rose significantly reaching a GMT between 42,000–169,000. At each dose, the Pvs25F mRNA–LNP outperformed other formulations. The mRNA/mRNA homologous vaccination elicited the strongest memory B cell response and induced the most robust Pvs25-specific CD4+ T cell responses as measured by IFN-γ and IL-2 production of CD4+ T cells whereas this was almost absent in the protein/protein homologous (Pvs25 protein/ISA-51) vaccination group. BALB/c mice Vaccination followed a prime-boost schedule (week 0 and 4) via intramuscular injection using three different doses (3, 10, or 30 µg). Serum from each animal was collected 4 weeks after each immunization to determine the level of anti-Pvs25 antibody by ELISA. (Kunkeaw et al., 2023) All samples from Pvs25 mRNA–LNP-immunized mice exhibited complete (100%) transmission-blocking activity at 1:2 dilution. The percent reduction in the average oocyst number per mosquito by each serum sample (transmission-reducing activity) of these sera remained nearly complete at 1:10 dilution and were ~80% at 1:50 dilution. Pvs25-IMX313/Matrix-M1 Subunit vaccine Clinical trial Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Matrix-M(Minassian et al., 2022): activate and recruit immune cells to the draining lymph node (Mulamba et al., 2022); IMX313(Minassian et al., 2022): a hybrid of the oligomerization domain of chicken complement inhibitor C4-binding protein (C4bp), 21% homology to the sequence of the human protein. Pvs25 antigen fused to IMX313 oligomerization domain (Mulamba et al., 2022). Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Pvs25 (Minassian et al., 2022): P.vivax surface protein 25, composed of four cysteine-rich epidermal growth factor–like domains expressed on the surface of zygotes and ookinetes of P. vivax (Arevalo-Herrera et al., 2005). Recombinant protein preparation healthy adults in United Kingdom (Minassian et al., 2022) Non-randomised, Phase Ia study, not started Volunteers will receive 1) three doses of 10 µg Pvs25-IMX313 in 50 µg Matrix-M1 on days 0, 28 and 56, 2) three doses of 50 µg Pvs25-IMX313 in 50 µg Matrix-M1 on days 0, 28 and 56, or 3) two doses of 50 µg Pvs25-IMX313 in 50 µg Matrix-M1 on days 0 and 28, followed by one dose of 10 µg Pvs25-IMX313 in 50 µg Matrix-M1 on day 56 (Minassian et al., 2022) rBCGMSP1-15 VO_0004791 Recombinant vector vaccine Research Intravenous injection (i.v.) Intravenous injection (i.v.) MSP1-15 as a fusion protein with the α antigen of Mycobacterium kansasii (α-k), which is secreted from the rBCG vaccine vector (Matsumoto et al., 1998). Recombinant vector construction A 2.4-kbp fragment containing an α-k–MSP1-15 hybrid gene was subcloned into pSO246. The final construct (designated pSOMSP1-15) was transformed into BCG Tokyo by electroporation (Matsumoto et al., 1998). C57BL/6, C3H/He, A/J C3H/He mice were immunized intravenously with 10^6 CFU of rBCGMSP1-15 in 200 μl of PBS containing 0.1% PBS-T80. A control group of mice was injected with 106 CFU of BCG in 200 μl of PBS-T80 or PBS-T80 only. 30 days later, the same amount of each sample was injected intraperitoneally to boost the immune response (Matsumoto et al., 1998). VO_0003057 3 out of 7 mice immunized with GST-MSP1-15 in RAS and 2 out of 8 mice immunized with GST-MSP1-15 in IFA survived the infection. 6 out of 7 mice immunized with rBCGMSP1-15 survived the infection. Data showed the three adjuvants examined are effective for vaccination with MSP1-15, while their efficacy levels differ. The rBCG system was the most effective for vaccination (Matsumoto et al., 1998). Mice were challenged with 10^4 P. yoelii 17XL-parasitized erythrocytes intravenously or intraperitoneally 1 month after the final immunization (Matsumoto et al., 1998). Recombinant ABRA protein vaccine VO_0000778 Subunit vaccine Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) was used as the first adjuvant. Boosters of the same amount of protein were given in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) (Kushwaha et al., 2001). The four fragments of ABRA, including N-terminal [ABRA (N); aa 24–369], middle [ABRA (M); aa 370–507], N-terminal + middle [ABRA (P); aa 24–507] and the C-terminal [ABRA (C); aa 508–743], were expressed as fusions with either maltose binding protein (MBP) or 6X histidine tag at their amino terminii using pMALc-2 vector from NEB (New England Biolabs, Beverly, MA, USA) or pQE30 vector (Qiagen GmbH, Germany), respectively. These recombinant proteins were purified to near homogeneity by affinity chromatography of the soluble fraction, concentrated, and the purity of the protein judged by SDS-PAGE. The acidic basic repeat antigen (ABRA) of Plasmodium falciparum is a vaccine candidate against erythrocytic stages of malaria (Kushwaha et al., 2001). Recombinant protein preparation Results showed that ABRA (M), ABRA (C) and ABRA (P) were highly immunogenic in these animals; end point titres greater than 10^5 were observed in these constructs. Mice were immunized using standard methods. Relative concentrations of the antibodies elicited by them in mice at different intervals of immunization were measured at a dilution of 1 : 3000. ABRA (N) and ABRA (C) did not show a boostable antibody response; two secondary immunizations did not result in any increase in the antibody titre. Immunogenicity studies with these constructs in rabbits and mice indicated that the N-terminal region is the least immunogenic part of ABRA. T-cell proliferation experiments in mice immunized with these constructs revealed that the T-cell epitopes were localized in the middle portion of the protein (Kushwaha et al., 2001). BALB/c Groups of BALB/c mice were immunized by i.p. injection with ABRA protein/MBP emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Control mice received only PBS in the adjuvant. Boosters of the same amount of protein were given in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA). Sera were collected from each group and treated as described earlier (Kushwaha et al., 2001). Humoral and cell-mediated response was still robust up to 70 days post-immunization (Kushwaha et al., 2001). The purified immunoglobulin G specific to middle and C-terminal fragments prevented parasite growth at levels approaching 80-90% (Kushwaha et al., 2001). This antibody response was the focus of intense interest when it was found that mice could be rendered resistant to sporozoite challenge by passive immunisation with monoclonal antibodies against circumsporozoite protein (Kwiatkowski et al., 1997). RTS,S/AS01 Mosquirix VO_0003093 Subunit vaccine Licensed Intramuscular injection (i.m.) AS01: improve RTS,S immunogenicity(Laurens, 2020); HBsAg: the monomers self-assemble and fuse to the truncated CSP and serve as protein carriers(Laurens, 2020) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) RTS,S: fragment of circumsporozoite protein of the pre-erythrocyte sporozoite-stage P.falciparum(Laurens, 2020) Recombinant protein preparation Part of CSP from P. falciparum: 18 NANP repeats and C-terminus exclusive of GPI sequence(Laurens, 2020) The vaccine induces and increases anti-CSP antibody levels and CD4+ T cell responses. Older children have greater protective immune response than infants, and children received booster have greater protective immune response than children who did not. Children aged 5-17 months received booster dose had 318.3 EU/mL anti-CSP antibody after a month and 52.4 EU/mL after a year, and children did not receive the booster had 34.2 EU/mL after a month and 19.3 EU/mL after a year. Infants aged 6-12 weeks received booster dose had 169.9 EU/mL after a month and 15.9 EU/mL after a year, and infants did not receive the booster had 6.2 EU/mL after a month and 3.7 EU/mL after a year. (Laurens, 2020) children aged 5-17 months and infants aged 6-12 weeks from sub-Saharan African countries Double-blinded, phaseIII, randomised controlled trial. Participants were randomly assigned in a 1:1:1 ration to receive 1) three doses of RTS,S/AS01 at month 0, 1, and 2 and a booster dose at month 20; 2) three doses of RTS,S/AS01 at month 0, 1, and 2 and a dose of control at month 20; or 3) four doses of control at month 0, 1, 2, and 20. (Laurens, 2020) Efficacy against clinical malaria in 12 months after dose 3: 31.3% (97.5%CI 23.6-38.3%, p< .0001) for 6-12 weeks age and 55.8% (97.5%CI 50.6-60.4%, p< .0001) for 5-17 months age Additional efficacy against clinical malaria at the end of follow-up: booster dose group: 25.9% for 6-12 weeks age and 36.3% for 5-17 months age; 3 doses group: 18.3% for 6-12 weeks age and 28.3% for 5-17 months age. Additional efficacy against severe malaria at the end of follow-up: booster dose group: 17.3% for 6-12 weeks age and 32.2% for 5-17 months age; 3 doses group: 10.3% for 6-12 weeks age and 1.1% for 5-17 months age. (Laurens, 2020) Increased risk of febrile seizures: children aged 5-17 months more likely to have febrile seizures within 7 days after vaccination than controls. All affected children recovered after 7 days.(Laurens, 2020) RTS,S/AS01E Subunit vaccine Clinical trial Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Developed for immunization of infants in Africa, the RTS,S/ AS01E vaccine uses RTS,S, the P. falciparum circumsporite surface protein with AS01E as the vaccine adjuvant. AS01E contains 50% less liposome-based formulation of MPL and QS-21 compared to AS01B. (Asante et al., 2011) AS01E(Asante et al., 2011) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) RTS,S is the pre-erythrocyte sporozoite-stage Plasmodium falciparum antigen. It is a circumsporozoite surface protein (Alonso et al., 2004) At month 19, anticircumsporozoite immune responses were significantly higher in the RTS,S/AS01(E) groups than in the control group. (Asante et al., 2011) Children 6-10 weeks of age at first vaccination Children receive three doses of RTS,S/AS01(E) at 6, 10, and 14 weeks (0, 1, 2 month schedule) or at 6 weeks, 10 weeks, and 9 months (0, 2, 7 month schedule) or placebo.(Asante et al., 2011) For the entire study period, (total vaccinated cohort) vaccine efficacy against all malaria episodes was higher with the 0, 1, 2 month schedule (57%, 95% CI 33-73; p=0·0002) than with the 0, 1, 7 month schedule (32% CI 16-45; p=0·0003).(Asante et al., 2011) RTS,S/AS02A VO_0000774 Subunit vaccine Clinical trial AS02 (Alonso et al., 2004). RTS,S/AS02 is a pre-erythrocyte sporozoite-stage malaria vaccine based on the circumsporozoite surface protein of Plasmodium falciparum RTS,S fused to HBsAg , incorporating a new adjuvant (AS02) (Bojang et al., 2001)(Alonso et al., 2004). RTS,S is the pre-erythrocyte sporozoite-stage Plasmodium falciparum antigen. It is a circumsporozoite surface protein (Alonso et al., 2004). Prevaccination anti-circumsporozoite antibody titres were low in the study children. The vaccine was immunogenic, inducing specific antibody levels after dose three, decaying over 6 months to about a quarter of the initial level, but remaining well above baseline values. Antibody levels in the control group remained low over the follow-up period. The vaccine also induced high levels of antibodies against HBsAg (>97% seroprotection). For both circumsporozoite and HBsAg, immunogenicity of the vaccine was greater in children younger than 24 months of age (Alonso et al., 2004). Mozambique children A double-blind, phase IIb, randomised controlled trial was performed in Mozambique in 2022 children aged 1–4 years. The study included two cohorts of children living in two separate areas which underwent different follow-up schemes. Participants were randomly allocated three doses of either RTS,S/AS02A candidate malaria vaccine or control vaccines. The primary endpoint, determined in cohort 1 (n=1605), was time to first clinical episode of P falciparum malaria (axillary temperature ≥37·5°C and P falciparum asexual parasitaemia >2500 per μL) over a 6-month surveillance period. Efficacy for prevention of new infections was determined in cohort 2 (n=417) (Alonso et al., 2004). Vaccine efficacy in extending time to first infection was determined in cohort 2. 323 children had first episodes of asexual P falciparum parasitaemia (157 in the RTS,S/AS02A group and 166 in the control group), yielding a vaccine efficacy estimate of 45.0% (95% CI 31.4–55.9; p<0.0001). The mean density of asexual-stage parasites at the time of first infection was similar for the control and RTS,S/AS02A groups (3950 vs 3016 per μL, p=0.354). With the same methods as those used to assess persistence of efficacy for cohort 1, the model with the best fit suggested waning efficacy of the vaccine over time, which stabilised at about 40%. The prevalence of asexual P falciparum parasitaemia at the end of follow-up was lower in the RTS,S/AS02A group than in the control group (52.3% vs 65.8%; p=0.019), and prevalence of anaemia at month 8·5 was 2.7% in the control group and 0% in the RTS,S/AS02A group (p=0.056) (Alonso et al., 2004). Vaccine efficacy for the first clinical episodes was 29.9% (95% CI 11.0-44.8; p=0.004). At the end of the 6-month observation period, prevalence of P falciparum infection was 37% lower in the RTS,S/AS02A group compared with the control group (11.9% vs 18.9%; p=0.0003). Vaccine efficacy for severe malaria was 57.7% (95% CI 16.2-80.6; p=0.019). In cohort 2, vaccine efficacy for extending time to first infection was 45.0% (31.4-55.9; p<0.0001) (Alonso et al., 2004). RTS,S/AS02A and control vaccines were safe and well tolerated. More than 92% of children in both groups received all three doses. Local and general solicited adverse events were of short duration and were mostly mild or moderate in intensity. Grade 3 local or general adverse events were uncommon and of short duration. Local injection-site pain that limited arm motion arose after seven (0.2%) doses in the RTS,S/AS02A group and after one (0.03%) dose in the control vaccine group, and injection-site swelling of more than 20 mm happened after 224 (7.7%) and 14 (0.5%) doses, respectively. General solicited adverse events (fever, irritability, drowsiness, anorexia) that prevented normal activities arose after 55 (1.9%) doses in the RTS,S/AS02A group and 23 (0.8%) doses in the control group. At least one unsolicited adverse event was reported by 653 (64.5%) children in the RTS,S/AS02A group and 597 (59.1%) in the control group. 429 serious adverse events were reported: 180 (17.8%) in the RTS,S/AS02A group and 249 (24.7%) in the control group. 15 children died during the study, five (0.6%) in the RTS,S/AS02A group and ten (1.2%) in the control group. Four of those who died had malaria as a significant contributing factor and all four were in the control group. No serious adverse event or death was judged to be related to vaccination (Alonso et al., 2004). Children were not challenged (Alonso et al., 2004) Development of an effective malaria vaccine could greatly contribute to disease control. RTS,S/AS02A is a pre-erythrocytic vaccine candidate based on Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite surface antigen. The RTS,S/AS02A vaccine was safe, well tolerated, and immunogenic (Alonso et al., 2004). SAd-ME.TRAP VO_0004799 Recombinant vector vaccine Research Intramuscular injection (i.m.) (Reyes-Sandoval et al., 2008) AdC7 and AdC9 elicited strong immunogenicity ( approximately 20% of CD8(+) T cells in spleen), equivalent to or outperforming AdH5 and inducing sterile protection in 92% (C9), 83% (H5 and C7) and 67% (C6) of the mice, providing the first evidence of single-dose protection to Plasmodium berghei. Intramuscular injection (i.m.) UK39 Virosome-formulated synthetic peptide vaccine Clinical trial Intramuscular injection (i.m.) UK39 is a virosome-formulated P. falciparum circumsporozoit protien (CSP) derived synthetic peptide antigen that serves as a malaria vaccine (Genton et al., 2003) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) UK39: a circumsporozoite protein (CSP) derived synthetic PE-peptide conjugate (Genton et al., 2007) Conjugate vaccine preparation UK39 is a circumsporozoite protein (CSP) derived synthetic PE-peptide conjugate (Genton et al., 2007) Mean titer and seroconversion rate were higher with the 10ug dose than the 50 ug dose. (Genton et al., 2003) healthy Caucasian volunteers aged 18-45 years VAR2CSA Subunit vaccine Research Intramuscular injection (i.m.) VAR2CSA is the leading vaccine candidate to prevent placental malaria by using the VAR2CSA protein as the vaccine antigen and prevens sequesteration of P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes in placenal intervillous spaces.(Renn et al., 2021) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) PfEMP1: mediate IE adhesion and facilitate parasite immunoevasion through antigenic variation. It is a large cysteine-rich transmembrane multidomain protein (~350 kDa) typically formed by six Duffy-binding-like domains with several interdomain regions. (Renn et al., 2021) ABRA Plasmodium falciparum Camp VO_0010926 811329 160047 swissprot:: P22620; GI:113005 5833 ? p101/acidic basic repeat antigen 4.52 83059.95 824 >PFL1385c |MSP-9|Acid-Basic Repeat Antigen, ABRA, 101 kd malaria antigen, 2277.t00277, p101|Merozoite Surface Protein 9, MSP-9|Plasmodium falciparum|chr 12|STANFORD||Manual ATGATGAACA TGAAAATTGT TTTATTCAGT TTATTGCTCT TTGTCATAAG ATGGAATATT ATTAGTTGTA ATAAAAACGA CAAGAACCAA GGTGTTGATA TGAATGTTTT GAATAATTAT GAAAATTTAT TTAAATTTGT TAAATGTGAA TATTGTAATG AACATACTTA TGTTAAAGGT AAGAAAGCTC CTTCAGATCC TCAATGTGCT GATATAAAAG AAGAATGCAA AGAATTACTT AAGGAAAAAC AATACACAGA TTCAGTTACA TATTTAATGG ATGGTTTTAA ATCAGCAAAT AATTCAGCAA ATAATGGTAA AAAAAATAAC GCTGAAGAAA TGAAAAATTT AGTAAATTTC TTACAATCTC ATAAGAAATT AATTAAAGCA TTAAAAAAGA ATATTGAAAG TATACAAAAT AAGAAACACT TAATTTATAA AAACAAATCA TATAATCCAT TATTACTTTC TTGTGTTAAA AAAATGAATA TGTTAAAAGA AAATGTTGAC TATATTCAAA AAAATCAAAA CTTATTTAAA GAATTAATGA ATCAAAAAGC TACCTACTCT TTTGTTAATA CCAAAAAAAA AATTATTTCT TTAAAATCAC AAGGTCATAA AAAAGAAACC TCACAAAATC AAAATGAAAA TAACGACAAT CAAAAATATC AAGAAGTTAA TGATGAAGAT GATGTAAATG ATGAAGAAGA TACAAACGAT GACGAAGATA CTAACGATGA AGAAGATACA AACGATGACG AAGATACAAA TGATGACGAA GATACTAACG ATGAAGAAGA TACTAACGAC GAAGAAGATC ATGAAAATAA TAATGCTACA GCATACGAAT TAGGTATCGT CCCAGTTAAC GATGTGTTAA ATGTTAATAT GAAAAATATG ATAACAGGAA ATAATTTTAT GGATGTTGTT AAAAATACAT TAGCTCAATC AGGTGGATTA GGAAGTAATG ATTTAATAAA TTTCTTAAAT CAAGGTAAAG AAATAGGAGA AAATTTATTA AACATAACAA AGATGAACTT GGGAGATAAG AATAATCTTG AAAGTTTTCC TTTAGATGAA TTAAATATGT TAAAAGATAA TTTAATAAAC TATGAATTCA TATTAGATAA TTTGAAAACA AGTGTTTTAA ATAAATTAAA AGATTTATTA TTAAGATTAT TATACAAAGC ATATGTATCA TATAAGAAAA GAAAAGCTCA AGAAAAAGGA TTACCAGAAC CTACTGTTAC TAATGAAGAA TATGTTGAAG AATTAAAGAA AGGTATTCTA GATATGGGTA TCAAATTATT ATTTAGTAAA GTTAAAAGCC TATTAAAAAA ATTAAAAAAT AAAATATTCC CTAAGAAAAA AGAAGATAAT CAAGCAGTAG ATACCAAAAG TATGGAAGAA CCCAAAGTTA AAGCACAACC AGCTCTTAGA GGTGTTGAAC CAACGGAAGA TTCTAATATT ATGAACAGTA TTAATAATGT TATGGATGAA ATTGATTTCT TTGAAAAAGA ATTAATCGAA AATAATAATA CACCTAATGT TGTACCACCA ACTCAATCAA AAAAAAAAAA CAAAAATGAA ACTGTATCTG GTATGGATGA AAATTTTGAT AATCATCCTG AAAATTATTT TAAAGAAGAA TATTATTATG ATGAAAATGA TGATATGGAA GTAAAAGTTA AAAAAATAGG TGTCACATTA AAAAAATTTG AACCACTTAA AAATGGAAAT GTTAGTGAAA CCATTAAATT GATTCATTTA GGAAATAAAG ATAAAAAACA CATTGAAGCT ATAAACAACG ATATTCAAAT TATTAAACAA GAATTACAAG CTATTTATAA TGAACTTATG AATTATACAA ATGGAAACAA AAATATTCAA CAAATATTTC AACAAAATAT TCTAGAAAAT GATGTTCTTA ATCAAGAAAC GGAGGAAGAA ATGGAAAAAC AAGTTGAAGC AATCACCAAG CAAATAGAAG CTGAAGTGGA TGCCCTCGCA CCAAAAAATA AGGAAGAAGA AGAAAAAGAA AAGGAAAAAG AAGAAAAAGA AAAAGAAGAA AAAGAAAAAG AAAAAGAAGA AAAAGAAAAA GAAGAAAAAG AAAAAGAAGA AAAAGAAAAA GAAGAAAAAG AAGAAGAAAA AAAAGAAAAA GAAGAAGAAC AAGAAGAAGA AGAAGAAGAA GAAATAGTAC CAGAAAATTT GACAACTGAA GAATCAAAAT AA >AAA29462.1 p101/acidic basic repeat antigen [Plasmodium falciparum] MMNMKIVLFSLLLFVIRWNIISCNKNDKNQGVDMNVLNNYENLFKFVKCEYCNEHTYVKGKKAPSDPQCA DIKEECKELLKEKQYTDSVTYLMDGFKSANNSANNGKKNNAEEMKNLVNFLQSHKKLIKALKKNIESIQN KKHLIYKNKSYNPLLLSCVKKMNMLKENVDYIQKNQNLFKELMNQKATYSFVNTKKKIISLKSQGHKKET SQNQNENNDNQKYQEVNDEDDVNDEEDTNDDEDTNDEEDTNDDEDTNDDEDTNDEEDTNDEEDHENNNAT AYELGIVPVNDVLNVNMKNMITGNNFMDVVKNTLAQSGGLGSNDLINFLNQGKEIGENLLNITKMNLGDK NNLESFPLDELNMLKDNLINYEFILDNLKTSVLNKLKDLLLRLLYKAYVSYKKRKAQEKGLPEPTVTNEE YVEELKKGILDMGIKLLFSKVKSLLKKLKNKIFPKKKEDNQAVDTKSMEEPKVKAQPALRGVEPTEDSNI MNSINNVMDEIDFFEKELIENNNTPNVVPPTQSKKKNKNETVSGMDENFDNHPENYFKEEYYYDENDDME VKVKKIGVTLKKFEPLKNGNVSETIKLIHLGNKDKKHIEAINNDIQIIKQELQAIYNELMNYTNGNKNIQ QIFQQNILENDVLNQETEEEMEKQVEAITKQIEAEVDALAPKNKEEEEKEKEKEKEKEEKEKEEKEKEEK EKEKEEKEKEKEEKEEEKKEKEEEQEEEEEEIVPENLTTEESK Protective antigen Protective antigen [Ref429:Kushwaha et al., 2001] AMA-1 from P. chabaudi Plasmodium chabaudi VO_0011237 3488885 1469500 CDD:302876 5825 ? apical membrane antigen 1 8.37 37252.97 415 DK is a cloned line derived from 556KA >AAB36511.1 apical membrane antigen 1, partial [Plasmodium chabaudi] DLIPKENTERSHKLINPWEKFMEKYDIEKVHGSGIRVDLGEDARVENQDYRIPSGKCPVMGKGITIQNSK VSFLTRVATGNQKVREGGLAFPQTDVNISPITIDNLKLMYKDHKEILALNDMSLCAKHASFYVPGTNVNT AYRHPAVYDKSNKTCYILYVAAQENMGPRYCSNEEDNENQPFCFTPEKKDEYKNLSYLTKNLREDWETSC PNKSIQNAKFGVWVDGYCSEYQKKEVHDNKTLLECNQIVFNESASDQPKQYEKHLEDTAKIRRGIVDRNG KLIGEALLPIGSYRADQVKSKGKGYNWANYDKKTKKCYIFNKKPTCLINDKDFVATTALS Protective antigen Mice immunized with a refolded, recombinant, Plasmodium chabaudi AMA1 fragment (AMA1B) can withstand subsequent challenge with P. chabaudi adami [Ref1242:Xu et al., 2000]. AMA1 from P. falciparum 3D7 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 VO_0010923 810891 124804478 PF3D7_1133400 LN999945 XP_001348015 1Z40 UniProt:P22621 36329 11 1293855 1295723 + Apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1); PF11_0344; AMA-1, Pf83, RMA1, RMA 1, rhoptry membrane antigen 5.23 69161.85 622 This is apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1), or designated at PF11_0344 [Ref576:PF11_0344 in GeneDB]. >NC_037282.1:1293855-1295723 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 chromosome 11, complete sequence AATGAGAAAATTATACTGCGTATTATTATTGAGCGCCTTTGAGTTTACATATATGATAAACTTTGGAAGA GGACAGAATTATTGGGAACATCCATATCAAAATAGTGATGTGTATCGTCCAATCAACGAACATAGGGAAC ATCCAAAAGAATACGAATATCCATTACACCAGGAACATACATACCAACAAGAAGATTCAGGAGAAGACGA AAATACATTACAACACGCATATCCAATAGACCACGAAGGTGCCGAACCCGCACCACAAGAACAAAATTTA TTTTCAAGCATTGAAATAGTAGAAAGAAGTAATTATATGGGTAATCCATGGACGGAATATATGGCAAAAT ATGATATTGAAGAAGTTCATGGTTCAGGTATAAGAGTAGATTTAGGAGAAGATGCTGAAGTAGCTGGAAC TCAATATAGACTTCCATCAGGGAAATGTCCAGTATTTGGTAAAGGTATAATTATTGAGAATTCAAATACT ACTTTTTTAACACCGGTAGCTACGGGAAATCAATATTTAAAAGATGGAGGTTTTGCTTTTCCTCCAACAG AACCTCTTATGTCACCAATGACATTAGATGAAATGAGACATTTTTATAAAGATAATAAATATGTAAAAAA TTTAGATGAATTGACTTTATGTTCAAGACATGCAGGAAATATGATTCCAGATAATGATAAAAATTCAAAT TATAAATATCCAGCTGTTTATGATGACAAAGATAAAAAGTGTCATATATTATATATTGCAGCTCAAGAAA ATAATGGTCCTAGATATTGTAATAAAGACGAAAGTAAAAGAAACAGCATGTTTTGTTTTAGACCAGCAAA AGATATATCATTTCAAAACTATACATATTTAAGTAAGAATGTAGTTGATAACTGGGAAAAAGTTTGCCCT AGAAAGAATTTACAGAATGCAAAATTCGGATTATGGGTCGATGGAAATTGTGAAGATATACCACATGTAA ATGAATTTCCAGCAATTGATCTTTTTGAATGTAATAAATTAGTTTTTGAATTGAGTGCTTCGGATCAACC TAAACAATATGAACAACATTTAACAGATTATGAAAAAATTAAAGAAGGTTTCAAAAATAAGAACGCTAGT ATGATCAAAAGTGCTTTTCTTCCCACTGGTGCTTTTAAAGCAGATAGATATAAAAGTCATGGTAAGGGTT ATAATTGGGGAAATTATAACACAGAAACACAAAAATGTGAAATTTTTAATGTCAAACCAACATGTTTAAT TAACAATTCATCATACATTGCTACTACTGCTTTGTCCCATCCCATCGAAGTTGAAAACAATTTTCCATGT TCATTATATAAAGATGAAATAATGAAAGAAATCGAAAGAGAATCAAAACGAATTAAATTAAATGATAATG ATGATGAAGGGAATAAAAAAATTATAGCTCCAAGAATTTTTATTTCAGATGATAAAGACAGTTTAAAATG CCCATGTGACCCTGAAATGGTAAGTAATAGTACATGTCGTTTCTTTGTATGTAAATGTGTAGAAAGAAGG GCAGAAGTAACATCAAATAATGAAGTTGTAGTTAAAGAAGAATATAAAGATGAATATGCAGATATTCCTG AACATAAACCAACTTATGATAAAATGAAAATTATAATTGCATCATCAGCTGCTGTCGCTGTATTAGCAAC TATTTTAATGGTTTATCTTTATAAAAGAAAAGGAAATGCTGAAAAATATGATAAAATGGATGAACCACAA GATTATGGGAAATCAAATTCAAGAAATGATGAAATGTTAGATCCTGAGGCATCTTTTTGGGGGGAAGAAA AAAGAGCATCACATACAACACCAGTTCTGATGGAAAAACCATACTATTA >XP_001348015.1 apical membrane antigen 1 [Plasmodium falciparum 3D7] MRKLYCVLLLSAFEFTYMINFGRGQNYWEHPYQNSDVYRPINEHREHPKEYEYPLHQEHTYQQEDSGEDE NTLQHAYPIDHEGAEPAPQEQNLFSSIEIVERSNYMGNPWTEYMAKYDIEEVHGSGIRVDLGEDAEVAGT QYRLPSGKCPVFGKGIIIENSNTTFLTPVATGNQYLKDGGFAFPPTEPLMSPMTLDEMRHFYKDNKYVKN LDELTLCSRHAGNMIPDNDKNSNYKYPAVYDDKDKKCHILYIAAQENNGPRYCNKDESKRNSMFCFRPAK DISFQNYTYLSKNVVDNWEKVCPRKNLQNAKFGLWVDGNCEDIPHVNEFPAIDLFECNKLVFELSASDQP KQYEQHLTDYEKIKEGFKNKNASMIKSAFLPTGAFKADRYKSHGKGYNWGNYNTETQKCEIFNVKPTCLI NNSSYIATTALSHPIEVENNFPCSLYKDEIMKEIERESKRIKLNDNDDEGNKKIIAPRIFISDDKDSLKC PCDPEMVSNSTCRFFVCKCVERRAEVTSNNEVVVKEEYKDEYADIPEHKPTYDKMKIIIASSAAVAVLAT ILMVYLYKRKGNAEKYDKMDEPQDYGKSNSRNDEMLDPEASFWGEEKRASHTTPVLMEKPYY Protective antigen AMA1 from P. knowlesi Plasmodium knowlesi strain H 7320803 221056402 CDD:240241 EnsemblGenomes-Gn:PKH_093110 EnsemblGenomes-Tr:PKH_093110 GOA:B3L5E1 InterPro:IPR003298 InterPro:IPR024056 UniProtKB/TrEMBL:B3L5E1 5851 ? apical merozoite antigen 1 6.98 62359.812 647 apical membrane antigen 1; Provisional >XP_002259339.1 apical merozoite antigen 1 [Plasmodium knowlesi strain H] MNKIYYILFLSAQCLVHMGKCERNQKTTRLTRSANNASLEKGPIIERSIRMSNPWKAFMEKYDLERAHNS GIRIDLGEDAEVGNSKYRIPAGKCPVFGKGIVIENSNVSFLTPVATGAQRLKEGGFAFPNADDHISPITI ANLKERYKENADLMKLNDIALCKTHAASFVIAEDQNTSYRHPAVYDEKNKTCYMLYLSAQENMGPRYCSP DSQNKDAMFCFKPDKNEKFDNLVYLSKNVSNDWENKCPRKNLGNAKFGLWVDGNCEEIPYVNEVEARSLR ECNRIVFEASASDQPRQYEEELTDYEKIQEGFRQNNRDMIKSAFLPVGAFNSDNFKSKGRGYNWANFDSV NNKCYIFNTKPTCLINDKNFFATTALSHPQEVDNEFPCSIYKDEIEREIKKQSRNMNLYSVDKERIVLPR IFISTDKESIKCPCEPEHISNSTCNFYVCNCVEKRAEIKENNEVIIKEEFKEDYENPDGKHKKKMLLIII GVTGAVCVVAVASLFYFRKKAQDDKYDKMDQAEAYGKTANTRKDEMLDPEASFWGEDKRASHTTPVLMEK PYY Protective antigen CS from P. berghei str. ANKA Plasmodium berghei ANKA VO_0011217 3428738 AAA29577.1 PBANKA_040320 LK023119 XP_022712148 5823 4 126554 127576 - 5.2 35858.22 340 >NC_036162.1:126554-127576 Plasmodium berghei ANKA genome assembly PBANKA01, chromosome : 4 TTTAATTAAAGAATACTAATACTAATAATATTACAAATCCTAATGAATTGCTTACAATATTAAATATACT TGAACATTTATCCATTTTACAAATTTCAGTATCAATATCTTCTAAGGTCAAATCTTCTGCTTTCTTATTT GAACCTTTTCGTTTTCTAACTCTTATACCAGAACCACATGTTACGTTACATTGAGACCATTCCTCTGTGA TACTATCCCTGATCTGTTTAACAAATTCTAGTATTTTTTCCGCGCTTGGGATATAAGAATCGTCATTATT ATTATTTTTGTTATTGTTATTACCACCTGGCTGTGGTTGTGGCTGTGGTCGTGGCTGTGGTTGTGGCTGT GGCTGTGGTTGTGGCTGTGGCTGTGGTTGTGGCTGCGGCCGTGGCTGTGGTTGTGGATTGTTATTTCCTT GTGGTGGTGCTGGGTCATTTGGGTTTGGTGGTGGTGGGTCATTTGCGTTTGGTGGTGCTGGGTCATTTGG GTTTGGTGGTGGTGGGTCATTTGCGTTTGGTGGTGCTGGGTCATTTGCGTTTGGTGGTGCTGGGTCATTT GCGTTTGGTGGTGCTGGGTCATTTGCGTTTGGTGGTGCTGGGTCATTTGCGTTTGGTGGTGGTGGGTCAT TTGCGTTTGGTGGTGGTGGGTCATTTGGGTTTGGTGGTGGTGGGTCATTTGGGTTTGGTGGTGGTGGGTC ATTTGGGTTTGGTGGTGGTGGGTCATTTGGGTTTGGTGGTGGTGGTGGTTGTTTCAATTTATTATTACGC TCTATTTTTTCGTTTTTTTTCTCATTTTTTTTTCCTTCGGGAGCATCGGCAAGTAATCTGTTGACTGTAT TTCGATTGTATATTTTTCCATTCTTAGAGTTAAGCACGTGATACAATTTATTATCATTTCCTTCATTGTA ACATAGCTCGTTTAAGTTCCTTTGGGCTTGGATGCTTTTATTTTGTCCATATCCTGGAAGTAGAGAATTA ACTAATAAAAGTGACGCTACAACTAAAATGGTACACTTCTTCA >AAA29577.1 circumsporozoite protein [Plasmodium berghei ANKA] MKKCTILVVASLLLVNSLLPGYGQNKIIQAQRNLNELCYNEGNDNKLYHVLNSKNGKIYNRNTVNRLLPM LRRKKNEKKNEKIERNNKLKQPPPPPNPNDPPPPNPNDPPPPNPNDPPPPNPNDPPPPNANDPPPPNAND PAPPNANDPAPPNANDPAPPNANDPAPPNANDPAPPNANDPAPPNANDPPPPNPNDPAPPQGNNNPQPQP RPQPQPQPQPQPQPQPQPQPRPQPQPQPGGNNNNKNNNNDDSYIPSAEKILEFVKQIRDSITEEWSQCNV TCGSGIRVRKRKGSNKKAEDLTLEDIDTEICKMDKCSSIFNIVSNSLGFVILLVLVFFN Protective antigen Researchers produced a prototypic malaria vaccine based on a highly versatile self-assembling polypeptide nanoparticle (SAPN) platform that can repetitively display antigenic epitopes. Researchers used this platform to display a tandem repeat of the B cell immunodominant repeat epitope (DPPPPNPN)(2)D of the malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei circumsporozoite (CS) protein. Administered in saline, without the need for a heterologous adjuvant, the SAPN construct P4c-Mal conferred a long-lived, protective immune response to mice with a broad range of genetically distinct immune backgrounds including the H-2(b), H-2(d), and H-2(k) alleles. Mice were protected against an initial challenge of parasites up to 6 mo after the last immunization or for up to 15 mo against a second challenge after an initial challenge of parasites had successfully been cleared [Ref1223:Kaba et al., 2009]. CS from P. falciparum Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 VO_0011218 814364 552191 CDD:278517 5833 ? circumsporozoite protein 4.85 44428.05 502 Thrombospondin type 1 domain; pfam00090 >AAA63422.1 circumsporozoite protein, partial [Plasmodium falciparum] MMRKLAILSVSSFLFVEALFQEYQCYGSSSNTRVLNELNYDNAGTNLYNELEMNYYGKQENWYSLKKNSR SLGENDDGNNNNGDNGREGKDEDKRDGNNEDNEKLRKPKHKKLKQPGDGNPDPNANPNVDPNANPNVDPN ANPNVDPNANPNVDPNANPNANPNANPNANPNANPNANPNANPNANPNANPNANPNANPNANPNANPNAN PNANPNANPNANPNANPNANPNANPNANPNANPNANPNANPNANPNANPNANPNANPNANPNANPNANPN ANPNANPNANPNANPNANPNKNNQGNGQGHNMPNDPNRNVDENANANNAVKNNNNEEPSDKHIEQYLKKI QNSLSTEWSPCSVTCGNGIQVRIKPGSANKPKDELDYENDIEKKICKMEKCSSVFNVVNSSIGLIMVLSF LFLN Protective antigen We employed a P. berghei parasite line that expresses a heterologous CSP (CS) from P. falciparum in order to assess the role of the CSP in the protection conferred by vaccination with radiation-attenuated P. berghei parasites. Our data demonstrated that sterile immunity could be obtained despite the absence of immune responses specific to the CSP expressed by the parasite used for challenge [Ref1224:Grüner et al., 2007]. CS from P. vivax AAA29526.1 CDD:237171 CDD:395043 5855 ? circumsporozoite protein 4.92 36224.04 441 transcription termination factor Rho; Provisional >AAA29526.1 circumsporozoite protein [Plasmodium vivax] MKNFILLAVSSILLVDLFPTHCGHNVDLSKAINLNGVNFNNVDASSLGAAHVGQSASRGRGLGENPDDEE GDAKKKKDGKKAEPKNPRENKLKQPGDRADGQPAGDRADGQPAGDRADGQPAGDRAAGQPAGDRADGQPA GDRADGQPAGDRADGQPAGDRADGQPAGDRAAGQPAGDRAAGQPAGDRADGQPAGDRAAGQPAGDRADGQ PAGDRAAGQPAGDRADGQPAGDRAAGQPAGDRAAGQPAGDRAAGQPAGDRAAGQPAGNGAGGQAAGGNAG GGQGQNNEGANAPNEKSVKEYLDKVRATVGTEWTPCSVTCGVGVRVRRRVNAANKKPEDLTLNDLETDVC TMDKCAGIFNVVSNSLGLVILLVLALFN Protective antigen CS from P. yoelii Plasmodium yoelii VO_0011219 3800426 1844509887 PY17X_0405400 LM993658 XP_728216 5861 4 317725 319008 + 4.79 42077.07 427 >XP_728216.3 circumsporozoite protein precursor [Plasmodium yoelii] MKKCTILVVASLLLVDSLLPGYGQNKSVQAQRNLNELCYNEENDNKLYHVLNSKNGKIYNRNIVNRLLGD ALNGKPEEKKDDPPKDGNKDDLPKEEKKDDLPKEEKKDDPPKDPKKDDPPKEAQNKLNQPVVADENVDQG PGAPQGPGAPQGPGAPQGPGAPQGPGAPQGPGAPQGPGAPQGPGAPQGPGAPQGPGAPQGPGAPQGPGAP QGPGAPQGPGAPQGPGAPQGPGAPQGPGAPQGPGAPQGPGAPQGPGAPQGPGAPQGPGAPQGPGAPQGPG APQGPGAPQEPPQQPPQQPPQQPPQQPPQQPPQQPPQQPRPQPDGNNNNNNNNGNNNEDSYVPSAEQILE FVKQISSQLTEEWSQCSVTCGSGVRVRKRKNVNKQPENLTLEDIDTEICKMDKCSSIFNIVSNSLGFVIL LVLVFFN Protective antigen Study showed that immunization with irradiated sporozoites (IrrSpz) of a P. berghei line whose endogenous CS was replaced by that of P. yoelii conferred sterile protection against challenge with wild type P. berghei sporozoites [Ref1225:Mauduit et al., 2009]. CSP from P. falciparum CSP from P. knowlesi Plasmodium knowlesi strain H 7322927 221060580 CDD:319368 EnsemblGenomes-Gn:PKH_134120 EnsemblGenomes-Tr:PKH_134120 GOA:B3LAV3 InterPro:IPR001841 InterPro:IPR013083 UniProtKB/TrEMBL:B3LAV3 5851 ? circumsporozoite protein, putative 5.61 73901.662 795 RING finger, H2 subclass, found in the PA-TM-RING ubiquitin ligase family; cd16454 >XP_002260935.1 circumsporozoite protein, putative [Plasmodium knowlesi strain H] MSISEHTGNEVSIAERKKKEEGSGGVINDKNVSPTDDGESMPHPMEKMKGAANDEKSVEVENCAPVGENE LRSSVLCVGCSGEASHIEEGSAKFVGEENPRTEVDSDKKAQPEGILNEVKNVKNEIDVEKKHKTQISNND TYVENAPNDNTCGEGCSNPHMNHDNKACDNGDDNDKIPNTGGTSNGGVIPNISGVLNVEDDCPLDEGNFS ADDRPEENADSTSSFMLEEDINLSRRAYRNFHICSIFIHGTLLLMVTLLMGILCHDFIKLSPISQKEKTM TYFCGLLLSMLALHLCLNLYMSLVLLRQSEVSKMLKSVEAKIHVIVLVYFSMCAYIYFFEDKYYPISSTF SFAIILAIIYYFMPIFLYIILRLLFIVVILVLVFVKRKSPTPKKILKKLKIMKYVEYRKYCEEEACFGSA YFTNWKELNGEGVSAPREATTTTAMEGGHIIATSGGDNKGEEVSSGDSTSNRNAEGKTISTATSCIRDIS ANGSGHPKGGDPPSSSPNDRPTRSGNSSTRSNLERHLFYDRAGVAIGRGGGSDNRGGTRPNDRGRDDPAN GNHQNGSDNANKHPPASYDNNCDAPNTSGEENGERNGGPNKDGKSAAVFEYFQKVLKKKNNSVQNDNVKV VHENNMEEHSFHINIECSDYVCSICCVEYLNEDDICILPCNYLHYYHKECIFKWLKRNNDCPLCRKPIGK I Protective antigen eba-175 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 VO_0012382 2654998 296004911 PF3D7_0731500 AL844506 XP_001349207 36329 7 1358054 1362928 + 5.47 168527.84 1502 Also known as eba 175; eba175 >NC_004328.3:1358054-1362928 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 chromosome 7 AATGAAATGTAATATTAGTATATATTTTTTTGCTTCCTTCTTTGTGTTATATTTTGCAAAAGCTAGGAAT GAATATGATATAAAAGAGAATGAAAAATTTTTAGACGTGTATAAAGAAAAATTTAATGAATTAGATAAAA AGAAATATGGAAATGTTCAAAAAACTGATAAGAAAATATTTACTTTTATAGAAAATAAATTAGATATTTT AAATAATTCAAAATTTAATAAAAGATGGAAGAGTTATGGAACTCCAGATAATATAGATAAAAATATGTCT TTAATAAATAAACATAATAATGAAGAAATGTTTAACAACAATTATCAATCATTTTTATCGACAAGTTCAT TAATAAAGCAAAATAAATATGTTCCTATTAACGCTGTACGTGTGTCTAGGATATTAAGTTTCCTGGATTC TAGAATTAATAATGGAAGAAATACTTCATCTAATAACGAAGTTTTAAGTAATTGTAGGGAAAAAAGGAAA GGAATGAAATGGGATTGTAAAAAGAAAAATGATAGAAGCAACTATGTATGTATTCCTGATCGTAGAATCC AATTATGCATTGTTAATCTTAGCATTATTAAAACATATACAAAAGAGACCATGAAGGATCATTTCATTGA AGCCTCTAAAAAAGAATCTCAACTTTTGCTTAAAAAAAATGATAACAAATATAATTCTAAATTTTGTAAT GATTTGAAGAATAGTTTTTTAGATTATGGACATCTTGCTATGGGAAATGATATGGATTTTGGAGGTTATT CAACTAAGGCAGAAAACAAAATTCAAGAAGTTTTTAAAGGGGCTCATGGGGAAATAAGTGAACATAAAAT TAAAAATTTTAGAAAAAAATGGTGGAATGAATTTAGAGAGAAACTTTGGGAAGCTATGTTATCTGAGCAT AAAAATAATATAAATAATTGTAAAAATATTCCCCAAGAAGAATTACAAATTACTCAATGGATAAAAGAAT GGCATGGAGAATTTTTGCTTGAAAGAGATAATAGATCAAAATTGCCAAAAAGTAAATGTAAAAATAATAC ATTATATGAAGCATGTGAGAAGGAATGTATTGATCCATGTATGAAATATAGAGATTGGATTATTAGAAGT AAATTTGAATGGCATACGTTATCGAAAGAATATGAAACTCAAAAAGTTCCAAAGGAAAATGCGGAAAATT ATTTAATCAAAATTTCAGAAAACAAGAATGATGCTAAAGTAAGTTTATTATTGAATAATTGTGATGCTGA ATATTCAAAATATTGTGATTGTAAACATACTACTACTCTCGTTAAAAGCGTTTTAAATGGTAACGACAAT ACAATTAAGGAAAAGCGTGAACATATTGATTTAGATGATTTTTCTAAATTTGGATGTGATAAAAATTCCG TTGATACAAACACAAAGGTGTGGGAATGTAAAAAACCTTATAAATTATCCACTAAAGATGTATGTGTACC TCCGAGGAGGCAAGAATTATGTCTTGGAAACATTGATAGAATATACGATAAAAACCTATTAATGATAAAA GAGCATATTCTTGCTATTGCAATATATGAATCAAGAATATTGAAACGAAAATATAAGAATAAAGATGATA AAGAAGTTTGTAAAATCATAAATAAAACTTTCGCTGATATAAGAGATATTATAGGAGGTACTGATTATTG GAATGATTTGAGCAATAGAAAATTAGTAGGAAAAATTAACACAAATTCAAATTATGTTCACAGGAATAAA CAAAATGATAAGCTTTTTCGTGATGAGTGGTGGAAAGTTATTAAAAAAGATGTATGGAATGTGATATCAT GGGTATTCAAGGATAAAACTGTTTGTAAAGAAGATGATATTGAAAATATACCACAATTCTTCAGATGGTT TAGTGAATGGGGTGATGATTATTGCCAGGATAAAACAAAAATGATAGAGACTCTGAAGGTTGAATGCAAA GAAAAACCTTGTGAAGATGACAATTGTAAACGTAAATGTAATTCATATAAAGAATGGATATCAAAAAAAA AAGAAGAGTATAATAAACAAGCCAAACAATACCAAGAATATCAAAAAGGAAATAATTACAAAATGTATTC TGAATTTAAATCTATAAAACCAGAAGTTTATTTAAAGAAATACTCGGAAAAATGTTCTAACCTAAATTTC GAAGATGAATTTAAGGAAGAATTACATTCAGATTATAAAAATAAATGTACGATGTGTCCAGAAGTAAAGG ATGTACCAATTTCTATAATAAGAAATAATGAACAAACTTCGCAAGAAGCAGTTCCTGAGGAAAGCACTGA AATAGCACACAGAACGGAAACTCGTACGGATGAACGAAAAAATCAGGAACCAGCAAATAAGGATTTAAAG AATCCACAACAAAGTGTAGGAGAGAACGGAACTAAAGATTTATTACAAGAAGATTTAGGAGGATCACGAA GTGAAGACGAAGTGACACAAGAATTTGGAGTAAATCATGGAATACCTAAGGGTGAGGATCAAACGTTAGG AAAATCTGACGCCATTCCAAACATAGGCGAACCCGAAACGGGAATTTCCACTACAGAAGAAAGTAGACAT GAAGAAGGCCACAATAAACAAGCATTGTCTACTTCAGTCGATGAGCCTGAATTATCTGATACACTTCAAT TGCATGAAGATACTAAAGAAAATGATAAACTACCCCTAGAATCATCTACAATCACATCTCCTACGGAAAG TGGAAGTTCTGATACAGAGGAAACTCCATCTATCTCTGAAGGACCAAAAGGAAATGAACAAAAAAAACGT GATGACGATAGTTTGAGTAAAATAAGTGTATCACCAGAAAATTCAAGACCTGAAACTGATGCTAAAGATA CTTCTAACTTGTTAAAATTAAAAGGAGATGTTGATATTAGTATGCCTAAAGCAGTTATTGGGAGCAGTCC TAATGATAATATAAATGTTACTGAACAAGGGGATAATATTTCCGGGGTGAATTCTAAACCTTTATCTGAT GATGTACGTCCAGATAAAAATCATGAAGAGGTGAAAGAACATACTAGTAATTCTGATAATGTTCAACAGT CTGGAGGAATTGTTAATATGAATGTTGAGAAAGAACTAAAAGATACTTTAGAAAATCCTTCTAGTAGCTT GGATGAAGGAAAAGCACATGAAGAATTATCAGAACCAAATCTAAGCAGTGACCAAGATATGTCTAATACA CCTGGACCTTTGGATAACACCAGTGAAGAAACTACAGAAAGAATTAGTAATAATGAATATAAAGTTAACG AGAGGGAAGGTGAGAGAACGCTTACTAAGGAATATGAAGATATTGTTTTGAAAAGTCATATGAATAGAGA ATCAGACGATGGTGAATTATATGACGAAAATTCAGACTTATCTACTGTAAATGATGAATCAGAAGACGCT GAAGCAAAAATGAAAGGAAATGATACATCTGAAATGTCGCATAATAGTAGTCAACATATTGAGAGTGATC AACAGAAAAACGATATGAAAACTGTTGGTGATTTGGGAACCACACATGTACAAAACGAAATTAGTGTTCC TGTTACAGGAGAAATTGATGAAAAATTAAGGGAAAGTAAAGAATCAAAAATTCATAAGGCTGAAGAGGAA AGATTAAGTCATACAGATATACATAAAATTAATCCTGAAGATAGAAATAGTAATACATTACATTTAAAAG ATATAAGAAATGAGGAAAACGAAAGACACTTAACTAATCAAAACATTAATATTAGTCAAGAAAGGGATTT GCAAAAACATGGATTCCATACCATGAATAATCTACATGGAGATGGAGTTTCCGAAAGAAGTCAAATTAAT CATAGTCATCATGGAAACAGACAAGATCGGGGGGGAAATTCTGGGAATGTTTTAAATATGAGATCTAATA ATAATAATTTTAATAATATTCCAAGTAGATATAATTTATATGATAAAAAATTAGATTTAGATCTTTATGA AAACAGAAATGATAGTACAACAAAAGAATTAATAAAGAAATTAGCAGAAATAAATAAATGTGAGAACGAA ATTTCTGTAAAATATTGTGACCATATGATTCATGAAGAAATCCCATTAAAAACATGCACTAAAGAAAAAA CAAGAAATCTGTGTTGTGCAGTATCAGATTACTGTATGAGCTATTTTACATATGATTCAGAGGAATATTA TAATTGTACGAAAAGGGAATTTGATGATCCATCTTATACATGTTTCAGAAAGGAGGCTTTTTCAAGTATG ATATTCAAATTTTTAATAACAAATAAAATATATTATTATTTTTATACTTACAAAACTGCAAAAGTAACAA TAAAAAAAATTAATTTCTCATTAATTTTTTTTTTCTTTTTTTCTTTTTAGGTATGCCATATTATGCAGGA GCAGGTGTGTTATTTATTATATTGGTTATTTTAGGTGCTTCACAAGCCAAATATCAAAGGTTAGAAAAAA TAAATAAAAATAAAATTGAGAAGAATGTAAATTAAATATATATATATATATATATATATATATATTGTAT TATATATTTTTTTTTTATAGTTCTGAAGGAGTTATGAATGAGAATAATGAGAATAATTTTTTATTTGAAG TTACTGATAATTTAGATAAATTATCCAATATGTGTAATACAAATATAAAAAAAAATAATAAATAAATAAA TAATTACAAGGAAATAAAAATGATATATATTATTACATTATGTTTGTTTACTTTTATATTATCCTATAAT ATTTATTTTTATTTTATGTTTTTTTTTTTTCAGTCAATCAACAAGTACAGGAAACTAATATCAACGATTT TTCTGAATACCATGAGGATATAAATGATATTAATTTTAAGAAATG >XP_001349207.2 erythrocyte binding antigen-175 [Plasmodium falciparum 3D7] MKCNISIYFFASFFVLYFAKARNEYDIKENEKFLDVYKEKFNELDKKKYGNVQKTDKKIFTFIENKLDIL NNSKFNKRWKSYGTPDNIDKNMSLINKHNNEEMFNNNYQSFLSTSSLIKQNKYVPINAVRVSRILSFLDS RINNGRNTSSNNEVLSNCREKRKGMKWDCKKKNDRSNYVCIPDRRIQLCIVNLSIIKTYTKETMKDHFIE ASKKESQLLLKKNDNKYNSKFCNDLKNSFLDYGHLAMGNDMDFGGYSTKAENKIQEVFKGAHGEISEHKI KNFRKKWWNEFREKLWEAMLSEHKNNINNCKNIPQEELQITQWIKEWHGEFLLERDNRSKLPKSKCKNNT LYEACEKECIDPCMKYRDWIIRSKFEWHTLSKEYETQKVPKENAENYLIKISENKNDAKVSLLLNNCDAE YSKYCDCKHTTTLVKSVLNGNDNTIKEKREHIDLDDFSKFGCDKNSVDTNTKVWECKKPYKLSTKDVCVP PRRQELCLGNIDRIYDKNLLMIKEHILAIAIYESRILKRKYKNKDDKEVCKIINKTFADIRDIIGGTDYW NDLSNRKLVGKINTNSNYVHRNKQNDKLFRDEWWKVIKKDVWNVISWVFKDKTVCKEDDIENIPQFFRWF SEWGDDYCQDKTKMIETLKVECKEKPCEDDNCKRKCNSYKEWISKKKEEYNKQAKQYQEYQKGNNYKMYS EFKSIKPEVYLKKYSEKCSNLNFEDEFKEELHSDYKNKCTMCPEVKDVPISIIRNNEQTSQEAVPEESTE IAHRTETRTDERKNQEPANKDLKNPQQSVGENGTKDLLQEDLGGSRSEDEVTQEFGVNHGIPKGEDQTLG KSDAIPNIGEPETGISTTEESRHEEGHNKQALSTSVDEPELSDTLQLHEDTKENDKLPLESSTITSPTES GSSDTEETPSISEGPKGNEQKKRDDDSLSKISVSPENSRPETDAKDTSNLLKLKGDVDISMPKAVIGSSP NDNINVTEQGDNISGVNSKPLSDDVRPDKNHEEVKEHTSNSDNVQQSGGIVNMNVEKELKDTLENPSSSL DEGKAHEELSEPNLSSDQDMSNTPGPLDNTSEETTERISNNEYKVNEREGERTLTKEYEDIVLKSHMNRE SDDGELYDENSDLSTVNDESEDAEAKMKGNDTSEMSHNSSQHIESDQQKNDMKTVGDLGTTHVQNEISVP VTGEIDEKLRESKESKIHKAEEERLSHTDIHKINPEDRNSNTLHLKDIRNEENERHLTNQNINISQERDL QKHGFHTMNNLHGDGVSERSQINHSHHGNRQDRGGNSGNVLNMRSNNNNFNNIPSRYNLYDKKLDLDLYE NRNDSTTKELIKKLAEINKCENEISVKYCDHMIHEEIPLKTCTKEKTRNLCCAVSDYCMSYFTYDSEEYY NCTKREFDDPSYTCFRKEAFSSMPYYAGAGVLFIILVILGASQAKYQSSEGVMNENNENNFLFEVTDNLD KLSNMFNQQVQETNINDFSEYHEDINDINFKK Protective antigen 1 of 3 Monkeys vaccinated with EBA-175 was protected from challenge of parasitized erythrocytes [Ref1490:Sim et al., 2001]. FabB/FabF Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 3885996 296004726 PFF1275c AL844505 XP_966246 1OB1 36329 6 1061115 1062891 - 9.25 50967.34 473 >gi|86176855:1061115-1062891 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 chromosome 6 ATCACTTTACAATTTTTTTGAAAAGTAATGCTGTGTTATGGCCTCCAAATCCCAAATTTGTATTGAGAGA TATATCAATATTTTCCTTTGCATGAATATATTTATTAGGTGTATAATTTAGATCACAATCTGGGTCCTTA TATTCATAATTAATAGTAGGTGGTATAATATTTGTTTGCATAGTTTTAAGACATACAATAGATTCTATAG CTCCAGCAGCACCTATACAATGTCCTGTCATACTTTTAGTTGATGATATATATAATTTGTATGCATGATC TTTGAAAACATTTTTAAAAACCTTGGTTTCTATTTTATCATTTAAATTTGTTGAAGTACCATGTGCATTA ATATATTTAACGTCATTTATGTTTATATTTGCATTTTTTAATGCTTTATGAATAGAATTTGTTAAACCTT TCCCATTAGGTTCTGGTGCAGTAATATGGTATGCATCACATTCTGAAGAATATGAAATAATTTCTCCATA TATTGGTGCATTTCTTTTTATTGCATGTTCGTATGATTCTAGAATTAAGATGCCTGAACCTTCTCCCATA ACGAAACCACTTCTTTTTAAATCGAAGGGTCTACAACCTTTTTTTGGATTATCGTTATAACCTGTACATA AAGCCTTTAATGAATTGAATCCAGCAAAACTTATAGGAGTTATACTAGCTTCAGTTCCACCACATATCAT AACATCATACTCTTTATATTTTATATATCTATAGGCTTCACCTATTGTGTTACCAGACGTAGCACATGCA CTTAACATACCAAGAGAGATCCCTCTAATATTGTTTTCGATAGATACATATCCAGATGGAGTATTTGCTA TCATTGCAGGTATTAAATATGGTGTTATTCTTTTATGTCCTTTTTCATACATTGTTTTCATTTCTTTTTC TAAAAATCTTAGTCCACCTATGCCACTACCTATGATAGTACCTGTTTTATCTTTGTCTAATTTTTCCAAA TTTAGTTTTGCATCGTCTAAAGCTAAACGTGTGGCTGCGACTGCATAATGAGTACAATCATCATTACGAT TAACATCTTTTTTATTTGTGTAATAATCACTAGGATTAAAATCGCTTTTCTTTATTTCACTACCAATACC ACATGACATACCGGTTATATCAAATTTTGTAATTTTATCTATTGATGTATATCCATTTATAATATTATTC CAAAAATGTTCTATGCCAATCCCTAATCCAGTTACTACCCCTACACCTGTGCACACCACTCTAGAAGTCT AAATAAAAAATAAAAGAATTAAGAAAATTAAAATATATATAAAAATAAATGTATAGCATATTATTACTTT AATCATTTTTTACAATTTGTATATATCACATTTTATAAAACTATATAAATATAAATATATATATATATAT ATATATATATTATATATATTATATATTTTATTTAGTACTTCACAAAGATTTTTCATTTCTCTCGAATTGT ACAACTTGAAACCTTTAAAATAATTCTTGGATATTCCAGGTATACCCCTTTTAATGAAGGCATACCTTTT ACTGTTAACCTACATATGAAAATACATGGAGTATATATTATGACATGATTAATGTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTCTTTTCTACATCTAATATTCATATGGCACATGCATATGTTTGAAAGGGGAAACATATATTA ACTATTATGTTTGTTTTATTTTATTTTTAGAATTGTAGCATTACTTGTAGCACATAAAAGAACAGGAAAT AATATATTTTTATAATGTATTTTCTCA >gi|296004726|ref|XP_966246.2| 3-oxoacyl-acyl-carrier protein synthase I/II [Plasmodium falciparum 3D7] MRKYIIKIYYFLFFYVLQVNSKRYAFIKRGIPGISKNYFKGFKLYNSREMKNLCETSRVVCTGVGVVTGL GIGIEHFWNNIINGYTSIDKITKFDITGMSCGIGSEIKKSDFNPSDYYTNKKDVNRNDDCTHYAVAATRL ALDDAKLNLEKLDKDKTGTIIGSGIGGLRFLEKEMKTMYEKGHKRITPYLIPAMIANTPSGYVSIENNIR GISLGMLSACATSGNTIGEAYRYIKYKEYDVMICGGTEASITPISFAGFNSLKALCTGYNDNPKKGCRPF DLKRSGFVMGEGSGILILESYEHAIKRNAPIYGEIISYSSECDAYHITAPEPNGKGLTNSIHKALKNANI NINDVKYINAHGTSTNLNDKIETKVFKNVFKDHAYKLYISSTKSMTGHCIGAAGAIESIVCLKTMQTNII PPTINYEYKDPDCDLNYTPNKYIHAKENIDISLNTNLGFGGHNTALLFKKIVK Virmugen A genetically attenuated parasite (GAP) with a mutation in the FabB/FabF gene is attenuated in mice by arresting in the late liver stage. It also conferred complete protection in mice from challenge with wild type Plasmodium [Ref2068:Butler et al., 2011]. HEP17 Plasmodium yoelii VO_0011228 3790041 1399353 CDD:284100 5861 ? hepatocyte erythrocyte protein 17 kDa 10.09 17587.89 243 Circumsporozoite-related antigen (CRA); pfam06589 >AAC47199.1 hepatocyte erythrocyte protein 17 kDa [Plasmodium yoelii] MKINIASIIFIIFSLCLVNDAYGKNKYGKNGKYGSQNVIKKHGEPVINVQDLISDMVRKEEEIVKLTKNK KSLRKINVALATALSVVSAILLGGAGLVMYNTEKGRRPFQIGKSKKGGSAMARDSSFPMNEESPLGFSPE EMEAVASKFRESMLKDGVPAPSNTPNVQN Protective antigen Immunization of mice with subunit vaccines based on the Plasmodium yoelii 17kDa hepatocyte erythrocyte protein (PyHEP17), orthologue of Plasmodium falciparum exported protein 1 (PfExp1), induces antigen-specific immune responses and protects against sporozoite challenge [Ref1233:Dobaño and Doolan, 2007]. HSP60 from P. yoelii Plasmodium yoelii strain 17X(NL) 3790277 3885993 CDD:185455 CDD:239460 5861 ? heat shock protein 60 6.86 58029.5 643 Heat shock protein 60; Provisional >AAC78150.1 heat shock protein 60 [Plasmodium yoelii] MLSRLCGKTIQNGNADKCVSMLNKIQKRNVAKDIRFGSDARTAMLIGCNKLADAVSVTLGPKGRNVIIEQ SFGSPKITKDGVTVAKSIEFNKKLANLGAQMVKQVAANTNDKAGDGTTTATILARSIFQQGCKAVDSGMN PMDLLRGINKGVEKVLEYLNSIKKDVTTTEEIFNVASISANGDKNIGQLIADTMKKVGKEGTITVTEGKT LQHELEIVEGIKFDRGYISPYFINNSKDQKVELDKPYILIHEKKISSVKSLLPVLEHVLQNQSSLLVIAE DVDSDALATLIVNKLRLGLKICAVKAPGFGEHRKALIHDIAVMTGSKVITEEAGLKLDDPDVISYLGKAK SINVSKDNTLIMEGEGKKEEISERCESIRNAIKNNTSDYEKEKLQERLAQITGGVALIKVGGISEVEVNE IKDRIQDALCATKAAVEEGIVPGGGSALLFASKELDSVQTDNYDQRVGVNIIKDACKAPIKQIAENAGHE GSVVAGNILKEKNSNMGFNAQEGKYVNMIESGIIDPTKVVKTAISDAASIASLLTTTEVAIVDSKDGKSE EMPSHMNSVNPMGDMGGMY Protective antigen Hsp90 Plasmodium falciparum VO_0011241 2655065 1093612 CDD:240341 CDD:214643 CDD:238030 CDD:278607 5833 ? 4.63 82921.42 796 heat shock protein 83 kDa (Hsp83); Provisional >prf||2104278A heat shock protein 90 MSTETFAFNADIRQLMSLIINTFYSNKEIFLRELISNASDALDKIRYESITDTQKLSAEPEFFIRIIPDK TNNTLTIEDSGIGMTKNDLINNLGTIARSGTKAFMEAIQASGDISMIGQFGVGFYSAYLVADHVVVISKN NDDEQYVWESAAGGSFTVTKDETNEKLGRGTKIILHLKEDQLEYLEEKRIKDLVKKHSEFISFPIKLYCE RQNEKEITASEEEEEGEGEGEREGEEEEEEKKKKTGEDKNADESKEENEDEEKKEDNEEDDNKTDHPKVE DVTEELENAEKKKKEKRKKKIHTVEHEWEELNKQKPLWMRKPEEVTNEEYASFYKSLTNDWEDHLAVKHF SVEGQLEFKALLFIPKRAPFDMFENRKKRNNIKLYVRRVFIMDDCEEIIPEWLNFVKGVVDSEDLPLNIS RESLQQNKILKVIKKNLIKKCLDMFSELAENKENYKKFYEQFSKNLKLGIHEDNANRTKITELLRFQTSK SGDEMIGLKEYVDRMKENQKDIYYITGESINAVSNSPFLEALTKKGFEVIYMVDPIDEYAVQQLKDFDGK KLKCCTKEGLDIDDSEEAKKDFETLKAEYEGLCKVIKDVLHEKVEKVVVGQRITDSPCVLVTSEFGWSAN MERIMKAQALRDNSMTSYMLSKKIMEINARHPIISALKQKADADKSDKTVKDLIWLLFDTSLLTSGFALE EPTTFSKRIHRMIKLGLSIDEEENNDIDLPPLEETVDATDSKMEEVD Protective antigen A monkey vaccination trial using a Plasmodium falciparum protein fraction containing antigens of 90-110 kDa is reported. Three monkeys out of five resisted a heavy challenge dose of highly virulent parasites. Hsp90 was found in the immunoprecipitates obtained with SERP antisera. Interestingly, the response to hsp90 correlated with protection, high antibody titres being found only in the protected monkeys [Ref1244:Bonnefoy et al., 1994]. LSA-1 from Plasmodium falciparum Plasmodium falciparum 510186 CDD:183692 HSSP:1D7M UniProtKB/TrEMBL:Q25887 5833 ? liver stage antigen-1 318 phosphodiesterase; Provisional >PF10_0356 ||LSA1, LSA-1|liver stage antigen-1|Plasmodium falciparum|chr 10|TIGR||Manual ATGAAACATA TTTTGTACAT ATCATTTTAC TTTATCCTTG TTAATTTATT GATATTTCAT ATAAATGGAA AGATAATAAA GAATTCTGAA AAAGATGAAA TCATAAAATC TAACTTGAGA AGTGGTTCTT CAAATTCTAG GAATCGAATA AATGAGGAAA AGCACGAGAA GAAACACGTT TTATCTCATA ATTCATATGA GAAAACTAAA AATAATGAAA ATAATAAATT TTTCGATAAG GATAAAGAGT TAACGATGTC TAATGTAAAA AATGTGTCAC AAACAAATTT CAAAAGTCTT TTAAGAAATC TTGGTGTTTC AGAGAATATA TTCCTTAAAG AAAATAAATT AAATAAGGAA GGGAAATTAA TTGAACACAT AATAAATGAT GATGACGATA AAAAAAAATA TATTAAAGGG CAAGACGAAA ACAGACAAGA AGATCTAGAA CAAGAGAGAC TTGCTAAAGA AAAGTTGCAA GAACAACAAA GCGATTTAGA ACAAGAGAGA CNTGCTAAAG AAAAGTTGCA AGAACAACAA AGCGATTTAG AACAAGAGAG ACTTGCTAAA GAAAAGTTGC AAGAACAACA AAGCGATTTA GAACAAGAGA GACTTGCTAA AGAAAAGTTG CAAGAGCAAC AAAGCGATTT AGAACAAGAG AGACGTGCTA AAGAAAAGTT GCAAGAACAA CAAAGCGATT TAGAACGAAC GAGAGACTTG CTAAAGAAAA GTTGCAAGAG CAGCAAAGCG ATTTAG >gi|510186|emb|CAA82974.1| liver stage antigen-1 [Plasmodium falciparum] MKHILYISFYFILVNLLIFHINGKIIKNSEKDEIIKSNLRSGSSNSRNRINEENHEKKHVLSHNSYEKTK NNENNKFFDKDKELTMSNVKNVSQTNFKSLLRNLGVSENIFLKENKLNKEGKLIEHIINDDDDKKKYIKG QDENRQEDLEEKAAKEKLQGQQSDSEQERRAKEKLQEQQSDLEQERLAKEKLQEQQSDLEQERRAKEKLQ EQQSDLEQERLAKEKLQEQQSDLEQERRAKEKLQEQQSDLEQERRAKEKLQEQQSDLEQERLAKEKLQEQ QSDLEQDRLAKEKLQEQQSDLEQERRAKERLQEQQSDL Other LSA-3 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 VO_0012381 812783 124801463 PF3D7_0220000 LN999943 XP_001349701 36329 2 796751 801585 + Liver stage antigen 3 3.86 156020.34 1558 >NC_037280.1:796751-801585 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 chromosome 2, complete sequence AATGACAAATAGTAATTACAAATCAAATAATAAAACATATAATGAAAATAATAATGAACAAATAACTACC ATATTTAATAGAACAAATATGAATCCGATAAAAAAATGTCATATGAGAGAAAAAATAAATAAGTACTTTT TTTTGATCAAAATTTTGACATGCACCATTTTAATATGGGCTGTACAATATGCTAATAACGTAAGATAAAA AACTAAATAATAAATATAAATAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAATCAACTATATAGTATGTATAATA TATATATATATATATATATATATATATTTATTTTTATTTATTTATTAATTTTTTTTTTTTTTATATTATC TTTTTAGTCTGATATAAACAAGAGTTGGAAAAAAAATACGTATGTAGATAAGAAATTGAATAAACTATTT AACAGAAGTTTAGGAGAATCTCAAGTAAATGGTGAATTAGCTAGTGAAGAAGTAAAGGAAAAAATTCTTG ACTTATTAGAAGAAGGAAATACATTAACTGAAAGTGTAGATGATAATAAAAATTTAGAAGAAGCCGAAGA TATAAAGGAAAATATCTTATTAAGTAATATAGAAGAACCAAAAGAAAATATTATTGACAATTTATTAAAT AATATTGGACAAAATTCAGAAAAACAAGAAAGTGTATCAGAAAATGTACAAGTCAGTGATGAACTTTTTA ATGAATTATTAAATAGTGTAGATGTTAATGGAGAAGTAAAAGAAAATATTTTGGAGGAAAGTCAAGTTAA TGACGATATTTTTAATAGTTTAGTAAAAAGTGTTCAACAAGAACAACAACACAATGTTGAAGAAAAAGTT GAAGAAAGTGTAGAAGAAAATGACGAAGAAAGTGTAGAAGAAAATGTAGAAGAAAATGTAGAAGAAAATG ACGACGAAAGTGTAGCCTCAAGTGTTGAAGAAAGTATAGCTTCAAGTGTTGATGAAAGTATAGATTCAAG TATTGAAGAAAATGTAGCTCCAACTGTTGAAGAAATCGTAGCTCCAACTGTTGAAGAAATTGTAGCTCCA AGTGTTGTAGAAAGTGTGGCTCCAAGTGTTGAAGAAAGTGTAGAAGAAAATGTTGAAGAAAGTGTAGCTG AAAATGTTGAAGAAAGTGTAGCTGAAAATGTTGAAGAAAGTGTAGCTGAAAATGTTGAAGAAAGTGTAGC TGAAAATGTTGAAGAAAGTGTAGCTGAAAATGTTGAAGAAAGTGTAGCTGAAAATGTTGAAGAAATCGTA GCTCCAACTGTTGAAGAAAGTGTAGCTCCAACTGTTGAAGAAATTGTAGCTCCAAGTGTTGAAGAAAGTG TAGCTCCAAGTGTTGAAGAAATTGTAGTTCCAACTGTTGAAGAAAGTGTAGCTGAAAATGTTGAAGAAAT CGTAGCTCCAAGTGTTGAAGAAATCGTAGCTCCAAGTGTTGAAGAAATCGTAGCTCCAACTGTTGAAGAA AGTGTAGCTCCAACTGTTGAAGAAATTGTAGCTCCAAGTGTTGAAGAAAGTGTAGCTCCAAGTGTTGAAG AAATTGTAGTTCCAACTGTTGAAGAAAGTGTAGCTGAAAATGTTGAAGAAAGTGTAGCTGAAAATGTTGA AGAAATCGTAGCTCCAAGTGTTGAAGAAATCGTAGCTCCAAGTGTTGAAGAAATCGTAGCTCCAAGTGTT GAAGAAATCGTAGCTCCAAGTGTTGAAGAAATCGTAGCTCCAAGTGTTGAAGAAATCGTAGCTCCAAGTG TTGAAGAAATCGTAGCTCCAAGTGTTGAAGAAATCGTAGCTCCAAGTGTTGAAGAAATCGTAGCTCCAAC AGTTGAAGAAATCGTAGCTCCAACAGTTGAAGAAATTGTAGCTCCAAGTGTTGAAGAAATCGTAGCTCCA ACTGTTGAAGAAAGTGTTGCTGAAAACGTTGCAACAAATTTATCAGACAATCTTTTAAGTAATTTATTAG GTGGTATCGAAACTGAGGAAATAAAGGACAGTATATTAAATGAGATAGAAGAAGTAAAAGAAAATGTAGT CACCACAATACTAGAAAACGTAGAAGAAACTACAGCTGAAAGTGTAACTACTTTTAGTAACATATTAGAG GAGATACAAGAAAATACTATTACTAATGATACTATAGAGGAAAAATTAGAAGAACTCCACGAAAATGTAT TAAGTGCCGCTTTAGAAAATACCCAAAGTGAAGAGGAAAAGAAAGAAGTAATAGATGTAATTGAAGAAGT AAAAGAAGAGGTCGCTACCACTTTAATAGAAACTGTGGAACAGGCAGAAGAAGAGAGCGCAAGTACAATT ACGGAAATATTTGAAAATTTAGAAGAAAATGCAGTAGAAAGTAATGAAAATGTTGCAGAGAATTTAGAGA AATTAAACGAAACTGTATTTAATACTGTATTAGATAAAGTAGAGGAAACAGTAGAAATTAGCGGAGAAAG TTTAGAAAACAATGAAATGGATAAAGCATTTTTTAGTGAAATATTTGATAATGTAAAAGGAATACAAGAA AATTTATTAACAGGTATGTTTCGAAGTATAGAAACCAGTATAGTAATCCAATCAGAAGAAAAGGTTGATT TGAATGAAAATGTGGTTAGTTCGATTTTAGATAATATAGAAAATATGAAAGAAGGTTTATTAAATAAATT AGAAAATATTTCAAGTACTGAAGGTGTTCAAGAAACTGTAACTGAACATGTAGAACAAAATGTATATGTG GATGTTGATGTTCCTGCTATGAAAGATCAATTTTTAGGAATATTAAATGAGGCAGGAGGGTTGAAAGAAA TGTTTTTTAATTTGGAAGATGTATTTAAAAGTGAAAGTGATGTAATTACTGTAGAAGAAATTAAGGATGA ACCGGTTCAAAAAGAGGTAGAAAAAGAAACTGTTAGTATTATTGAAGAAATGGAAGAAAATATTGTAGAT GTATTAGAGGAAGAAAAAGAAGATTTAACAGACAAGATGATAGATGCAGTAGAAGAATCCATAGAAATAT CTTCAGATTCTAAAGAAGAAACTGAATCTATTAAAGATAAAGAAAAAGATGTTTCACTAGTTGTTGAAGA AGTTCAAGACAATGATATGGATGAAAGTGTTGAGAAAGTTTTAGAATTGAAAAATATGGAAGAGGAGTTA ATGAAGGATGCTGTTGAAATAAATGACATTACTAGCAAACTTATTGAAGAAACTCAAGAGTTAAATGAAG TAGAAGCAGATTTAATAAAAGATATGGAAAAATTAAAAGAATTAGAGAAAGCATTATCAGAAGATTCTAA AGAAATAATAGATGCAAAAGATGATACATTAGAAAAAGTTATTGAAGAGGAACATGATATAACGACGACG TTGGATGAAGTTGTAGAATTAAAAGATGTCGAAGAAGACAAGATCGAAAAAGTATCTGATTTAAAAGATC TTGAAGAAGATATATTAAAAGAAGTAAAAGAAATCAAAGAACTTGAAAGTGAAATTTTAGAAGATTATAA AGAATTAAAAACTATTGAAACAGATATTTTAGAAGAGAAAAAAGAAATAGAAAAAGATCATTTTGAAAAA TTCGAAGAAGAAGCTGAAGAAATAAAAGATCTTGAAGCAGATATATTAAAAGAAGTATCTTCATTAGAAG TTGAAGAAGAAAAAAAATTAGAAGAAGTACACGAATTAAAAGAAGAGGTAGAACATATAATAAGTGGTGA TGCGCATATAAAAGGTTTGGAAGAAGATGATTTAGAAGAAGTAGATGATTTAAAAGGAAGTATATTAGAC ATGTTAAAGGGAGATATGGAATTAGGGGATATGGATAAGGAAAGTTTAGAAGATGTAACAGCAAAACTTG GAGAAAGAGTTGAATCCTTAAAAGATGTTTTATCTAGTGCATTAGGCATGGATGAAGAACAAATGAAAAC AAGAAAAAAAGCTCAAAGACCTAAATTGGAAGAAGTATTATTAAAAGAAGAGGTTAAAGAAGAACCAAAG AAAAAAATAACAAAAAAGAAAGTAAGGTTTGATATTAAGGATAAGGAACCAAAAGATGAAATAGTAGAAG TTGAAATGAAAGATGAAGATATAGATGAAGATATAGAAGAAGATGTAGAAGAAGATATAGAAGAAGATAA AGTTGAAGATATAGATGAAGATATAGATGAAGATATAGATGAAGATATAGGTGAAGACAAAGATGAAGTT ATAGATTTAATAGTCCAAAAAGAGAAACGCATTGAAAAGGTTAAAGAGAAAAAGAAAAAATTAGAAAAAA AAGTTGAAGAAGGTGTTAGTGGTCTTAAAAAACACGTAGACGAAGTAATGAAATATGTTCAAAAAATTGA TAAAGAAGTTGATAAAGAAGTATCTAAAGCTTTAGAATCAAAAAATGATGTTACTAATGTTTTAAAACAA AATCAAGATTTTTTTAGTAAAGTTAAAAACTTCGTAAAAAAATATAAAGTATTTGCTGCACCATTCATAT CTGCCGTTGCAGCATTTGCATCATATGTAGTTGGGTTCTTTACATTTTCTTTATTTTCATCATGTGTAAC AATAGCTTCTTCAACTTACTTATTATCAAAAGTTGACAAAACTATAAATAAAAATAAGGAGAGACCGTTT TATTCATTTGTATTTGATATCTTTAAGAATTTAAAACATTATTTACAACAAATGAAAGAAAAATTTAGTA AAGAAAAAAATAATAATGTAATAGAAGTAACAAACAAAGCTGAGAAAAAAGGTAATGTACAGGTAACAAA TAAAACCGAGAAAACAACTAAAGTTGATAAAAATAATAAAGTACCGAAAAAAAGTAGAACGCAAAAATCA AAATA >XP_001349701.1 liver stage antigen 3 [Plasmodium falciparum 3D7] MTNSNYKSNNKTYNENNNEQITTIFNRTNMNPIKKCHMREKINKYFFLIKILTCTILIWAVQYANNSDIN KSWKKNTYVDKKLNKLFNRSLGESQVNGELASEEVKEKILDLLEEGNTLTESVDDNKNLEEAEDIKENIL LSNIEEPKENIIDNLLNNIGQNSEKQESVSENVQVSDELFNELLNSVDVNGEVKENILEESQVNDDIFNS LVKSVQQEQQHNVEEKVEESVEENDEESVEENVEENVEENDDESVASSVEESIASSVDESIDSSIEENVA PTVEEIVAPTVEEIVAPSVVESVAPSVEESVEENVEESVAENVEESVAENVEESVAENVEESVAENVEES VAENVEESVAENVEEIVAPTVEESVAPTVEEIVAPSVEESVAPSVEEIVVPTVEESVAENVEEIVAPSVE EIVAPSVEEIVAPTVEESVAPTVEEIVAPSVEESVAPSVEEIVVPTVEESVAENVEESVAENVEEIVAPS VEEIVAPSVEEIVAPSVEEIVAPSVEEIVAPSVEEIVAPSVEEIVAPSVEEIVAPSVEEIVAPTVEEIVA PTVEEIVAPSVEEIVAPTVEESVAENVATNLSDNLLSNLLGGIETEEIKDSILNEIEEVKENVVTTILEN VEETTAESVTTFSNILEEIQENTITNDTIEEKLEELHENVLSAALENTQSEEEKKEVIDVIEEVKEEVAT TLIETVEQAEEESASTITEIFENLEENAVESNENVAENLEKLNETVFNTVLDKVEETVEISGESLENNEM DKAFFSEIFDNVKGIQENLLTGMFRSIETSIVIQSEEKVDLNENVVSSILDNIENMKEGLLNKLENISST EGVQETVTEHVEQNVYVDVDVPAMKDQFLGILNEAGGLKEMFFNLEDVFKSESDVITVEEIKDEPVQKEV EKETVSIIEEMEENIVDVLEEEKEDLTDKMIDAVEESIEISSDSKEETESIKDKEKDVSLVVEEVQDNDM DESVEKVLELKNMEEELMKDAVEINDITSKLIEETQELNEVEADLIKDMEKLKELEKALSEDSKEIIDAK DDTLEKVIEEEHDITTTLDEVVELKDVEEDKIEKVSDLKDLEEDILKEVKEIKELESEILEDYKELKTIE TDILEEKKEIEKDHFEKFEEEAEEIKDLEADILKEVSSLEVEEEKKLEEVHELKEEVEHIISGDAHIKGL EEDDLEEVDDLKGSILDMLKGDMELGDMDKESLEDVTAKLGERVESLKDVLSSALGMDEEQMKTRKKAQR PKLEEVLLKEEVKEEPKKKITKKKVRFDIKDKEPKDEIVEVEMKDEDIDEDIEEDVEEDIEEDKVEDIDE DIDEDIDEDIGEDKDEVIDLIVQKEKRIEKVKEKKKKLEKKVEEGVSGLKKHVDEVMKYVQKIDKEVDKE VSKALESKNDVTNVLKQNQDFFSKVKNFVKKYKVFAAPFISAVAAFASYVVGFFTFSLFSSCVTIASSTY LLSKVDKTINKNKERPFYSFVFDIFKNLKHYLQQMKEKFSKEKNNNVIEVTNKAEKKGNVQVTNKTEKTT KVDKNNKVPKKSRTQKSK Protective antigen In chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), the primates most closely related to humans and that share a similar susceptibility to P. falciparum liver-stage infection, immunization with LSA-3 induced protection against successive heterologous challenges with large numbers of P. falciparum sporozoites [Ref1489:Daubersies et al., 2000]. MSP-1 from P. falciparum Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 VO_0010958 813575 124507147 PF3D7_0930300 AL844508 XP_001352170 CDD:289698 CDD:304395 36329 9 1201811 1206973 + merozoite surface protein 1 6.46 187682.63 1720 clinical isolate >NC_004330.2:1201811-1206973 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 genome assembly, chromosome: 9 AATGAAGATCATATTCTTTTTATGTTCATTTCTTTTTTTTATTATAAATACACAATGTGTAACACATGAA AGTTATCAAGAACTTGTCAAAAAACTAGAAGCTTTAGAAGATGCAGTATTGACAGGTTATAGTTTATTTC AAAAGGAAAAAATGGTATTAAATGAAGAAGAAATTACTACAAAAGGTGCAAGTGCTCAAAGTGGTGCAAG TGCTCAAAGTGGTGCAAGTGCTCAAAGTGGTGCAAGTGCTCAAAGTGGTGCAAGTGCTCAAAGTGGTGCA AGTGCTCAAAGTGGTACAAGTGGTCCAAGTGGTCCAAGTGGTACAAGTCCATCATCTCGTTCAAACACTT TACCTCGTTCAAATACTTCATCTGGTGCAAGCCCTCCAGCTGATGCAAGCGATTCAGATGCTAAATCTTA CGCTGATTTAAAACACAGAGTACGAAATTACTTGTTCACTATTAAAGAACTCAAATATCCCGAACTCTTT GATTTAACCAATCATATGTTAACTTTGTGTGATAATATTCATGGTTTCAAATATTTAATTGATGGATATG AAGAAATTAATGAATTATTATATAAATTAAACTTTTATTTTGATTTATTAAGAGCAAAATTAAATGATGT ATGTGCTAATGATTATTGTCAAATACCTTTCAATCTTAAAATTCGTGCAAATGAATTAGACGTACTTAAA AAACTTGTGTTCGGATATAGAAAACCATTAGACAATATTAAAGATAATGTAGGAAAAATGGAAGATTACA TTAAAAAAAATAAAACAACCATAGCAAATATAAATGAATTAATTGAAGGAAGTAAGAAAACAATTGATCA AAATAAGAATGCAGATAATGAAGAAGGGAAAAAAAAATTATACCAAGCTCAATATGATCTTTCTATTTAC AATAAACAATTAGAAGAAGCACATAATTTAATAAGCGTTTTAGAAAAACGTATTGACACTTTAAAAAAAA ATGAAAACATAAAGAAATTACTTGATAAGATAAATGAAATTAAAAATCCCCCACCGGCCAATTCTGGAAA TACACCAAATACTCTCCTTGATAAGAACAAAAAAATCGAGGAACACGAAGAAAAAATAAAAGAAATTGCC AAAACTATTAAATTTAACATTGATAGTTTATTTACTGATCCACTTGAATTAGAATATTATTTAAGAGAAA AAAATAAAAAAGTTGATGTAACACCTAAATCACAAGATCCTACGAAATCTGTTCAAATACCAAAAGTTCC TTATCCAAATGGTATTGTATATCCTTTACCACTCACTGATATTCATAATTCATTAGCTGCAGATAATGAT AAAAATTCATATGGTGATTTAATGAATCCTCATACTAAAGAAAAAATTAATGAAAAAATTATTACAGATA ATAAGGAAAGAAAAATATTCATTAATAACATTAAAAAAAAAATTGATTTAGAAGAAAAAAACATTAATCA CACAAAAGAACAAAATAAAAAATTACTTGAAGATTATGAAAAGTCAAAAAAGGATTATGAAGAATTACTT GAAAAATTTTATGAAATGAAATTTAATAATAATTTTAACAAAGATGTCGTAGATAAAATATTCAGTGCAA GATATACATATAATGTTGAAAAACAAAGATATAATAATAAATTTTCATCCTCTAATAATTCTGTATATAA TGTTCAAAAATTAAAAAAGGCTCTTTCATATCTTGAAGATTATTCTTTAAGAAAAGGAATTTCTGAAAAA GATTTTAATCATTATTATACTTTGAAAACTGGCCTCGAAGCTGATATAAAAAAATTAACAGAAGAAATAA AGAGTAGTGAAAACAAAATTCTAGAAAAAAATTTTAAAGGACTAACACATTCAGCAAATGGTTCCTTAGA AGTATCTGATATTGTAAAATTACAAGTACAAAAAGTTTTATTAATTAAAAAAATAGAAGACTTAAGAAAG ATAGAATTATTTTTAAAAAATGCACAACTAAAAGATAGTATTCATGTACCAAATATTTATAAACCACAAA ATAAACCAGAACCATATTATTTAATTGTATTAAAAAAAGAAGTAGATAAATTAAAAGAATTTATACCAAA AGTAAAAGACATGTTAAAGAAAGAACAAGCTGTCTTATCAAGTATTACACAACCTTTAGTTGCAGCAAGC GAAACAACTGAAGATGGGGGTCACTCCACACACACATTATCCCAATCAGGAGAAACAGAAGTAACAGAAG AAACAGAAGAAACAGAAGAAACAGTAGGACACACAACAACGGTAACAATAACATTACCACCAACACAACC ATCACCACCAAAAGAAGTAAAAGTTGTTGAAAATTCAATAGAACATAAGAGTAATGACAATTCACAAGCC TTGACAAAAACAGTTTATCTAAAGAAATTAGATGAATTTTTAACTAAATCATATATATGTCATAAATATA TTTTAGTATCAAACTCTAGTATGGACCAAAAATTATTAGAGGTATATAATCTTACTCCAGAAGAAGAAAA TGAATTAAAATCATGTGATCCATTAGATTTATTATTTAATATTCAAAATAACATACCTGCTATGTATTCA TTATATGATAGTATGAACAATGATTTACAACATCTCTTTTTTGAATTATATCAAAAGGAAATGATTTATT ATTTACATAAACTAAAAGAGGAAAATCACATCAAAAAATTATTAGAGGAGCAAAAACAAATAACTGGAAC ATCATCTACATCCAGTCCTGGAAATACAACCGTAAATACTGCTCAATCCGCAACTCACAGTAATTCCCAA AACCAACAATCAAATGCATCCTCTACCAATACCCAAAATGGTGTAGCTGTATCATCTGGTCCTGCTGTAG TTGAAGAAAGTCATGATCCCTTAACAGTATTGTCTATTAGTAACGATTTGAAAGGTATTGTTAGTCTCTT AAATCTTGGAAATAAAACTAAAGTACCTAATCCATTAACCATTTCTACAACAGAGATGGAAAAATTTTAT GAGAATATTTTAAAAAATAATGATACCTATTTTAATGATGATATCAAACAATTCGTAAAATCTAATTCAA AAGTAATTACAGGTTTGACCGAAACACAAAAAAATGCATTAAATGATGAAATTAAAAAATTAAAAGATAC TTTACAGTTATCATTTGATTTATATAATAAATATAAATTAAAATTAGATAGATTATTTAATAAGAAAAAA GAACTTGGCCAAGACAAAATGCAAATTAAAAAACTTACTTTATTAAAAGAACAATTAGAATCAAAATTGA ATTCACTTAATAACCCACATAATGTATTACAAAACTTTTCTGTTTTCTTTAACAAAAAAAAAGAAGCTGA AATAGCAGAAACTGAAAACACATTAGAAAACACAAAAATATTATTGAAACATTATAAAGGACTTGTTAAA TATTATAATGGTGAATCATCTCCATTAAAAACTTTAAGTGAAGTATCAATTCAAACAGAAGATAATTATG CCAATTTAGAAAAATTTAGAGTATTAAGTAAAATAGATGGAAAACTCAATGATAATTTACATTTAGGAAA GAAAAAATTATCTTTCTTATCAAGTGGATTACATCATTTAATTACTGAATTAAAAGAAGTAATAAAAAAT AAAAATTATACAGGTAATTCTCCAAGTGAAAATAATAAGAAAGTTAACGAAGCTTTAAAATCTTACGAAA ATTTTCTCCCAGAAGCAAAAGTTACAACAGTTGTAACTCCACCTCAACCAGATGTAACTCCATCTCCATT ATCTGTAAGGGTAAGTGGTAGTTCAGGATCCACAAAAGAAGAAACACAAATACCAACTTCAGGCTCTTTA TTAACAGAATTACAACAAGTAGTACAATTACAAAATTATGACGAAGAAGATGATTCCTTAGTTGTATTAC CCATTTTTGGAGAATCCGAAGATAATGACGAATATTTAGATCAAGTAGTAACTGGAGAAGCAATATCTGT CACAATGGATAATATCCTCTCAGGATTTGAAAATGAATATGATGTTATATATTTAAAACCTTTAGCTGGA GTATATAGAAGCTTAAAAAAACAAATTGAAAAAAACATTTTTACATTTAATTTAAATTTGAACGATATCT TAAATTCACGTCTTAAGAAACGAAAATATTTCTTAGATGTATTAGAATCTGATTTAATGCAATTTAAACA TATATCCTCAAATGAATACATTATTGAAGATTCATTTAAATTATTGAATTCAGAACAAAAAAACACACTT TTAAAAAGTTACAAATATATAAAAGAATCAGTAGAAAATGATATTAAATTTGCACAGGAAGGTATAAGTT ATTATGAAAAGGTTTTAGCGAAATATAAGGATGATTTAGAATCAATTAAAAAAGTTATCAAAGAAGAAAA GGAGAAGTTCCCATCATCACCACCAACAACACCTCCGTCACCAGCAAAAACAGACGAACAAAAGAAGGAA AGTAAGTTCCTTCCATTTTTAACAAACATTGAGACCTTATACAATAACTTAGTTAATAAAATTGACGATT ACTTAATTAACTTAAAGGCAAAGATTAACGATTGTAATGTTGAAAAAGATGAAGCACATGTTAAAATAAC TAAACTTAGTGATTTAAAAGCAATTGATGACAAAATAGATCTTTTTAAAAACCCTTACGACTTCGAAGCA ATTAAAAAATTGATAAATGATGATACGAAAAAAGATATGCTTGGCAAATTACTTAGTACAGGATTAGTTC AAAATTTTCCTAATACAATAATATCAAAATTAATTGAAGGAAAATTCCAAGATATGTTAAACATTTCACA ACACCAATGCGTAAAAAAACAATGTCCAGAAAATTCTGGATGTTTCAGACATTTAGATGAAAGAGAAGAA TGTAAATGTTTATTAAATTACAAACAAGAAGGTGATAAATGTGTTGAAAATCCAAATCCTACTTGTAACG AAAATAATGGTGGATGTGATGCAGATGCCACATGTACCGAAGAAGATTCAGGTAGCAGCAGAAAGAAAAT CACATGTGAATGTACTAAACCTGATTCTTATCCACTTTTCGATGGTATTTTCTGCAGTTCCTCTAACTTC TTAGGAATATCATTCTTATTAATACTCATGTTAATATTATACAGTTTCATTTA >XP_001352170.1 merozoite surface protein 1 [Plasmodium falciparum 3D7] MKIIFFLCSFLFFIINTQCVTHESYQELVKKLEALEDAVLTGYSLFQKEKMVLNEEEITTKGASAQSGAS AQSGASAQSGASAQSGASAQSGASAQSGTSGPSGPSGTSPSSRSNTLPRSNTSSGASPPADASDSDAKSY ADLKHRVRNYLFTIKELKYPELFDLTNHMLTLCDNIHGFKYLIDGYEEINELLYKLNFYFDLLRAKLNDV CANDYCQIPFNLKIRANELDVLKKLVFGYRKPLDNIKDNVGKMEDYIKKNKTTIANINELIEGSKKTIDQ NKNADNEEGKKKLYQAQYDLSIYNKQLEEAHNLISVLEKRIDTLKKNENIKKLLDKINEIKNPPPANSGN TPNTLLDKNKKIEEHEEKIKEIAKTIKFNIDSLFTDPLELEYYLREKNKKVDVTPKSQDPTKSVQIPKVP YPNGIVYPLPLTDIHNSLAADNDKNSYGDLMNPHTKEKINEKIITDNKERKIFINNIKKKIDLEEKNINH TKEQNKKLLEDYEKSKKDYEELLEKFYEMKFNNNFNKDVVDKIFSARYTYNVEKQRYNNKFSSSNNSVYN VQKLKKALSYLEDYSLRKGISEKDFNHYYTLKTGLEADIKKLTEEIKSSENKILEKNFKGLTHSANGSLE VSDIVKLQVQKVLLIKKIEDLRKIELFLKNAQLKDSIHVPNIYKPQNKPEPYYLIVLKKEVDKLKEFIPK VKDMLKKEQAVLSSITQPLVAASETTEDGGHSTHTLSQSGETEVTEETEETEETVGHTTTVTITLPPTQP SPPKEVKVVENSIEHKSNDNSQALTKTVYLKKLDEFLTKSYICHKYILVSNSSMDQKLLEVYNLTPEEEN ELKSCDPLDLLFNIQNNIPAMYSLYDSMNNDLQHLFFELYQKEMIYYLHKLKEENHIKKLLEEQKQITGT SSTSSPGNTTVNTAQSATHSNSQNQQSNASSTNTQNGVAVSSGPAVVEESHDPLTVLSISNDLKGIVSLL NLGNKTKVPNPLTISTTEMEKFYENILKNNDTYFNDDIKQFVKSNSKVITGLTETQKNALNDEIKKLKDT LQLSFDLYNKYKLKLDRLFNKKKELGQDKMQIKKLTLLKEQLESKLNSLNNPHNVLQNFSVFFNKKKEAE IAETENTLENTKILLKHYKGLVKYYNGESSPLKTLSEVSIQTEDNYANLEKFRVLSKIDGKLNDNLHLGK KKLSFLSSGLHHLITELKEVIKNKNYTGNSPSENNKKVNEALKSYENFLPEAKVTTVVTPPQPDVTPSPL SVRVSGSSGSTKEETQIPTSGSLLTELQQVVQLQNYDEEDDSLVVLPIFGESEDNDEYLDQVVTGEAISV TMDNILSGFENEYDVIYLKPLAGVYRSLKKQIEKNIFTFNLNLNDILNSRLKKRKYFLDVLESDLMQFKH ISSNEYIIEDSFKLLNSEQKNTLLKSYKYIKESVENDIKFAQEGISYYEKVLAKYKDDLESIKKVIKEEK EKFPSSPPTTPPSPAKTDEQKKESKFLPFLTNIETLYNNLVNKIDDYLINLKAKINDCNVEKDEAHVKIT KLSDLKAIDDKIDLFKNPYDFEAIKKLINDDTKKDMLGKLLSTGLVQNFPNTIISKLIEGKFQDMLNISQ HQCVKKQCPENSGCFRHLDEREECKCLLNYKQEGDKCVENPNPTCNENNGGCDADATCTEEDSGSSRKKI TCECTKPDSYPLFDGIFCSSSNFLGISFLLILMLILYSFI Protective antigen Aotus monkeys were challenged with the virulent Vietnam Oak Knoll (FVO) strain of P. falciparum. Vaccination of A. nancymai with yMSP1(19) induced protective immune responses. Both of the A. nancymai vaccinated with yMSP1(19) self-resolved an otherwise lethal infection [Ref1222:Kumar et al., 1995]. MSP1 from P. berghei Plasmodium berghei VO_0011225 1762646 5821 ? merozoite surface protein 1 4.24 9906.72 184 >AAC47502.1 merozoite surface protein 1, partial [Plasmodium berghei] SGQSSTEPASTGTPSSGEVSTGTSTGGASAGVTNTGAATTGTSTGGASAGVTNTGAATTGTTGTGAATTG TTGAEAVTTGNTGAEVTQVQIVPTLTPEEKKKKMDGLYAQI Protective antigen Mice vaccinated with recombinant rMSP1 (rPbMSP1), which was generated from Plasmodium berghei, in alum mounted significant protective immunity against challenge infection (P < 0.01). On day 121 after the booster, three out of ten mice immunized with rPbMSP1 in PBS survived parasite infection (P < 0.05) and eight out of ten mice vaccinated with r MSP1 in alum did (P < 0.01). Hence, immunization with MSP1 in alum obviously has conferred protective effects, which prevented death from P. berghei lethal infection in mice (P < 0.01) [Ref1231:Wan et al., 2007]. MSP1 from P. knowlesi Plasmodium knowlesi strain H 7320035 XP_002258582.2 CDD:284802 CDD:289698 CDD:289699 EnsemblGenomes-Gn:PKH_072850 EnsemblGenomes-Tr:PKH_072850 GOA:B3L2X8 InterPro:IPR010901 InterPro:IPR024730 InterPro:IPR024731 UniProtKB/TrEMBL:B3L2X8 5851 ? merozoite surface protein 1, MSP-1 5.06 192886.042 1931 Merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP1) C-terminus; pfam07462 >XP_002258582.2 merozoite surface protein 1 [Plasmodium knowlesi strain H] MKALLFLFSLIFFVTKCQCETEDYKQLLVKLDKLEGLVVDGYELFHKNKISLDNIDAVQNIDGNNVNALA YKIRDIVGKYLELQIPGHGNLLHMIRELALDANGLKYLVENYEEFNQLMHVINFNYDLLRAKLNDMCAHE YCKIPEHLKISAKELDMLKKVVLGYRKPLDNIKDDIGKMEAFINKNKETINNINQLITAENAKIVGHPIN GVNVTGASSDAVANTGTPVAAAAGAAAAAVPGAIASPSPVESSTPENYDQKKVIFQAIYNFIFYTNQLEE AQKLMQVLEKRVKLLKEHKSIKALLEQIATEKNNLTTNNATTGGATTIPEEVQKKIADLEKQIVAIAKTV NFDMDGLFTNVEELEYYLREKAKMAGTLIGPESSQSTGTPGKAVPTLKETYPYGITYALPERTIYELIEK FGSEESFGDLQNPDNGRQPNKGIIINETKRKTLVDKIMSKIKLEEEKLPKLKKEYDEKMEQYKQKVQDFL PTLKYFYEGKLDNTLVGSKFDEFKNKREAYMKEKEELEKCTYEQSINLINKLKKQLTYLVDYTLKKDVTE DEINYFSDLEWKLKNEIYELAKEVRKNENKLIMENKFDFSGVLELQIHKVLMIKKIGALKNVQNLLKNAK LKDKLYIPKVYKTGQKPEPYYLIVLKKEIDKLKDFIPKIETMIATEKAKAPTEPVKVRAQSLRGASETAP SEPPTATESGSTTSASTAVQQPTQQAAQAAQAASPVTVTQPTETVTQTPAPATETAGEAAQETSPVSPTA PAVVSEAGTEGGEGTTEVVAQPEAASGETQTPTPGAVDASPAAPVPAGTPGTTDAAPEASVPAPAGSALP ATTAPAAAAPAAPAMSKLEYLEKLLEFLKSSYACHKHIFLTNSTMNPELLKQYALTTDEEKKIKESACDE LDLLFNVQNNLPSMYSIYDTMINDLQNLYIELYQKEMVYNIYKNKDTDTKIKAFLETLKSNAASVTPAVV PAAAPVVTPAPAEPVVTPAPAPGQAAPAAAPTTTNPSTTPSGTTTNAVSPTTAVTPGAQDTTQTTTQDTT VTEEGGVTVQASSEEEPETNIVNVEKIYEKHLSQMDKYNDYFIKFLESQKEKITSMTEEQANALGAEIEA LKKKVQVSLDHYGKYKLKLERFLEKKNKISNSKEHIKKLTSLKNKLERKLNFLNNPTSVLKNYIIFFNKK KEAEKKEVENTLKNTEILLKYYKARAKYYIGEPFPLKTLSEESLQKEDNYLNLEKFRVLSRMEGRLGNNI NLEKENISYLSSGLHHVFTELKEIIKNKKYTGNDHAKNTTAVKEALQAYEELLPKVATQTASLPPVAPPA VVPPVVPEAEAEAEAEAEAEPATSTQPATADTAAPTQTPAAPTQTPAEPATATATTGETAAAPAAPAPVE VQNAEVKAQEYGEDYDKVITLPLFGNDEDDVEDQEEKQIITGEAENAQPENIVPEGINEYEVVYIKPLAG MYKSIKKQLENHVAAFNTNITDMLDSRLKKRNYFLDVLDSELNPFKYSSSGEYIIKDPYKLLDLEQKKKL LGSYQYIGASVDKDLITAKDGMEYYNKMGELYKQHLEAVNAQIKEIEASVPGEQSQLNAQKEELKKYLPF LNSIQKEYESLVNMAHTYKENLKKFINNCQIEKKETEIIVKKLEDYTKIDENLEIYKKSKKESDVRSSGL LEKLKNSKLINEEESKKVLSQLLNVQTQMLNMSSAHKCIDTNVPENAACYRYLDGTEEWRCLLGFKEVGG KCVPASITCEENNGGCAPEAECTMDDKKEVECKCTKEGSEPLFEGVFCSSSSFLSLSFLLLILIFFLSME L Protective antigen MSP1 from P. yoelii str. 17XNL Plasmodium yoelii VO_0011212 3791597 82596427 PY17X_0834400 LK934636 XP_726257 5861 8 1276003 1281321 + 5.05 188296.05 1772 >NC_036180.1:1276003-1281321 Plasmodium yoelii genome assembly PY17X01, chromosome : 8 AATGAAGGTGATTGGACTTTTATTTTCTTTCGTTTTTTTTGCTATAAAATGCAAATCTGAAACAATTGAA GTTTATAATGATCTCATTCAAAAGTTAGAAAAATTAGAATCATTGTCAGTGGATGGGTTAGAACTATTTC AAAAAAGTCAAGTAATTATAAATGCAACACAACCAACTGAAACTATTGATCCATTTACAAATCATAACTT TGCACAACAAGTACAAGATTTTGTTACAAAATTTGAAGGATTAGGATTTACAGAACAAACAGAATTAGTC AATTTAATAAAAGCATTAACCCCAAATAGATATGGAGTAAAATATTTAATTGAAAGTAAAGAAGAATTTA ATGGATTAATGCACGCAATAAATTTTTATTATGATGTACTTAGAGATAAATTAAATGATATGTGTGCAAA TAATTATTGTGAAATTCCTGAACATCTTAAAATTAGTGAAGAAGAAACAGAAATGCTTAAAAAAGTAATT TTAGGTTATAGAAAACCAATAGAAAATATTCAAGACGATATTGAAAAGTTAGAAATTTACATAGAAAGAA ATAAAGAAACTGTTGCAGCTTTAAACGCTCTTATTGCTGAAGAAACAAAAAAAATACAACCTGAAGGTAA CGAAGATTGCAATGACGCTAGTTGTGATAGCGATAAATATAATAAAAAAAAACCAATATACCAAGCTATG TACAATGTTATATTTTACAAAAAACAATTAGCTGAAATACAAAAGGTTGTCGAAGTCTTAGAAAAACGAG TTTCTACATTAAAGAAAAATGATGCCATCAAACCATTATGGCAACAAATTGAAGTTCTCAATGCTGCCCC CGTCGTCACTGCCGAAACACAAATAGTTACAGGAGGACAATCTAGTACAGAACCAGGTAGTGGTGGATCA AGTGCATCGGGAACAAGTTCATCAGGACAAGCTAGTGCAGGAACAGGTGTAGAACAAGCTAACACTGTAG CATCTGTTACAGTAACACCTAGTGTAGGACAAAATGGTGAAGCATCAACTAATCCACAAACAGCTCAAGT GCAACCCGTTCCAACTCTTACATTAGAAGAAAAACAGAAAAAAATAGCCGGACTTTATGCTCAAATTAAA GAAATTGCAAAAACTATAAAATTCAACTTAGAAGGAATATTTGTAGATCCAATCGAATTAGAATATTTCA AAAAAGAAAAAAAAAAAGAAAGTTGCAATTTATCAACTTCATCCTGTAAAAAAAATAAAGCATCCGAAAC TATAATACCATTAACTATACGTTATCCAAATGGTATTAGTTACCCATTACCTGAAAATGATGTTTACAAT AAAATTGCCAATAATGCCGCTGAAACAACATATGGTGATTTGACACATCCCGATAATACACCATTAACAG GAGATTTAGCCACAAATGAACAAGCCAGAAAAGATCTAATAAAAGCTATTAAAAAGAAAATAAAAGCAGA AGAAAAAAAATTAGAAACATTAAAAACGAATTATGATAATAAACTTACAGAATTTAATCAACAAAAAACT CCATTCAAAGAAGCAGCTAAAGAATTTTATGAATCAAAATTTAGAAATAAATTGACTTCTGAAATTTTTG AAAAATTCAAAACAAAAAGAGATGAATATATGACCAAGAAAACCGAATTAAACACTTGTGAATATGGAAA TACTAAAGAATTAATTAATAAATTAAATAAACAACTTAATTATTTACAAGATTATTCATTAAGAAAAGAT ATAATTAGTAATGAAATTGAATATTTTTCAAATAAAAAAAAAGAATTACAATATAATATTAATAGATTAG CAGAAGCTGTTCAAGCAAAACAAAATGTATTAGTTGCATCAAAAGATGTACCACTTTCAACACTTGTAGA ATTGCAAATACAAAAATCTTTATTAACAAAACAAATTGAGCAATTAAATAAAACTGAAGTATCTTTAAAC AAAGCTCAATTAAAAGACAAACTATATGTTCCAAAAACATACGGTAATGAAGGAAAACCAGAACCATACT ATTTAATAGCTGTAAAAAAAGAAGTTGACAGACTTGCCCAATTTATTCCAAAAATCGAAAGTATGATTGC TAAAGAGAAGGAAAGAATGGAACAAGGACCTGCAATTACTGGAGAATCTGAAGAAGTACCATCTGGCCCT AGTGCTGAATCATCAACAGATAGATCAACACAATCTTCAACATCCTCATCCTCATCCTCATCTTCAACCC CAGCAGCAGCAGAATCCTCCTCAGCCACATTACCAGAAGCACCCGCACCAGCAGAAGCAGCATCCCCATC AACAGAAGCATCAGAAGAAACAACAATACCCCCTACCACACAAGAAACACAACCATCACAAGCTGCATCA TCCACAACACCTGCAAAACCAGTTATGACAAAATTATATTATCTTGAAAAATTACAAAAATTTTTAGTAT TCTCATATTCATGCCATAAATACGTTTTACTACAAAACTCTACCATAAACAAAGATGCTTTAAGCAAATA TGCTCTTACATCTGAAGAAGATAAAATAAGAACATTAAAAAGATGCAGTGAATTAGATGTATTATTAGCT ATTCAAAATAATATGCCTACTATGTATTCACTTTATGAAAGTATAGTTGATGGTTTACAAAACATTTATA CTGAATTATATGAAAAAGAAATGATGTATCATATATATAAATTAAAAGATGAAAACCCATCTATTAAATC TTTATTGGTAAAAGCTGGCGTCATTGAACCAGAACCAGTAGCAGCACCAACACCAGTAACTCCAGCAGCA ACAGAACAACAACAACAACAAGCAACACCTGATGTACAATCAGATGCACCAGCACCATCAGATGTCTCGC AACAACCAGAAACACCAGTAACATCCACGACACCAGAGGTAACAACCTCAACAGAAGCATCATCATCAGC ACCTGGCGAAGGTACACCATCAGGAGAAGCAGGAGCATCAGGAACAGAAGGAGCAACAGCATCTAACGCA GCCACACCAGCAGGAACATCAGCATCAGGATCAGCAGCATCTAACGCAAGTACAACCTCAGATGTAACAC CCCCAGCAGCAGCGGCAGCAGTACCATCAACATCTACACCAGCACCTGCACAACCACCAGCAGCAAATTC TCAATCAGGAAACCCTGACTCAGGTATTAGATCACGAGCAGAAAGTGAAGAGGATATGCCTGCCGATGAT TTTGAATTAGACAATTTATACAAATCTTACTTACAACAAATTGATGGAAATAATACTGAATTCATAAATT TTATAAAATCTAAAAAAGAATTAATAAAAGCATTGACACCTGAAAAAGTTAATCAATTATATCTTGAAAT CGCTCACTTAAAGGAATTATCAGAACATTATTATGATCGTTATTCTACATATAAATTAAAATTAGAAAGA TTATATAACAAACATGAACAAATTCAACTAACCAATCGACAAATTAGAGATCTTAGTATATTGAAAGCAC GATTATTAAAAAGAAAACAAACTCTTAATGGCGTATTTTATATATTAAATGGTTATGTAAATTTCTTTAA CAAGAGAAGAGAAGCTGAAAAACAATATGTAGATAATGCATTAAAAAATACTGATATGTTATTAAAATAC TACAAAGCTCGTACTAAATATTTTACTTCTGAAGCTGTTCCTTTAAAAACATTATCTAAAGCATCACTTG ACAGAGAATCCAATTATTTGAAAATCGAAAAATTCAGAGCATACAGTCGATTAGAATTAAGATTAAAAAA AAATATTAATTTAGGAAAGGAAAGAATTTCATATGTATCAGGAGGTTTACACCACGTATTTGAAGAATTT AAAGAACTTATAAAAGATAAAGACTATACCGGAAAAAAAAACCCTGATAATGCCCCTGAAGTTACCAATG CATTCGAACAATATAAAGAATTGCTTCCAAAGGGAGTAACAGTTTCAACTCCAGCAGTCGCAGTTACAAC GACACTAGCAGCTGACGCACCAGCAACACCAGAAGGAGCAGTACCAGGAGCAGTACCAGGAGCTGTACCA GGTGCAGTACCAGGAGCAGTACCAGGTGCAGTACCAGGATCAGGAACCGATACACGGGTAGCTGGAAGCA GTGTTGATGATAATGAAGACGATGATATATATCAAATTGCAAGTGGTCAATCCGAAGATGCACCAGAAAA AGATATTCTTTCCGAATTTACAAATGAAAGTTTGTATGTATACACAAAAAGGTTGGGTAGTACATATAAA TCATTAAAGAAACACATGTTAAGAGAATTTTCAACAATTAAAGAAGACATGACAAATGGATTAAATAATA AATCACAAAAAAGAAATGATTTCCTTGAAGTATTAAGCCATGAATTAGATTTATTCAAAGATTTAAGTAC CAACAAATATGTTATTAGAAATCCATATCAATTATTAGATAATGATAAAAAAGACAAACAAATAGTAAAC TTAAAATATGCTACTAAAGGTATAAATGAAGATATAGAAACAACTACTGACGGAATTAAATTCTTTAACA AAATGGTTGAATTATACAACACTCAATTAGCTGCAGTAAAGGAACAAATTGCTACCATAGAAGCTGAAAC TAACGATACCAATAAAGAAGAAAAAAAGAAATATATTCCAATCCTTGAAGATCTTAAAGGATTATATGAA ACCGTAATAGGTCAAGCAGAAGAATATTCAGAAGAATTACAAAATAGACTTGATAATTATAAAAATGAAA AAGCTGAATTTGAAATATTAACAAAAAATTTAGAAAAATACATACAAATTGACGAAAAACTTGACGAATT TGTAGAACATGCAGAAAATAATAAACACATAGCCTCAATAGCTTTAAACAACTTAAATAAATCTGGTTTA GTAGGAGAAGGTGAATCAAAGAAAATATTAGCAAAAATGCTTAACATGGATGGTATGGATTTATTAGGTG TAGACCCTAAACATGTATGTGTTGATACAAGAGATATTCCTAAAAATGCTGGATGTTTTAGAGATGATAA TGGTACTGAAGAATGGAGATGTTTATTAGGTTACAAAAAAGGTGAAGGTAATACATGTGTAGAAAATAAT AATCCTACTTGTGATATCAACAATGGTGGATGTGATCCAACTGCTAGTTGTCAAAATGCGGAAAGTACGG AAAATTCCAAAAAAATTATATGTACATGTAAAGAACCAACCCCTAATGCATATTATGAAGGTGTATTCTG TAGTTCTTCCAGCTTTATGGGATTATCAATTTTATTAATTATCACATTAATTGTATTTAATATATTTTA >XP_726257.1 merozoite surface protein 1 [Plasmodium yoelii] MKVIGLLFSFVFFAIKCKSETIEVYNDLIQKLEKLESLSVDGLELFQKSQVIINATQPTETIDPFTNHNF AQQVQDFVTKFEGLGFTEQTELVNLIKALTPNRYGVKYLIESKEEFNGLMHAINFYYDVLRDKLNDMCAN NYCEIPEHLKISEEETEMLKKVILGYRKPIENIQDDIEKLEIYIERNKETVAALNALIAEETKKIQPEGN EDCNDASCDSDKYNKKKPIYQAMYNVIFYKKQLAEIQKVVEVLEKRVSTLKKNDAIKPLWQQIEVLNAAP VVTAETQIVTGGQSSTEPGSGGSSASGTSSSGQASAGTGVEQANTVASVTVTPSVGQNGEASTNPQTAQV QPVPTLTLEEKQKKIAGLYAQIKEIAKTIKFNLEGIFVDPIELEYFKKEKKKESCNLSTSSCKKNKASET IIPLTIRYPNGISYPLPENDVYNKIANNAAETTYGDLTHPDNTPLTGDLATNEQARKDLIKAIKKKIKAE EKKLETLKTNYDNKLTEFNQQKTPFKEAAKEFYESKFRNKLTSEIFEKFKTKRDEYMTKKTELNTCEYGN TKELINKLNKQLNYLQDYSLRKDIISNEIEYFSNKKKELQYNINRLAEAVQAKQNVLVASKDVPLSTLVE LQIQKSLLTKQIEQLNKTEVSLNKAQLKDKLYVPKTYGNEGKPEPYYLIAVKKEVDRLAQFIPKIESMIA KEKERMEQGPAITGESEEVPSGPSAESSTDRSTQSSTSSSSSSSSTPAAAESSSATLPEAPAPAEAASPS TEASEETTIPPTTQETQPSQAASSTTPAKPVMTKLYYLEKLQKFLVFSYSCHKYVLLQNSTINKDALSKY ALTSEEDKIRTLKRCSELDVLLAIQNNMPTMYSLYESIVDGLQNIYTELYEKEMMYHIYKLKDENPSIKS LLVKAGVIEPEPVAAPTPVTPAATEQQQQQATPDVQSDAPAPSDVSQQPETPVTSTTPEVTTSTEASSSA PGEGTPSGEAGASGTEGATASNAATPAGTSASGSAASNASTTSDVTPPAAAAAVPSTSTPAPAQPPAANS QSGNPDSGIRSRAESEEDMPADDFELDNLYKSYLQQIDGNNTEFINFIKSKKELIKALTPEKVNQLYLEI AHLKELSEHYYDRYSTYKLKLERLYNKHEQIQLTNRQIRDLSILKARLLKRKQTLNGVFYILNGYVNFFN KRREAEKQYVDNALKNTDMLLKYYKARTKYFTSEAVPLKTLSKASLDRESNYLKIEKFRAYSRLELRLKK NINLGKERISYVSGGLHHVFEEFKELIKDKDYTGKKNPDNAPEVTNAFEQYKELLPKGVTVSTPAVAVTT TLAADAPATPEGAVPGAVPGAVPGAVPGAVPGAVPGSGTDTRVAGSSVDDNEDDDIYQIASGQSEDAPEK DILSEFTNESLYVYTKRLGSTYKSLKKHMLREFSTIKEDMTNGLNNKSQKRNDFLEVLSHELDLFKDLST NKYVIRNPYQLLDNDKKDKQIVNLKYATKGINEDIETTTDGIKFFNKMVELYNTQLAAVKEQIATIEAET NDTNKEEKKKYIPILEDLKGLYETVIGQAEEYSEELQNRLDNYKNEKAEFEILTKNLEKYIQIDEKLDEF VEHAENNKHIASIALNNLNKSGLVGEGESKKILAKMLNMDGMDLLGVDPKHVCVDTRDIPKNAGCFRDDN GTEEWRCLLGYKKGEGNTCVENNNPTCDINNGGCDPTASCQNAESTENSKKIICTCKEPTPNAYYEGVFC SSSSFMGLSILLIITLIVFNIF Protective antigen Researchers found that the cysteine-rich, carboxyl-terminal region of the MSP-1 protein from the rodent malarial parasite Plasmodium yoelii yoelii can be expressed in a native configuration as a fusion protein in Escherichia coli. This recombinant polypeptide elicits antibodies in mice which recognize the native parasite MSP-1. Most significantly, both inbred and outbred mice immunized with the fusion protein in Ribi adjuvant are partially and in some cases completely protected against challenge infection with an otherwise lethal parasite strain [Ref1219:Daly and Long, 1993]. MSP2 812660 CAA70446.1 CDD:144541 GOA:O00790 InterPro:IPR001136 UniProtKB/TrEMBL:O00790 5833 ? merozoite surface antigen 2 5.69 27708.58 333 FC27 variant >CAA70446.1 merozoite surface antigen 2 [Plasmodium falciparum] MKVIKTLSIINFFIFVTFNIKNESKYSNTFINNAYNMSIRRSMANKGSNTNSVGAKAPNADTIASGSQRS TNSASTSTTNNGESQTTTPTAADTIASGSQRSTNSASTSTTNNGESQTTTPTAADTPTATESISPSPPIT TTESSKFWQCTNKTDGKGEESEKQNELNESTEEGPKAPQEPQTAENENPAAPENKGTGQHGHMHGSRNNH PQNTSDSQKECTDGNKENCGAATSLLSNFSNIASINKFVVLISATLVLSFAIFI Protective antigen msp3 Plasmodium falciparum VO_0011220 810502 113207288 CDD:284533 InterPro:IPR010784 UniProtKB/TrEMBL:Q0KGB6 5833 ? merozoite surface protein 3 4.26 33643.59 383 Merozoite surface protein (SPAM); pfam07133 >CAJ44236.1 merozoite surface protein 3, partial [Plasmodium falciparum] SKEIVKKYNLNLRNAILNNNSQIENEENVNTTITGNDFSGGEFLWPGYTEELKAKKASEDAEKAANDAEN ASKEAEEAAKEAVNLKESDKSYTKAKEACTAASKAKKAVETALKAKDDAEKSSKADSISTKTKEYAEKAK NAYEKAKNAYQKANQAVLKAKEASSYDYILGWEFGGGVPEHKKEENMLSHLYVSSKDKENISKENDDVLD EKEEEAEETEEEELEEKNEEETESEISEDEEEEEEEEEKEEENDKKKEQEKEQSNENNDQKKDMEAQNLI SKNQNNNEKNVKEAAESIMKTLAG Protective antigen Immunization with a recombinant yeast-expressed Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein 3 (MSP3) protected Aotus nancymai monkeys against a virulent challenge infection [Ref1226:Tsai et al., 2009]. MSP4 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 812662 124801002 PF3D7_0207000 AF295306 XP_001349580 36329 2 277493 278455 - 4.29 28762 272 >NC_037280.1:277493-278455 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 genome assembly, chromosome: 2 CTTAATTTATTAACAATATAACAACAAATATTGTTATAAATGAATTAAAAATTAAATTTAAAGAAGAAGA TGCTAAGGATAATAATTCAACACATTCAATACCTTCTAATTTATATCCTTCTTTACATTTACATTTTACT CTTCTATTCCCAACATATTCACATAATTTATCATCTCCACAACCCCCATTATTATGTTTACATAAATCTT CATCTTCCAAATCGTCCTTATTATAAGTATCATCATCTTCGTCATCGTCATCTTCTTCATGTTCTTCCTC CTCTTCATGTTCTCCTTCTCCTTCGTTGTGGTCTTCCTCCTCTCCAACATGGCCACCTACAAAGGGCCAA TGAAGAGTTGAAATTTATACGATGGGGTATGCAATAGGTATAAATATTAATTTAAACGTATAAATAAATA TGTAAATACATACATATATATATATATATACATAAGAATATATAACATTTTATTATTTACCTGAATTTGA TGAACTTGGTTGAACTACCTTTTTAGGGATAGCTTCAGTTTTTTTTTTATCATCAACCATTTGGGATTCT TTTGGAGACTTTTCTAGAACCTTTTCTTGAACCTTGTCTGTTTTTCCATCATCTTTTTTTTCATTAGTTT TTTTTTCTTCTTTAACATCATCCTTACCATTCGCGCTTTCTTGGGAATTTTCTTTTTTATGACTTTCTTC TCCTTGTTCAGAAGCTTCTTTTTCATCCTTTTTTTCTGCTGCGTCAGATAAATTGGGGGAAGCACTTGAA GATTCATTTCCTCCAGGAGTATTACTAGTACTTACTCCGTCCACATTTGGTTTTTCTTCCCCTAGAATTC TCATATTTAACATTCTTCCATTTTCTGGTACTATATTATAAGAATAACTGATATACAATTTATCAAAGTT TATGGTACAAATTATAAAAAAATGAACTACTATTAAAAATTTAACTATCCACA >XP_001349580.1 merozoite surface protein 4 [Plasmodium falciparum 3D7] MWIVKFLIVVHFFIICTINFDKLYISYSYNIVPENGRMLNMRILGEEKPNVDGVSTSNTPGGNESSSASP NLSDAAEKKDEKEASEQGEESHKKENSQESANGKDDVKEEKKTNEKKDDGKTDKVQEKVLEKSPKESQMV DDKKKTEAIPKKVVQPSSSNSGGHVGEEEDHNEGEGEHEEEEEHEEDDDDEDDDTYNKDDLEDEDLCKHN NGGCGDDKLCEYVGNRRVKCKCKEGYKLEGIECVELLSLASSSLNLIFNSFITIFVVILLIN Protective antigen MSP4/5 Plasmodium yoelii VO_0011236 3800676 AY563017.1 49798469 CDD:289699 73239 ? merozoite surface protein 4/5 4.1 18420.75 253 EGF domain; pfam12947 >AAT68597.1 merozoite surface protein 4/5, partial [Plasmodium yoelii yoelii] VHEISLINTKKYQRNIFCAKRILGDPPSANPSTSLNQNEDNHNSNPDANKGNTNKSDKLNGDNIPNSQSK SENTNLSESPKTGTASNPPQPEPSVQPGNTNGDSQNSIHSDDEEEDDEDEDDDEEDCSVNNGGCGENLLC EKMESGIIKCSCPSGYKLNGTSCIELLSAHS Protective antigen Oral immunization of mice with Escherichia coli-expressed Plasmodium yoelii merozoite surface protein 4/5 or the C-terminal 19-kDa fragment of merozoite surface protein 1 induced systemic antibody responses and protected mice against lethal malaria infection [Ref1241:Wang et al., 2004]. P36p Plasmodium berghei str. ANKA 3424772 68068733 PB000799.01.0 CAAI01001447 XP_676277 5823 1477 2586 - 8.96 24816.97 223 >gi|68142845:1477-2586 Plasmodium berghei strain ANKA contig PB_RP1657, whole genome shotgun sequence CTTACTGCATTAATTTGATATCTTTAAAATTAAATCCTTTTTTCCCTGTCACATTAAAAGTAATATATCC TTCCCTTTGAGCTGAAATACAATTTTTAACATCATCATCAAAAAATATTATTTCGTTAATATTAACAGAA AATTCATTTCTTATCTGTAAAGAGAAACGAATAAAATAGGGAATATTTAACCATCTTACCCACACATTTA TATATATAATTCATATTGTGAAAATATAAAAAAAATGTTACAGTTGATTATTATTTATAAATTTTTTTAG AGACTATACCCTTTTTAAATGATAAGATTTGTCGTTGGACATTGGCTCTTTTAATCCAAGGGCCATATAT TTTTTCGGTTCCTTATAATAACTAAAAAAATATGAACATAAAAAAGTAGTTTATATTTTCGCTAGTTTAT GAGTTGTTTCGCTAGTTTTATGAATTTTGTGTATTTCGTATTACTAGGGGTAATATGCATAAACCCGTTC TATTTTGGTTTCACAATTGCTATTTTTAATACAATGCTGAATTAATTCTTCTCCTGCGATCAAAGATGGT GACTTTCCCTTACTATATCGAATCGTCTCGTCATCTATTCAGGCGTTAAATATGAAAATAAAAAAATGGT CAGGTAAAATAAGAAATGATCAGGCAAAATAAGAAATGGTCAGGTAAAATAAGAAATGAAAACATGCTCA CGCATTTCACCTGAAAACGTTGCAACAGTTATTTTAATATCATTTTCATAAAGCCTCTTTGATAAAATTT TAAAAGCATTTGTGACAGATGTTCCTATATCTTCAATATCATTGAGTTTGTCGATATATCCACCTGTACA ACCATGCAAAGAAAGGAGTTAAACATAAATAAGTGACAAAATATATGTGTGCGTACATATAGCCATTGCA TATTATGTTACAAGTACCTGAGTGTTTTCCTATTAGGGTCAAGTCAAAATCGAAAACAGCCATCTTTATG TTTATCTTTTTAAGGAGATCAACAAAGCCATGAATACCTTTAGATATAGAAACAAAATAAACAATTAAAT GAAATAAAAATATGCACGTATAAAATATTATATATATAGCAGAAAGTCCTATAATTTTCA >gi|68068733|ref|XP_676277.1| P36-like protein [Plasmodium berghei strain ANKA] MKIIGLSAIYIIFYTCIFLFHLIVYFVSISKGIHGFVDLLKKINIKMAVFDFDLTLIGKHSGGYIDKLND IEDIGTSVTNAFKILSKRLYENDIKITVATFSDDETIRYSKGKSPSLIAGEELIQHCIKNSNCETKIERV YAYYPYYYKEPKKYMALGLKEPMSNDKSYHLKRIRNEFSVNINEIIFFDDDVKNCISAQREGYITFNVTG KKGFNFKDIKLMQ Virmugen Genetically attenuated P36p-deficient Plasmodium berghei sporozoites provide protection against sporozoites challenge in mice [Ref1971:Douradinha et al., 2007]. pfCelTOS 811213 AB194052.1 62954730 CDD:163532 5833 ? PF cell-traversal protein 4.42 18979.58 248 lysine-2,3-aminomutase; TIGR03820 >BAD97684.1 PF cell-traversal protein [Plasmodium falciparum] MNALRRLPVICSFLVFLVFSNVLCFRGNNGHNSSSSLYNGSQFIEQLNNSFTSAFLESQSMNKIGDDLAE TISNELVSVLQKNSPTFLESSFDIKSEVKKHAKSMLKELIKVGLPSFENLVAENVKPPKVDPATYGIIVP VLTSLFNKVETAVGAKVSDEIWNYNSPDVSESEESLSDDFFD Protective antigen Immunization with PfCelTOS resulted in potent humoral and cellular immune responses and most importantly induced sterile protection against a heterologous challenge with P. berghei sporozoites in a proportion of both inbred and outbred mice [Ref1641:Bergmann-Leitner et al., 2010]. Pfen Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 VO_0011223 810313 124802328 PF3D7_1015900 LN999944 XP_001347440 36329 10 637137 639010 + 6.54 45501.97 446 >NC_037281.1:637137-639010 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 chromosome 10, complete sequence AATGGCTCATGTAATAACTCGTATTAATGCCCGTGAAATTTTAGGTATAGATATTTTAATGTTATATATT TTTTCACTTTGTATATAAATACCTTATTATATGTTTTTAAATAAATGTATATTCAAAGAGCTATATTCAT TTTTAACTTTTTTTATTTTATATTATAAGAATGAATATGATAGATAAATAAAGATATATATATTATATAT ATATATATATATATATATTTATTTATTTATTTATTTATACATTAATGTATTAATATGTTTATTTTATGAA TCCACGTGATATTTCTTTATGAATATGTATTCTATAGTTAACATATAATAATACATACGTATATAATAAG AATAACATAAGAATAAAATTTTTTTTTATTTTTTTTTTTGTAATACAATAATTTTTTTGTGTATCATTTT ATTTTATTTTATTTTTAATATCTGAACATATATAATTAAATGTGAAAATTATTTACAATATATATATATA TATATATATATATATATATATGTTACATTATTACTAATATCTGTATTTTATTTATTTTCTGTTGTTATAT ATTTTTTTTATATATAGATTCTAGAGGAAACCCAACTGTAGAAGTTGACTTAGAGACCAACTTAGGTATT TTCAGAGCTGCCGTACCATCTGGTGCCTCCACTGGTATTTATGAAGCCTTAGAATTAAGAGATAATGACA AGAGCAGGTACTTAGGAAAGGGTGTTCAAAAAGCTATCAAGAACATTAATGAAATTATTGCTCCAAAATT GATTGGAATGAATTGTACTGAACAAAAGAAAATTGACAATTTAATGGTTGAAGAATTAGATGGAAGTAAA AATGAATGGGGATGGTCAAAAAGTAAATTAGGAGCTAATGCTATTTTAGCTATATCCATGGCTGTATGTA GAGCTGGTGCAGCTGCTAATAAAGTATCTTTATACAAATATTTGGCACAATTAGCTGGAAAGAAAAGTGA CCAAATGGTATTACCAGTACCTTGTTTAAACGTTATCAATGGAGGATCCCATGCAGGAAACAAATTATCT TTCCAAGAATTTATGATAGTGCCAGTTGGTGCTCCATCATTTAAAGAAGCCTTAAGATATGGTGCTGAAG TATATCATACCTTAAAATCAGAAATTAAAAAGAAATATGGTATTGATGCAACCAATGTAGGTGATGAAGG TGGATTTGCTCCAAATATATTAAACGCTAATGAAGCTCTTGATTTATTAGTAACTGCCATTAAATCAGCT GGTTATGAAGGAAAGGTTAAAATTGCTATGGATGTTGCAGCTTCTGAATTTTACAACAGTGAAAACAAAA CATACGATTTAGATTTCAAAACTCCAAATAATGACAAATCATTAGTTAAGACTGGAGCTCAATTAGTTGA CTTATACATTGATTTAGTAAAGAAATATCCAATTGTTTCTATTGAAGATCCATTTGATCAAGATGATTGG GAAAATTATGCTAAATTAACAGCAGCTATTGGAAAGGATGTTCAAATTGTTGGTGATGATTTATTAGTTA CAAACCCAACCAGAATTACTAAAGCTCTTGAAAAAAATGCTTGCAATGCTTTACTTCTTAAAGTTAACCA AATCGGTTCTATTACTGAAGCTATTGAAGCTTGCTTATTATCTCAAAAAAATAACTGGGGTGTTATGGTT TCTCACAGATCTGGTGAAACCGAAGATGTTTTTATTGCTGATTTAGTTGTTGCTTTAAGAACCGGACAAA TCAAAACAGGAGCACCATGCAGAAGTGAAAGAAACGCCAAATATAACCAATTATTAAGAATTGAAGAATC TTTAGGAAACAATGCTGTTTTTGCTGGAGAAAAATTTAGATTACAATTAAATTA >XP_001347440.1 enolase [Plasmodium falciparum 3D7] MAHVITRINAREILDSRGNPTVEVDLETNLGIFRAAVPSGASTGIYEALELRDNDKSRYLGKGVQKAIKN INEIIAPKLIGMNCTEQKKIDNLMVEELDGSKNEWGWSKSKLGANAILAISMAVCRAGAAANKVSLYKYL AQLAGKKSDQMVLPVPCLNVINGGSHAGNKLSFQEFMIVPVGAPSFKEALRYGAEVYHTLKSEIKKKYGI DATNVGDEGGFAPNILNANEALDLLVTAIKSAGYEGKVKIAMDVAASEFYNSENKTYDLDFKTPNNDKSL VKTGAQLVDLYIDLVKKYPIVSIEDPFDQDDWENYAKLTAAIGKDVQIVGDDLLVTNPTRITKALEKNAC NALLLKVNQIGSITEAIEACLLSQKNNWGVMVSHRSGETEDVFIADLVVALRTGQIKTGAPCRSERNAKY NQLLRIEESLGNNAVFAGEKFRLQLN Protective antigen Mice immunized with r-Pfen (recombinant P. falciparum enolase protein) showed protection against a challenge with the 17XL lethal strain of the mouse malarial parasite Plasmodium yoelii [Ref1229:Pal-Bhowmick et al., 2007]. PfP0 810860 EWC88043.1 CDD:240285 CDD:240221 5843 ? 60S acidic ribosomal protein P0 6.38 33348.94 395 60S acidic ribosomal protein P0; Provisional >EWC88043.1 60S acidic ribosomal protein P0 [Plasmodium falciparum NF54] MAKLSKQQKKQMYIEKLSSLIQQYSKILIVHVDNVGSNQMASVRKSLRGKATILMGKNTRIRTALKKNLQ AVPQIEKLLPLVKLNMGFVFCKDDLSEIRNIILDNKSPAPARLGVIAPIDVFIPPGPTGMDPSHTSFFQS LGISTKIVKGQIEIQEHVHLIKQGEKVTASSATLLQKFNMKPFSYGVDVRTVYDDGVIYDAKVLDITDED ILEKFSKGVSNVAALSRATGVITEASYPHVFVEAFKNIVALIIDSDYTFPLMENIKKMVENPEAFAAVAA PASAAKADEPKKEEAKKVEEEEEEEEDGFMGFGMFD Protective antigen Pfs230 812682 ? PFB0405w, transmission-blocking target antigen s230 precursor PlasmoDB:PFB0405w; TGAD:PFB0405w >PFB0405w |||transmission-blocking target antigen s230 precursor|Plasmodium falciparum|chr 2|TIGR||Manual ATGAAGAAAA TTATAACGCT GAAGAATCTA TTCCTCATTA TCCTGGTATA CATATTTAGC GAGAAAAAAG ACCTGCGTTG TAATGTGATA AAGGGAAATA ATATTAAGGA TGATGAAGAT AAGAGATTCC ACTTATTTTA TTATTCCCAC AACCTTTTTA AGACACCCGA AACAAAAGAA AAGAAGAATA AAAAGGAGTG CTTTTATAAA AATGGTGGTA TTTATAATTT ATCTAAAGAA ATAAGGATGA GAAAGGATAC ATCCGTAAAA ATAAAACAAA GAACATGTCC CTTTCATAAA GAAGGAAGTT CATTTGAAAT GGGTTCAAAG AATATTACAT GTTTTTATCC TATCGTAGGG AAGAAGGAAA GGAAAACACT GGACACAATT ATTATAAAAA AGAATGTAAC AAATGATCAT GTTGTTAGTA GTGATATGCA TTCCAATGTA CAAGAAAAAA ATATGATATT AATAAGAAAT ATAGATAAAG AAAATAAAAA TGATATACAA AATGTTGAGG AAAAAATACA AAGGGATACA TACGAAAATA AAGATTATGA AAGTGATGAT ACACTTATAG AATGGTTTGA TGATAATACA AATGAAGAAA ACTTTTTACT AACTTTTTTA AAAAGGTGCT TGATGAAAAT ATTTTCTTCA CCCAAAAGAA AAAAAACTGT AGTACAAAAA AAACATAAGT CTAATTTTTT TATAAACAGT TCGTTGAAAT ATATATATAT GTATTTAACC CCCTCGGATA GCTTTAACCT AGTACGTCGA AACAGAAATT TGGATGAGGA AGACATGTCG CCCAGGGATA ATTTTGTAAT AGATGATGAG GAAGAAGAGG AGGAGGAAGA AGAAGAGGAA GAGGAAGAAG AGGAAGAAGA AGAAGAAGAG GAGGAGGAAG AATATGATGA TTATGTTTAT GAAGAAAGTG GGGATGAAAC AGAAGAACAA TTACAAGAGG AACATCAGGA AGAAGTAGGT GCTGAATCTT CAGAAGAAAG TTTTAATGAT GAGGATGAAG ATTCTGTAGA AGCACGGGAT GGAGATATGA TAAGAGTTGA CGAATATTAT GAAGACCAAG ATGGTGATAC TTATGATAGT ACAATAAAAA ATGAAGATGT AGATGAAGAG GTAGGTGAAG AGGTAGGTGA AGAGGTAGGT GAAGAGGTAG GTGAAGAGGT AGGTGAAGAG GTAGGTGAAG AGGTAGGTGA AGAGGTAGGT GAAGAGGTAG GTGAAGAAGA AGGTGAAGAG GTAGGTGAAG GGGTAGGTGA AGAGGTAGGT GAAGAAGAAG GTGAAGAGGT AGGTGAAGAA GAAGGTGAAT ATGTAGATGA AAAAGAAAGG CAAGGTGAAA TATATCCATT TGGTGATGAA GAAGAAAAAG ATGAAGGTGG AGAAAGTTTT ACCTATGAAA AGAGCGAGGT TGATAAAACA GATTTGTTTA AATTTATAGA AGGGGGTGAA GGAGATGATG TATATAAAGT GGATGGTTCC AAAGTTTTAT TAGATGATGA TACAATTAGT AGAGTATCTA AAAAACATAC TGCACGAGAT GGTGAATATG GTGAATATGG TGAAGCTGTC GAAGATGGAG AAAATGTTAT AAAAATAATT AGAAGTGTGT TACAAAGTGG TGCATTACCA AGTGTAGGTG TTGATGAGTT AGATAAAATC GATTTGTCAT ATGAAACAAC AGAAAGTGGA GATACTGCTG TATCCGAAGA TTCATATGAT AAATATGCAT CTAATAATAC AAATAAAGAA TACGTTTGTG ATTTTACAGA TCAATTAAAA CCAACAGAAA GTGGTCCTAA AGTAAAAAAA TGTGAAGTAA AAGTTAATGA GCCATTAATA AAAGTAAAAA TAATATGTCC ATTAAAAGGT TCTGTAGAAA AATTATATGA TAATATAGAA TATGTACCTA AAAAAAGCCC ATATGTTGTT TTAACAAAAG AGGAAACTAA ACTAAAGGAA AAACTTCTCT CGAAACTTAT TTATGGTTTA TTAATATCTC CGACGGTTAA CGAAAAGGAG AATAATTTTA AAGAAGGTGT TATTGAATTT ACTCTTCCCC CTGTGGTACA CAAGGCAACA GTGTTTTATT TTATATGTGA TAATTCAAAA ACAGAAGATG ATAACAAAAA AGGAAATAGA GGGATTGTAG AAGTGTATGT AGAACCATAT GGTAATAAAA TTAATGGATG TGCTTTCTTG GATGAAGATG AAGAAGAAGA AAAATATGGT AATCAAATTG AAGAAGATGA ACATAATGAG AAGATAAAAA TGAAAACATT CTTTACCCAG AATATATATA AAAAAAATAA TATATATCCA TGTTATATGA AATTATATAG CGGAGATATA GGTGGTATTC TATTTCCTAA GAATATAAAA TCAACAACGT GTTTTGAAGA GATGATACCT TATAATAAAG AAATAAAATG GAATAAAGAA AATAAAAGTT TAGGTAACTT AGTTAATAAT TCTGTAGTAT ATAATAAAGA GATGAATGCA AAATATTTTA ATGTTCAGTA TGTTCACATT CCTACAAGTT ATAAAGATAC ATTAAATTTA TTTTGTAGTA TTATATTAAA AGAAGAGGAA AGTAATTTAA TTTCTACTTC TTATTTAGTA TATGTAAGTA TTAATGAAGA ATTAAATTTT TCACTTTTCG ATTTTTATGA ATCATTTGTA CCTATAAAAA AAACCATACA AGTAGCTCAA AAGAATGTAA ATAATAAAGA ACATGATTAT ACATGTGATT TTACCGATAA ATTAGATAAA ACGGTTCCTT CTACTGCTAA TGGGAAGAAA TTATTTATAT GTAGAAAGCA TTTAAAAGAA TTTGATACAT TTACCTTAAA ATGTAATGTT AATAAAACAC AATATCCAAA TATCGAGATA TTTCCTAAAA CATTAAAAGA TAAAAAGGAA GTATTAAAAT TAGATCTTGA TATACAATAT CAAATGTTTA GTAAATTTTT TAAATTCAAT ACACAGAATG CAAAGTATTT AAATTTATAT CCATATTATT TAATTTTTCC ATTTAATCAT ATAGGAAAAA AAGAATTAAA AAATAATCCT ACATATAAAA ATCATAAAGA TGTGAAATAT TTTGAGCAAT CATCTGTATT ATCTCCCTTA TCTTCCGCAG ACAGTTTAGG GAAATTATTA AATTTTTTAG ATACTCAAGA GACGGTATGT CTTACGGAAA AGATAAGATA TTTAAATTTA AGTATCAATG AGTTAGGATC TGATAATAAT ACATTTTCTG TAACATTTCA GGTTCCACCA TATATAGATA TTAAGGAACC TTTTTATTTT ATGTTTGGTT GTAATAATAA TAAAGGTGAA GGGAATATCG GAATTGTTGA ATTATTAATA TCTAAGCAAG AAGAAAAGAT TAAAGGATGT AATTTCCATG AATCTAAATT AGATTATTTC AATGAAAACA TTTCTAGTGA TACACATGAA TGTACATTGC ATGCATATGA AAATGATATA ATTGGATTTA ATTGTTTAGA AACTACTCAT CCTAATGAGG TTGAGGTTGA AGTTGAAGAT GCTGAAATAT ATCTTCAACC TGAGAATTGT TTTAATAATG TATATAAAGG ATTGAATTCT GTTGATATTA CTACTATATT AAAAAATGCA CAAACATATA ATATAAATAA TAAGAAAACA CCTACCTTTT TAAAAATTCC ACCATATAAT TTATTAGAAG ATGTCGAAAT TAGTTGCCAA TGTACTATTA AACAAGTTGT TAAAAAAATA AAAGTTATTA TAACCAAAAA TGATACAGTA TTATTAAAAA GAGAAGTGCA ATCTGAGTCT ACATTAGATG ATAAAATATA TAAATGTGAA CATGAAAATT TTATTAATCC AAGAGTAAAT AAAACATTTG ATGAAAATGT AGAATATACA TGTAATATAA AAATAGAGAA TTTCTTTAAT TATATTCAAA TATTTTGTCC AGCCAAAGAT CTTGGTATTT ATAAAAATAT ACAAATGTAT TATGATATTG TAAAACCAAC AAGAGTACCA CAATTTAAAA AATTTAATAA TGAAGAATTA CATAAATTAA TTCCTAATTC AGAAATGTTA CATAAAACAA AAGAAATGTT AATTTTATAT AATGAAGAAA AAGTGGATCT ATTACATTTT TATGTATTCT TACCAATATA TATAAAAGAC ATATATGAAT TCAATATAGT ATGTGATAAT TCAAAAACAA TGTGGAAAAA TCAATTAGGA GGAAAAGTTA TATATCATAT TACTGTTTCA AAAAGAGAGC AGAAAGTAAA AGGTTGTTCA TTTGATAATG AACATGCACA TATGTTTAGT TATAATAAAA CTAATGTAAA AAATTGTATT ATAGATGCTA AACCTAAAGA TTTGATAGGT TTCGTTTGTC CCTCTGGTAC CTTAAAATTA ACAAATTGTT TTAAAGATGC AATAGTACAT ACAAATTTAA CAAATATTAA TGGTATACTT TATTTAAAAA ATAATTTGGC TAACTTTACA TATAAACATC AATTTAATTA TATGGAAATA CCAGCTTTAA TGGATAATGA TATATCATTT AAATGTATAT GTGTTGATTT AAAAAAAAAA AAATATAATG TCAAATCACC ATTAGGACCT AAAGTTTTAC GTGCTCTTTA TAAAAAATTA AATATAAAAT TTGATAATTA TGTTACTGGC ACTGATCAAA ATAAATATCT TATGACATAT ATGGATTTAC ATTTATCTCA TAAACGTAAT TATTTAAAGG AATTATTTCA TGATTTAGGT AAAAAAAAAC CAGCAGATAC AGATGCTAAC CCTGAATCTA TTATCGAATC TTTAAGTATT AATGAATCTA ATGAATCTGG ACCTTTTCCA ACCGGGGATG TAGATGCAGA ACATTTAATA TTAGAAGGAT ATGATACATG GGAAAGTTTA TATGATGAAC AATTAGAAGA AGTTATATAT AATGATATTG AATCTTTAGA ATTAAAAGAT ATTGAACAAT ATGTTTTACA AGTTAATTTA AAAGCTCCAA AATTAATGAT GTCTGCTCAA ATTCATAATA ATAGACATGT ATGTGATTTC TCAAAAAATA ATTTAATTGT ACCAGAATCA TTAAAAAAAA AAGAAGAGCT TGGTGGTAAT CCAGTAAATA TTCATTGTTA TGCATTATTA AAACCTTTAG ATACATTATA TGTAAAATGT CCTACATCAA AAGATAATTA TGAAGCTGCT AAAGTAAACA TATCTGAAAA CGACAATGAA TATGAGTTAC AAGTTATATC ATTAATCGAA AAAAGATTTC ATAATTTTGA GACGTTAGAA TCGAAGAAAC CTGGAAATGG AGATGTAGTA GTACATAATG GTGTTGTAGA TACTGGACCT GTATTAGATA ACAGTACATT TGAAAAATAT TTTAAAAATA TAAAAATAAA ACCAGATAAA TTTTTTGAGA AAGTTATAAA TGAATATGAT GATACTGAAG AAGAAAAAGA TTTAGAAAGT ATATTACCTG GGGCTATTGT TAGTCCTATG AAAGTTTTAA AAAAAAAGGA TCCTTTTACA TCATATGCTG CTTTTGTTGT TCCACCAATT GTTCCCAAAG ATTTACATTT TAAAGTAGAA TGTAATAATA CAGAATATAA AGATGAAAAT CAATATATAA GTGGATATAA TGGTATAATA CATATTGATA TATCAAATAG TAATAGGAAA ATTAATGGAT GTGATTTCTC TACGAACAAT AGTTCTATTT TAACATCCAG TGTAAAATTA GTAAATGGAG AAACTAAAAA TTGTGAAATA AATATAAATA ATAATGAAGT ATTTGGTATC ATATGTGATA ATGAAACAAA TTTAGATCCA GAAAAATGTT TTCATGAAAT ATATAGTAAA GATAATAAAA CTGTAAAAAA ATTTCGTGAA GTTATACCTA ATATAGATAT ATTCTCATTA CATAATTCTA ATAAGAAAAA AGTTGCATAT GCTAAAGTAC CTTTAGATTA TATTAATAAA TTATTATTTT CTTGTTCATG TAAAACATCA CATACTAATA CAATAGGTAC CATGAAAGTT ACTCTAAATA AAGATGAAAA AGAAGAAGAA GATTTTAAAA CAGCTCAAGG TATTAAACAT AATAATGTAC ATTTATGTAA TTTCTTTGAT AATCCTGAAT TAACATTTGA TAATAATAAA ATAGTTTTAT GTAAAATCGA TGCAGAACTG TTCTCAGAAG TAATTATACA ATTACCAATA TTTGGAACAA AGAATGTAGA AGAAGGAGTA CAAAATGAAG AATATAAAAA ATTTTCATTA AAACCATCAT TAGTTTTTGA TGATAACAAT AATGATATTA AAGTTATAGG AAAAGAAAAA AATGAAGTAT CTATTAGTTT AGCTTTGAAA GGGGTTTATG GAAATCGAAT TTTTACTTTT GATAAAAATG GAAAAAAAGG AGAAGGAATT AGTTTTTTTA TACCTCCAAT AAAACAAGAT ACAGATTTAA AATTTATAAT TAATGAAACA ATAGATAATT CAAATATTAA ACAAAGAGGA TTAATATATA TTTTTGTTAG GAAAAATGTA TCAGAAAATT CATTTAAATT ATGTGATTTC ACAACAGGTT CGACTTCATT AATGGAATTA AATAGTCAAG TAAAAGAAAA AAAGTGCACT GTTAAAATTA AAAAAGGAGA TATTTTTGGA TTGAAATGTC CTAAAGGTTT TGCTATATTT CCACAAGCAT GTTTTAGTAA TGTTTTATTA GAATATTATA AAAGTGATTA TGAAGATAGT GAACATATTA ATTATTATAT TCATAAAGAT AAAAAATATA ATTTAAAACC TAAAGATGTT ATTGAATTAA TGGATGAAAA TTTTAGAGAA TTACAAAATA TACAACAATA TACAGGAATA TCAAATATTA CAGATGTGTT ACATTTCAAA AATTTTAATT TAGGTAATCT ACCATTAAAT TTTAAAAATC ATTATTCTAC AGCATATGCT AAAGTACCAG ATACCTTTAA TTCTATTATT AACTTCTCAT GTAATTGTTA TAATCCAGAA AAACATGTAT ATGGTACTAT GCAAGTTGAG TCTGATAATC GAAATTTTGA TAATATTAAA AAAAATGAAA ATGTTATAAA AAATTTCCTT TTACCTAATA TAGAAAAATA TGCACTACTA TTAGATGATG AAGAAAGACA AAAAAAAATA AAACAACAAC AAGAAGAAGA ACAACAAGAA CAAATATTAA AAGATCAAGA TGATAGATTA AGCAGACATG ATGATTATAA TAAAAATCAT ACATATATAC TATATGATTC AAATGAACAT ATATGTGATT ATGAAAAAAA TGAATCACTC ATATCAACAT TACCTAATGA TACAAAAAAA ATACAAAAAA GTATCTGTAA AATTAATGCA AAAGCATTAG ATGTTGTTAC AATTAAATGT CCTCATACAA AAAATTTTAC GCCTAAAGAT TATTTTCCTA ATTCTTCATT AATAACTAAT GATAAAAAAA TTGTGATTAC TTTTGATAAG AAAAATTTTG TTACTTATAT AGATCCTACA AAAAAAACAT TTTCTTTGAA AGATATATAT ATACAAAGTT TTTATGGTGT TTCTCTTGAT CATCTTAATC AAATAAAAAA AATACATGAA GAATGGGATG ATGTACATTT ATTTTATCCT CCTCATAATG TATTACATAA TGTTGTACTT AATAATCATA TAGTCAACTT ATCATCTGCA TTAGAAGGAG TCTTATTTAT GAAATCAAAA GTTACTGGAG ATGAAACAGC TACAAAAAAA AACACTACAC TACCAACTGA TGGTGTATCA AGTATTTTAA TTCCACCATA TGTAAAGGAA GATATAACAT TTCATCTTTT TTGTGGGAAA TCTACAACAA AAAAACCAAA CAAAAAGAAC ACATCTCTTG CACTTATTCA TATACATATA TCATCAAACA GAAATATTAT TCATGGATGT GATTTCTTAT ATTTAGAAAA TCAAACAAAT GATGCTATTA GTAATAATAA TAATAATTCA TATTCTATAT TTACACATAA TAAAAATACA GAGAATAATC TAATATGTGA TATATCTTTA ATTCCAAAAA CTGTTATAGG AATTAAATGT CCTAATAAAA AATTAAATCC ACAAACATGT TTTGATGAAG TGTATTATGT TAAACAAGAA GATGTACCTT CGAAAACTAT AACAGCTGAT AAATATAATA CATTTAGTAA AGACAAAATA GGAAATATAT TAAAAAATGC AATCTCTATT AATAATCCAG ATGAAAAGGA TAATACATAT ACTTATTTAA TATTACCAGA AAAATTTGAA GAAGAATTAA TCGATACCAA AAAAGTTTTA GCTTGTACAT GTGATAATAA ATATATAATA CATATGAAAA TAGAAAAAAG TACAATGGAT AAAATAAAAA TAGATGAAAA AAAAACAATT GGTAAAGATA TATGTAAATA TGATGTTACT ACTAAAGTTG CTACTTGTGA AATTATTGAT ACAATTGATT CGTCTGTATT AAAAGAACAT CATACAGTAC ATTATTCTAT TACATTATCA AGATGGGATA AACTTATTAT TAAATATCCA ACAAATGAGA AAACACATTT CGAAAATTTT TTTGTTAATC CTTTTAATTT AAAAGATAAA GTTTTATATA ATTATAATAA ACCAATAAAT ATAGAACATA TCTTACCAGG AGCCATTACA ACAGATATAT ATGATACCAG AACAAAAATT AAACAATATA TATTAAGAAT TCCACCATAT GTACATAAAG ATATACATTT CTCATTAGAA TTTAACAATA GCCTAAGTTT AACAAAACAA AATCAAAATA TTATTTATGG AAATGTAGCC AAAATTTTTA TTCATATAAA TCAAGGATAT AAAGAAATTC ATGGATGTGA TTTCACAGGA AAATATTCCC ATTTATTTAC ATATTCAAAA AAACCTTTAC CAAATGATGA TGATATATGT AATGTAACTA TAGGTAATAA TACATTCTCA GGTTTTGCAT GCTTAAGCCA TTTTGAATTA AAACCAAATA ACTGCTTCTC ATCTGTTTAT GATTATAATG AAGCCAATAA AGTTAAAAAA TTATTCGATC TATCCACAAA AGTAGAATTA GACCATATCA AACAAAATAC TTCAGGATAT ACACTATCAT ATATTATTTT TAATAAAGAA TCCACAAAAC TTAAATTCTC ATGTACATGC TCATCCAACT ATTCAAATTA TACTATACGA ATCACATTTG ATCCTAATTA TATAATCCCA GAACCTCAAT CAAGAGCCAT CATTAAATAT GTAGATCTGC AAGATAAAAA TTTTGCAAAA TACTTGAGAA AGCTTTAA >PFB0405w |||transmission-blocking target antigen s230 precursor|Plasmodium falciparum|chr 2|TIGR||Manual MKKIITLKNL FLIILVYIFS EKKDLRCNVI KGNNIKDDED KRFHLFYYSH NLFKTPETKE KKNKKECFYK NGGIYNLSKE IRMRKDTSVK IKQRTCPFHK EGSSFEMGSK NITCFYPIVG KKERKTLDTI IIKKNVTNDH VVSSDMHSNV QEKNMILIRN IDKENKNDIQ NVEEKIQRDT YENKDYESDD TLIEWFDDNT NEENFLLTFL KRCLMKIFSS PKRKKTVVQK KHKSNFFINS SLKYIYMYLT PSDSFNLVRR NRNLDEEDMS PRDNFVIDDE EEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEE EEEEYDDYVY EESGDETEEQ LQEEHQEEVG AESSEESFND EDEDSVEARD GDMIRVDEYY EDQDGDTYDS TIKNEDVDEE VGEEVGEEVG EEVGEEVGEE VGEEVGEEVG EEVGEEEGEE VGEGVGEEVG EEEGEEVGEE EGEYVDEKER QGEIYPFGDE EEKDEGGESF TYEKSEVDKT DLFKFIEGGE GDDVYKVDGS KVLLDDDTIS RVSKKHTARD GEYGEYGEAV EDGENVIKII RSVLQSGALP SVGVDELDKI DLSYETTESG DTAVSEDSYD KYASNNTNKE YVCDFTDQLK PTESGPKVKK CEVKVNEPLI KVKIICPLKG SVEKLYDNIE YVPKKSPYVV LTKEETKLKE KLLSKLIYGL LISPTVNEKE NNFKEGVIEF TLPPVVHKAT VFYFICDNSK TEDDNKKGNR GIVEVYVEPY GNKINGCAFL DEDEEEEKYG NQIEEDEHNE KIKMKTFFTQ NIYKKNNIYP CYMKLYSGDI GGILFPKNIK STTCFEEMIP YNKEIKWNKE NKSLGNLVNN SVVYNKEMNA KYFNVQYVHI PTSYKDTLNL FCSIILKEEE SNLISTSYLV YVSINEELNF SLFDFYESFV PIKKTIQVAQ KNVNNKEHDY TCDFTDKLDK TVPSTANGKK LFICRKHLKE FDTFTLKCNV NKTQYPNIEI FPKTLKDKKE VLKLDLDIQY QMFSKFFKFN TQNAKYLNLY PYYLIFPFNH IGKKELKNNP TYKNHKDVKY FEQSSVLSPL SSADSLGKLL NFLDTQETVC LTEKIRYLNL SINELGSDNN TFSVTFQVPP YIDIKEPFYF MFGCNNNKGE GNIGIVELLI SKQEEKIKGC NFHESKLDYF NENISSDTHE CTLHAYENDI IGFNCLETTH PNEVEVEVED AEIYLQPENC FNNVYKGLNS VDITTILKNA QTYNINNKKT PTFLKIPPYN LLEDVEISCQ CTIKQVVKKI KVIITKNDTV LLKREVQSES TLDDKIYKCE HENFINPRVN KTFDENVEYT CNIKIENFFN YIQIFCPAKD LGIYKNIQMY YDIVKPTRVP QFKKFNNEEL HKLIPNSEML HKTKEMLILY NEEKVDLLHF YVFLPIYIKD IYEFNIVCDN SKTMWKNQLG GKVIYHITVS KREQKVKGCS FDNEHAHMFS YNKTNVKNCI IDAKPKDLIG FVCPSGTLKL TNCFKDAIVH TNLTNINGIL YLKNNLANFT YKHQFNYMEI PALMDNDISF KCICVDLKKK KYNVKSPLGP KVLRALYKKL NIKFDNYVTG TDQNKYLMTY MDLHLSHKRN YLKELFHDLG KKKPADTDAN PESIIESLSI NESNESGPFP TGDVDAEHLI LEGYDTWESL YDEQLEEVIY NDIESLELKD IEQYVLQVNL KAPKLMMSAQ IHNNRHVCDF SKNNLIVPES LKKKEELGGN PVNIHCYALL KPLDTLYVKC PTSKDNYEAA KVNISENDNE YELQVISLIE KRFHNFETLE SKKPGNGDVV VHNGVVDTGP VLDNSTFEKY FKNIKIKPDK FFEKVINEYD DTEEEKDLES ILPGAIVSPM KVLKKKDPFT SYAAFVVPPI VPKDLHFKVE CNNTEYKDEN QYISGYNGII HIDISNSNRK INGCDFSTNN SSILTSSVKL VNGETKNCEI NINNNEVFGI ICDNETNLDP EKCFHEIYSK DNKTVKKFRE VIPNIDIFSL HNSNKKKVAY AKVPLDYINK LLFSCSCKTS HTNTIGTMKV TLNKDEKEEE DFKTAQGIKH NNVHLCNFFD NPELTFDNNK IVLCKIDAEL FSEVIIQLPI FGTKNVEEGV QNEEYKKFSL KPSLVFDDNN NDIKVIGKEK NEVSISLALK GVYGNRIFTF DKNGKKGEGI SFFIPPIKQD TDLKFIINET IDNSNIKQRG LIYIFVRKNV SENSFKLCDF TTGSTSLMEL NSQVKEKKCT VKIKKGDIFG LKCPKGFAIF PQACFSNVLL EYYKSDYEDS EHINYYIHKD KKYNLKPKDV IELMDENFRE LQNIQQYTGI SNITDVLHFK NFNLGNLPLN FKNHYSTAYA KVPDTFNSII NFSCNCYNPE KHVYGTMQVE SDNRNFDNIK KNENVIKNFL LPNIEKYALL LDDEERQKKI KQQQEEEQQE QILKDQDDRL SRHDDYNKNH TYILYDSNEH ICDYEKNESL ISTLPNDTKK IQKSICKINA KALDVVTIKC PHTKNFTPKD YFPNSSLITN DKKIVITFDK KNFVTYIDPT KKTFSLKDIY IQSFYGVSLD HLNQIKKIHE EWDDVHLFYP PHNVLHNVVL NNHIVNLSSA LEGVLFMKSK VTGDETATKK NTTLPTDGVS SILIPPYVKE DITFHLFCGK STTKKPNKKN TSLALIHIHI SSNRNIIHGC DFLYLENQTN DAISNNNNNS YSIFTHNKNT ENNLICDISL IPKTVIGIKC PNKKLNPQTC FDEVYYVKQE DVPSKTITAD KYNTFSKDKI GNILKNAISI NNPDEKDNTY TYLILPEKFE EELIDTKKVL ACTCDNKYII HMKIEKSTMD KIKIDEKKTI GKDICKYDVT TKVATCEIID TIDSSVLKEH HTVHYSITLS RWDKLIIKYP TNEKTHFENF FVNPFNLKDK VLYNYNKPIN IEHILPGAIT TDIYDTRTKI KQYILRIPPY VHKDIHFSLE FNNSLSLTKQ NQNIIYGNVA KIFIHINQGY KEIHGCDFTG KYSHLFTYSK KPLPNDDDIC NVTIGNNTFS GFACLSHFEL KPNNCFSSVY DYNEANKVKK LFDLSTKVEL DHIKQNTSGY TLSYIIFNKE STKLKFSCTC SSNYSNYTIR ITFDPNYIIP EPQSRAIIKY VDLQDKNFAK YLRKL Protective antigen Pfs25 from P. falciparum 3D7 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 810460 124802764 PF3D7_1031000 LN999944 XP_001347587 36329 10 1253416 1254069 - 6.74 22455.55 217 >NC_037281.1:1253416-1254069 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 genome assembly, chromosome: 10 TTTACATTATAAAAAAGCATACTGAAAATAGTATAAACATAATGCTTAGATTTAAAATATTATATGCTGA AAAAGCAGTACATATAGAGCTTTCATTATCTATTATAAATCCATCTTTACAATCACATTTATAAATTCCA TCAACAGCTTTACAGGTTTCATTTTCTTTTAAGCATTTTAATGAGCATTTGGTTTCTCCATCTTTTGAAC ATTTATTTTGATCTTGTACATTGGGAACTTTGCCTATATTACATGAGCAAACTCCAGTTTTAACAGGATT GCTTGTATCTAATATACATTTACCGTTACCACAAGTTACATTCTTACATTCATTTGGTATACAAACATTA TTTACCATATCATATCCAAGATTACATTTACAAGCGTATGAAACGGGATTTCCATCTATTTTAATACATT TGGAAAAATCTCCACATGGTTTATTTACAGTCTTTTCGTCACATTTCAGAACTTTTTCTTCACATGTTTC TTCATTTACTAACACCAAATCATTTTCACATTTACATTCCAAATGACCACTCATCTGAATTAAAAATCCT CTTTTGCATACAGTATCCACGGTAACTTTCGCATTATTATATTTTATGCTAAGTTGAATGAAAAGGAAAA GAAACAAACTGTAAAGTTTATTCA >XP_001347587.1 ookinete surface protein P25 [Plasmodium falciparum 3D7] MNKLYSLFLFLFIQLSIKYNNAKVTVDTVCKRGFLIQMSGHLECKCENDLVLVNEETCEEKVLKCDEKTV NKPCGDFSKCIKIDGNPVSYACKCNLGYDMVNNVCIPNECKNVTCGNGKCILDTSNPVKTGVCSCNIGKV PNVQDQNKCSKDGETKCSLKCLKENETCKAVDGIYKCDCKDGFIIDNESSICTAFSAYNILNLSIMFILF SVCFFIM Protective antigen Pfs48/45 814212 AHA91190.1 CDD:173430 5833 ? Pfs48/45 6.23 29155.45 329 sexual stage antigen s45/48; Provisional >AHA91190.1 Pfs48/45, partial [Plasmodium falciparum] DNTEKVISSIEGRSAMVHVRVLKYPHNILFTNLTNDLFTYLPKTYNESNFVSNVLEVELNDGELFVLACE LINKKCFQEGKEKALYKSNKIIYHKNLTIFKAPFYVTSKDVNTECTCKFKNNNYKIVLKPKYEKKVIHGC NFSSNVSSKHTFTDSLDISLVDDSAHISCNVHLSEPKYNHLVGLNCPGDIIPDCFFQVYQPESEELEPSN IVYLDSQINIGDIEYYEDAEGDDKIKLFGIVGSIPKTTSFTCICKKDKKSAYMTVTIDSA Protective antigen PvCelTOS 5476572 VUZ98878.1 CDD:408441 5855 ? cell traversal protein for ookinetes and sporozoites 4.57 20195.26 284 Cell-traversal protein for ookinetes and sporozoites of P. vivax >VUZ98878.1 cell traversal protein for ookinetes and sporozoites [Plasmodium vivax] MHLFNKPPKGKMNKVNRVSIICAFLALFCFVNVLSLRGKSGSTASSSLEGGSEFSERIGNSLSSFLSESA SLEVIGNELADNIANEIVSSLQKDSASFLQSGFDVKTQLKATAKKVLLEALKAALEPTEKIVASTIKPPR VSEDAYFLLGPVVKTLFNKVEDVLHKPIPDTIWEYESKGSLEEEEAEDEFSDELLD Protective antigen PvDBPII 5471431 ACJ54188.1 CDD:432515 CDD:140204 5855 ? duffy binding surface protein region II 8.76 43358.23 479 Duffy binding protein N terminal; pfam12377 >ACJ54188.1 duffy binding surface protein region II, partial [Plasmodium vivax] DYETSSNGQPAGTLDNVLEFVTGHEGNSRKNSSNGGNPYDIDHKKTISSAIINHAFLQNTVMKNCNYKRK RRERDWDCNTKKDVCIPDRRYQLCMKELTNLVNNTDTNFHSDITFRKLYLKRKLIYDAAVEGDLLLKLNN YRYNKDFCKDIRWSLGDFGDIIMGTDMEGIGYSKVVENNLRSIFGTGKNAQQHRKQWWNETKAQIWRAMM YSVKKRLKGNFIWICKINVAVNIEPQIYRWIREWGRDYVSELPTEVQKLKEKCDGKINYTDKKVCKVLPP CQNACKSYDQWITRKKNQWDVLSNKFISVKNAEKVQTAGIVTPYDILKQELDEFNEVAFENEINKRDGAY IELCVCSVEEAKKNTQEVVTNVDNAAKSQATNSNPISQPVDS Protective antigen Pvs25 Plasmodium vivax 5471385 156081935 PVX_111175 AAKM01002769 XP_001608460 5855 6 700541 701593 + 4.62 22709.65 219 >NC_009911.1:700541-701593 Plasmodium vivax chromosome 6, whole genome shotgun sequence TGCTAAAACGGAAGAAAATAAAATCAAACAAAAAAAATAAAAAATTATATAAAAAACAAATTAACTTTAT TCATTTCCTTTTTTTAATCCAAAAAAATAAAACTTTTCTTTAGTCCTTTCTCTTCTCCATTCACCTTGTT CTGACTTTCGTTTCACAGCACTGATTTTTTTGTTCGACCGCTCAATTCGCCACTTGCCATTTTCGATTGT TTGCTTGTTTGCTTTTTTGCTTATTCGCCCGTTTTTCCGCTTGCCCGTTCGCCCGCTCCACAACGCGCCG CTGCAAAGGTTGCCCACCACCGACCACAAAAACTTATTCACCACCATCCGAGCGGAAAGGAACGCCGCCC ACTGTGCTGCCTACCTCCCCGAATAACAACTCCACTTAGCCAAAATGAACTCCTACTACAGCCTCTTCGT TTTTTTCCTCGTCCAAATTGCGCTAAAGTATAGCAAGGCAGCCGTCACGGTAGACACCATATGCAAAAAT GGACAGCTGGTTCAAATGAGTAACCACTTTAAGTGTATGTGTAACGAAGGGCTGGTGCACCTTTCCGAAA ATACATGTGAAGAAAAAAATGAATGCAAGAAAGAAACCCTAGGCAAAGCATGCGGGGAATTTGGCCAGTG TATAGAAAACCCAGACCCAGCACAGGTAAACATGTACAAATGTGGTTGCATTGAGGGCTACACTTTGAAG GAAGACACTTGTGTGCTTGATGTATGTCAATACAAAAATTGTGGAGAAAGTGGCGAATGCATTGTTGAGT ACCTCTCGGAAATCCAAAGTGCAGGTTGCTCATGTGCTATTGGCAAAGTCCCCAATCCAGAAGATGAGAA AAAATGTACCAAAACGGGAGAAACTGCTTGTCAATTGAAATGTAACACAGATAATGAAGTCTGCAAAAAT GTTGAAGGAGTTTACAAGTGCCAGTGTATGGAAGGCTTTACGTTCGACAAAGAGAAAAATGTATGCCTTT CCTATTCTGTATTTAACATCCTAAACTACTCCCTCTTCTTTATCATCCTGCTTGTCCTTTCGTACGTCAT ATA >XP_001608460.1 ookinete surface protein Pvs25 [Plasmodium vivax] MNSYYSLFVFFLVQIALKYSKAAVTVDTICKNGQLVQMSNHFKCMCNEGLVHLSENTCEEKNECKKETLG KACGEFGQCIENPDPAQVNMYKCGCIEGYTLKEDTCVLDVCQYKNCGESGECIVEYLSEIQSAGCSCAIG KVPNPEDEKKCTKTGETACQLKCNTDNEVCKNVEGVYKCQCMEGFTFDKEKNVCLSYSVFNILNYSLFFI ILLVLSYVI Protective antigen Py36 Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL 23479924 CDD:185624 73239 ? p36 protein 231 p36-lilke protein; Provisional >gi|23479924|gb|EAA16624.1| p36 protein [Plasmodium yoelii yoelii] MSENSTIEGNDIGEKVAAIKKYLEAFDHQNEAKSIHGFVDLLKKINIKMAVFDFDLTLIGKHSGTCNIMC GYIDKLNDIEDIGTSVTNAFKILSKRLYENNIKITVATFSDDEAIRYSKVKSPSLIAGEELIQHCIKHSN CETKIERVYAYYPYYYKEPKKYMALGLKEPMSNDKSYHLKRIRNEFSVNINEIIFFDDDVKNCISAKKEG YITFNVTGKKGFNFKDIKLMQ Virmugen A genetically attenuated parasite (GAP) with deletions in p52 and p36 are attenuated in mice. Mice immunized with the mutant were completely protected against challenge with wild type Plasmodium sporozoites [Ref1972:Labaied et al., 2007]. Py52 15193061 15193062 AAK91678.1 5861 ? Py52 member of the 6 cysteine family of Plasmodium proteins; putative membrane-bound protein; sporozoite expressed >gi|15193061|gb|AF390552.1| Plasmodium yoelii Py52 mRNA, complete cds ATGAAACGTCGAAGCATTTTCATGTACTACTGTTTCTGTTTCTTATTGAAATATGTAGCCTTTAGCAATG TGCCAAATCCTAATACGACCATAGGACACTTTGAAATTTGTGAAGTAAATACATCTTCAGGTGATGCCGA AGAATGTGTTTTAGAAAATGAATTTGGGAAAATGTTTTTATTTATTTGTGATATTGATTACAATGAGATG TCAAAAAATATAGTGCTTCCGTCAGAATGTGCTAAAAAAACATATATAGACCATGTAAACCCAAATGGAA CATCGCCAGAAGTTAATACTTATGATATATTTCCAGATTTGATCGCAGCAAATGAATCCCAATTTCGTGA TAAATTTTATTTTTATGGAACCCCATATTCATCTAAAGACATTGATTTTATATGTTTATGTTTTTCTGAA ACAAAACCAGATATAAAACATGTAATGAAAATGAGTTTTAAAAAAATGACAAAAAAAATAAAAGGATGTG ATTTTGGAGATAATATACCAACGAAAAAAGATTTAACAAATGGGAAAGCATTATATGAAAATTCTAGTTG TCATATATATGCATATCCAGGAGACGTAATTGGAATAAATTGTTATAAAAAAGACATTAATAATATTTAT AATAATAATTTAGAATTACAGCCAAATAATTGTTTTCATAATGTTTATTATGAAGATGATATATTATTAT CGTCAAAAAATTTAATACCTAATTCTAGAGTTATACCAGATCCGAGTAACGATGTTAAATTATCAAAAAT GCATTCATATATGTCTTATATTATACTCCCTGACGAAATAAATGAAAATGTTAAAATTAGTTGTGCATGC AAAAGAGATGAATATATCGGCACTATGTTTTTATATGTAAATACATCGAAAAATATTTTAACATCCCCTG ACAACAACGTAGAAGAAATTGCTCCTTTGAATGACCACTATATTTCAATTGGAGACATGTGGGACATGGG TTTACATGAAAACCCTGAGCAAATACAAGGCATTATTAGCAATCATGCAAATAAAAAATATTATGAACAT ATGAAAATTTACAAAAGCAATAAAATGGATTCTAGTGATGATGATGAATCGAATGAGACTGAATCGAGTG AGAATGAATCAAATGAGCGCACACACAATGGTAATAGAGCAAATAAAGATGCTAATAATAGTGAGAAAAT GACTGGTAATAGAAGGAAAAAAAATAATTCTATCAATAATACTAATTACTATAGTAATTATGAGGATGAC AATGGAATTAATATATCTACCCATGATAAATATTATGAGGACCAACATTTTGGTAACAATGGACCTTTGA GAAAGAAAAGAACATTTTGGCAAAATATGTTTGGTACCTCTTCTTCTTATTATGAGGTCTTTAACTATTT TTCAATCGCATTTATTCTAATTATTCATATGCTCCTCTTATGA Virmugen A genetically attenuated parasite (GAP) with deletions in p52 and p36 are attenuated in mice. Mice immunized with the mutant were completely protected against challenge with wild type Plasmodium sporozoites [Ref1972:Labaied et al., 2007]. RESA Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 VO_0010959 813159 124505681 PF3D7_0102200 AL844501 XP_001350954 36329 1 98818 102281 + RESA, ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen, Pf155, MAL1P1.13 4.13 117293.03 1085 Also known as Pf155 >NC_004325.2:98818-102281 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7, chromosome 1 TATGAGACCTTTTCATGCATATAGTTGGATTTTTTCTCAACAATATATGGATACAAAAAATGTTAAGGAA AAAAATCCCACCATATATTCATTTGATGATGAAGAAAAAAGAAATGAAAATAAGAGCTTTTTAAAGGTGT TGTGTTCTAAACGTGGTGTTCTTCCAATTATTGGAATACTATATATCATTTTAAATGTAAGTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTGAAATAAAATACATATTTTTTATATTTAATTTTTTATGTTAATGCTTATTTTATTT TATTCTATTCTTTTTTATATGTCATGCATATTTTATATATTATAATACCGTTTTTAATAATATATAATAT ATCTTTGTTATTATATATAATTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCATAGGGTAATCTTGGATATAAT GGAAGTTCATCTTCTGGCGTACAATTTACTGATAGATGTTCAAGAAATTTATACGGGGAAACATTGCCAG TAAACCCATATGCTGATTCTGAAAACCCAATAGTTGTAAGTCAGGTATTTGGTTTACCCTTCGAAAAACC TACGTTTACCTTAGAAAGTCCTCCTGATATTGATCATACAAATATTTTGGGTTTTAATGAGAAGTTCATG ACTGATGTAAATAGATATCGATATTCTAATAACTATGAAGCCATTCCTCATATAAGTGAGTTCAATCCAC TTATTGTAGATAAAGTTCTTTTCGACTATAACGAAAAGGTTGATAACTTAGGAAGAAGTGGAGGAGACAT TATAAAAAAAATGCAAACTTTATGGGATGAAATAATGGATATTAATAAAAGAAAATATGATTCTTTAAAA GAAAAATTACAGAAAACTTACAGTCAGTACAAGGTTCAATATGATATGCCAAAAGAAGCATATGAGAGCA AATGGACACAATGCATAAAACTTATTGATCAAGGAGGAGAGAACCTTGAAGAAAGATTGAACTCACAATT TAAAAACTGGTACAGGCAGAAATATTTAAATCTTGAAGAATATAGAAGATTGACTGTGTTGAACCAAATC GCTTGGAAAGCTTTATCCAACCAAATTCAATATTCATGCAGAAAAATTATGAATAGTGACATTTCTTCCT TTAAACATATAAATGAATTGAAAAGTTTAGAACACAGAGCCGCAAAAGCTGCAGAAGCAGAAATGAAGAA AAGAGCTCAAAAACCGAAGAAGAAAAAAAGTAGAAGAGGATGGTTATGTTGTGGGGGGGGAGATATCGAA ACAGTTGAACCACAACAAGAAGAACCAGTCCAAACCGTTCAAGAACAACAAGTAAATGAATATGGTGATA TATTACCATCATTAAGGGCCAGTATTACTAATTCAGCTATTAATTATTATGATACCGTAAAAGATGGTGT ATACTTAGACCATGAAACATCAGATGCTCTTTATACAGATGAAGATTTGTTATTTGATTTGGAAAAACAA AAATATATGGATATGTTAGATACATCTGAAGAAGAATCTGTTAAAGAAAATGAAGAAGAACACACTGTTG ATGATGAACATGTAGAAGAACACACTGCTGATGACGAACATGTAGAAGAACCAACTGTTGCTGATGATGA ACATGTAGAAGAACCAACTGTTGCTGATGAACACGTAGAAGAACCAACTGTTGCTGAAGAACATGTAGAA GAACCAACTGTTGCTGAAGAACACGTAGAAGAACCAGCTAGTGATGTTCAACAAACTTCAGAAGCAGCTC CAACAATTGAAATCCCCGATACATTATATTACGATATATTAGGTGTTGGTGTTAATGCTGATATGAACGA AATTACTGAACGTTATTTTAAGTTAGCTGAAAATTACTATCCATACCAAAGATCAGGTTCTACTGTTTTC CACAACTTTAGGAAAGTCAACGAAGCCTACCAAGTTTTAGGAGATATTGATAAAAAAAGATGGTACAATA AATACGGATATGATGGAATAAAACAAGTCAACTTTATGAATCCATCCATCTTTTATTTATTATCTAGTTT AGAAAAATTTAAAGATTTTACCGGAACACCCCAAATAGTAACTCTTTTGAGATTCTTTTTTGAAAAGAGA TTATCTATGAATGATTTAGAGAATAAAAGTGAACATTTATTAAAATTTATGGAACAATATCAAAAAGAAA GAGAAGCACATGTATCTGAATATTTATTAAATATATTACAACCATGTATAGCTGGTGATTCAAAATGGAA TGTACCAATTATAACAAAACTTGAAGGTTTAAAAGGATCTCGCTTTGATATACCAATATTAGAATCTTTA AGATGGATATTCAAACATGTCGCTAAAACACATTTGAAAAAATCCTCAAAATCAGCTAAGAAACTTCAAC AGAGAACCCAGGCTAATAAACAAGAATTAGCAAATATAAATAATAACCTAATGAGTACATTGAAAGAATA TGTAGGAAGTAGTGAACAAATGAATTCAATAACATACAATTTCGAAAACATCAATTCCAATGTTGATAAC GGAAACCAATCAAAAAATATTTCAGATTTAAGTTATACAGATCAGAAGGAAATATTAGAAAAAATTGTTA GTTATATAGTAGATATTTCCCTTTATGATATAGAGAACACAGCTTTAAATGCCGCTGAACAATTGTTGTC AGATAATTCAGTAGATGAAAAAACTCTTAAAAAGAGAGCTCAATCATTAAAAAAATTATCATCCATTATG GAGAGATATGCAGGTGGTAAAAGAAACGATAAAAAAGCAAAAAAATATGATACCCAAGATGTTGTAGGAT ATATTATGCATGGAATTAGCACAATTAATAAAGAAATGAAAAACCAAAATGAAAATGTACCCGAACATGT ACAACATAATGCTGAAGCAAATGTAGAACATGATGCTGAAGAAAATGTAGAACATGATGCTGAAGAAAAT GTTGAAGAAAATGTAGAAGAAAATGTAGAAGAAAATGTAGAAGAAAATGTAGAAGAAAATGTAGAAGAAA ATGTAGAAGAAAATGTAGAAGAAAATGTAGAAGAAAATGTTGAAGAAAATGTAGAAGAAAATGTTGAAGA AAATGTAGAAGAAAATGTAGAAGAAAATGTTGAAGAATATGATGAAGAAAATGTTGAAGAAGTAGAAGAA AATGTTGAAGAATATGATGAAGAAAATGTTGAAGAAGTAGAAGAAAATGTAGAAGAAAATGTAGAAGAAA ATGTAGAAGAAAATGTTGAAGAATATGATGAAGAAAATGTTGAAGAAGTAGAAGAAAATGTAGAAGAAAA TGTAGAAGAAAATGTTGAAGAAAATGTAGAAGAAAATGTTGAAGAAGTAGAAGAAAATGTAGAAGAAAAT GTAGAAGAAAATGTAGAAGAGAATGTTGAAGAGAATGTTGAAGAGAATGTTGAAGAATATGATGAAGAAA ATGTTGAAGAACACAATGAAGAATATGATGAATA >XP_001350954.1 ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen [Plasmodium falciparum 3D7] MRPFHAYSWIFSQQYMDTKNVKEKNPTIYSFDDEEKRNENKSFLKVLCSKRGVLPIIGILYIILNGNLGY NGSSSSGVQFTDRCSRNLYGETLPVNPYADSENPIVVSQVFGLPFEKPTFTLESPPDIDHTNILGFNEKF MTDVNRYRYSNNYEAIPHISEFNPLIVDKVLFDYNEKVDNLGRSGGDIIKKMQTLWDEIMDINKRKYDSL KEKLQKTYSQYKVQYDMPKEAYESKWTQCIKLIDQGGENLEERLNSQFKNWYRQKYLNLEEYRRLTVLNQ IAWKALSNQIQYSCRKIMNSDISSFKHINELKSLEHRAAKAAEAEMKKRAQKPKKKKSRRGWLCCGGGDI ETVEPQQEEPVQTVQEQQVNEYGDILPSLRASITNSAINYYDTVKDGVYLDHETSDALYTDEDLLFDLEK QKYMDMLDTSEEESVKENEEEHTVDDEHVEEHTADDEHVEEPTVADDEHVEEPTVADEHVEEPTVAEEHV EEPTVAEEHVEEPASDVQQTSEAAPTIEIPDTLYYDILGVGVNADMNEITERYFKLAENYYPYQRSGSTV FHNFRKVNEAYQVLGDIDKKRWYNKYGYDGIKQVNFMNPSIFYLLSSLEKFKDFTGTPQIVTLLRFFFEK RLSMNDLENKSEHLLKFMEQYQKEREAHVSEYLLNILQPCIAGDSKWNVPIITKLEGLKGSRFDIPILES LRWIFKHVAKTHLKKSSKSAKKLQQRTQANKQELANINNNLMSTLKEYVGSSEQMNSITYNFENINSNVD NGNQSKNISDLSYTDQKEILEKIVSYIVDISLYDIENTALNAAEQLLSDNSVDEKTLKKRAQSLKKLSSI MERYAGGKRNDKKAKKYDTQDVVGYIMHGISTINKEMKNQNENVPEHVQHNAEANVEHDAEENVEHDAEE NVEENVEENVEENVEENVEENVEENVEENVEENVEENVEENVEENVEENVEENVEENVEEYDEENVEEVE ENVEEYDEENVEEVEENVEENVEENVEENVEEYDEENVEEVEENVEENVEENVEENVEENVEEVEENVEE NVEENVEENVEENVEENVEEYDEENVEEHNEEYDE Protective antigen RH5 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 814549 124505127 PF3D7_0323400 AL844502 XP_001351305 CDD:240419 36329 3 980705 983965 - Reticulocyte-binding protein homolog 5 6.74 121419.86 1086 PfRH5 >NC_000521.4:980705-983965 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 genome assembly, chromosome: 3 ACTAATTCTGATTACTATAATAAAATACATTTTCATATATACATGTTTGATGATCTACTTGGAAATCATC ATAGATAACACTATTGCCTATTTTTTTTTTCAAATATATAATAGTGTGAAATATTTCATTTTTAATTTGA ACTTCTATATTACCTGCTGTTGGATAATCATAATAAAATACGTAAGATTCTTTTGAGTTATTTATTTTCC AAATAATTTGGTTATATATATATGAAAATTCGATCATACCACATGCTCCAAGAATAATAGATGCATCGTC ATTATATTGGAATGTAAAACTTTCATCATACTCATTTGTATTAGGTACACAAGAATCATCTTTATTTTTA TAATTTTCTTTACATGTACAATTAATTTTACTATATTTAAATGTACACTCTGAATTTCTAGAGCAGCCTC CATTATCTTTTAGACAAGGGTTTTGTATTAAACATACACCATCTTTTTTATAATAATTATATGTACATAC ACATATTGGTTCTTTATTCATTACATTTACACATATAGAATTTTCTGAACATTTTTTATTATGTACACAT TTATCTTCTAAAACACATTTTCCATTGACAGCTACATGACCTTGTTTATTACATACACATTCATGTGGTT TATATTCTCTATAAATACATTTTGAATCTTTTGGACAATTCCCTTCATTAATTAAACAGGAGTTTTCATA AATACATTCTCCTTTATTATTTTTTTTAAGATTTTCTTTACATACACATTCTGGTTTAAAGTTTACAATA GAACATTCTTCATTTTCTTTACAATTAATATCTTTACAATAATCATTTAATATACATTCACCTCTTGATG ATCTATAATAATGTTCTTTACATTCACATTTTACAATATCTGTTTCTTCATTATAAGCACACATTTCATT TGGATTTGTACAAATATTTTCATATTCTTTTCTTTTACATTTATTTTTGGCTATACAATTAATACCATCT TCCATTTTATAATCATTAGCACATATACACACACCATTCTCTAGAACAAAACGTTCTGAACATTTACATG TTTGTTTTCCATTTTCGATAACACAAACTTTGTTTGATGGGCATGAAAGATCACATTTGTTGTCTGGAAC ACATTTACCTTTAACATTTTTATATCCTTCTTCACATTGACATATTAATTTATCATTTGGAAGAATTTGA CAAACTTGATTTTGTGAACACAAAACAGATTCACAATCATTTGGACGTTCACATAATTTATTTCCATATT TTGAAATATAAGGATTATCACAAAAACAATCATAATTAAATCTGTTCCCATAGCATGTAGAATTGTTATG ACATTTATTACATAAATTGGAGCAGCTGTAAGATACAAAAAGATATTGATCATTAATACAATAAGTATCA AAATGGTATATTAAACCAATATCACATTCTGATAAATCATTACAATATGATTTTAAAGAATTCGTCAAAA GCAAATCATTACATCCTTCCCCACCTTTTAAAATTGCTTTATCAATATTTATTTTTCCCCCTTGACATTG TAATTTACTTGAAAAACGACTTCTGAAGATTTCTACCTTTTTAATATTCATATTGTTTATATTATTACTA TTTGTGTGTGGATCTGTACTAAACTGATTTGAATTGTGTGAGGATATTTCATTTTGTATTTCTAGCATGG ATATATTGTTATGAGGATATTGGTTGGTTCGACTATTTCTTGAAATCAAATGGAATTTAGATTTATTAAT ATCTGGTAGAATACTTGAATTATATAATGATGGTATATTAGAATGAAGATGTGAATTCTTATCTGAAGTA ATATTTTGATTATTGAATACACATAAATAATCATATTTAAATATTGTATTAAAATTATTACATATATTAT GATGATTTAAATCATCTATTGGATCTATTGTATTTCCATAAGCACATTTGGTTTTCCCATCACACATTTT TTTTAATGATTCTGTAACATATTTCAATTTGTTTAGATTGAATGAAACTCTATAACATGATACATATGCA TTAATAACTTCTATAGAGAACCCATTTTCACATTGCATAAAAATATATTCTGGTTTTAATGCTTTTCCTT GATATAAATTATTTTTATAAAATTTTTCTTTTTTATGTGGTTCTATTTTTATGGCTAATTCTAAATCATT TTTTGTATAACATTTATTATTGTGATAATATTTACCATTTTCACATTTACATTCAGCTTTTTTCCCATTT CCTATTTGTTCACATGTGGAATTTTCAGGACAATTTAAAACTGTACATAAATCGTTGTATTCACAATTGT TTTTAGCTGATGGTAATAATGATGTTTTGCATGTACATGTTTCATTTTCTCCGTCACAAAATTGATTTAC TGAACATATATCTTGTGTACATCTATAATTTTCTTCACAAACATTTTTTAATAATTCTATTTTATTAAAA CCATATTTGCATGTTGCTTTATGTGTATCATCATTATATACGTCACACATTTCATTTTCCTGTAGATTCA GAGGACTTATGCATTGATATTGTATATTAATAAAAAACAAATAATGAGTAAGTGATTTATTTTCATATTT TATTGAATCAAAATCGAATTTACAATTGTTTTTTCCGTCACATAAATTTTTAATATATGTAAGTGTTTCT TGTTGTAATATAGCATTGTGTGTATGTACATGTACAGATCTTAGAGATATATACATACCTTGGCAATTAA TTTGATCATTTTTTCCTTTTTCAAAAAATGTTTCTTCATAAACAACATGAGGTTCTAATAAAAGTGGTTG TGATATGTAATAAATGATTATATGTGTAGAATTGAAATGTGCACAATAAAGTTTGTCATTTGTTATTTTA TTTGTTTTTATTTCTTCACTATTTGGTATTACTACTCCGCAAAATGTTTTTTTATAACATATTTGATTTG TTTTATCACTTGAATTATATTCTTTTGATATAAAATAATCACATGATTTCATGTCTTTATTATGAGAAAA AAATGTTTTAATTTTTTCTGTTGAATCACGATTTAATATAGTATAAACGTATTTGTTTAAATAAGCATAA TCATTTTCCCCATTATTATTTAAAATCAAATCTGTTTTTAAATTATCTCTAACTCTATGATCGAGAGAAA ATGTTAATTTATCTATTTCATTTTTTTCATAAAAAATTCCTTCTATTAAATCAATTGCCGATGTTTTCTT GATTAATATTATTATAAGAAGGGTAAAAAAAATTCTGAACA >XP_001351305.1 Rh5 interacting protein [Plasmodium falciparum 3D7] MFRIFFTLLIIILIKKTSAIDLIEGIFYEKNEIDKLTFSLDHRVRDNLKTDLILNNNGENDYAYLNKYVY TILNRDSTEKIKTFFSHNKDMKSCDYFISKEYNSSDKTNQICYKKTFCGVVIPNSEEIKTNKITNDKLYC AHFNSTHIIIYYISQPLLLEPHVVYEETFFEKGKNDQINCQGMYISLRSVHVHTHNAILQQETLTYIKNL CDGKNNCKFDFDSIKYENKSLTHYLFFINIQYQCISPLNLQENEMCDVYNDDTHKATCKYGFNKIELLKN VCEENYRCTQDICSVNQFCDGENETCTCKTSLLPSAKNNCEYNDLCTVLNCPENSTCEQIGNGKKAECKC ENGKYYHNNKCYTKNDLELAIKIEPHKKEKFYKNNLYQGKALKPEYIFMQCENGFSIEVINAYVSCYRVS FNLNKLKYVTESLKKMCDGKTKCAYGNTIDPIDDLNHHNICNNFNTIFKYDYLCVFNNQNITSDKNSHLH SNIPSLYNSSILPDINKSKFHLISRNSRTNQYPHNNISMLEIQNEISSHNSNQFSTDPHTNSNNINNMNI KKVEIFRSRFSSKLQCQGGKINIDKAILKGGEGCNDLLLTNSLKSYCNDLSECDIGLIYHFDTYCINDQY LFVSYSCSNLCNKCHNNSTCYGNRFNYDCFCDNPYISKYGNKLCERPNDCESVLCSQNQVCQILPNDKLI CQCEEGYKNVKGKCVPDNKCDLSCPSNKVCVIENGKQTCKCSERFVLENGVCICANDYKMEDGINCIAKN KCKRKEYENICTNPNEMCAYNEETDIVKCECKEHYYRSSRGECILNDYCKDINCKENEECSIVNFKPECV CKENLKKNNKGECIYENSCLINEGNCPKDSKCIYREYKPHECVCNKQGHVAVNGKCVLEDKCVHNKKCSE NSICVNVMNKEPICVCTYNYYKKDGVCLIQNPCLKDNGGCSRNSECTFKYSKINCTCKENYKNKDDSCVP NTNEYDESFTFQYNDDASIILGACGMIEFSYIYNQIIWKINNSKESYVFYYDYPTAGNIEVQIKNEIFHT IIYLKKKIGNSVIYDDFQVDHQTCIYENVFYYSNQN Protective antigen SERA AAF37557.1 CDD:185641 5833 ? serine-repeat antigen protein 5.07 106099.12 1077 Serine-repeat antigen protein; Provisional >AAF37557.1 serine-repeat antigen protein [Plasmodium falciparum] MKSYISLFFILRVIFNKNVIKCTGESQTGNTGGGQVGNTVGGQAGNTVGDQAGSTGGSPQGSTGASQPGS SEPSNPVSSGHSVSTVSVSQTSTSSEKQDTIQVKSALLKDYMGLKVTGPCNENFIMFLVPHIYIDVDTED TNIELRTTLKETNNAISFESNSGSLEKKKYVKLPSNGTTGEQGSSTGTVRGDTEPISGSSSSSSSSSSSS SSSSSSSSSSPSSSSSSSSSSESLPANGPDSPTVKPPRNLQNICETGKSFKLVVYIKENTLIIKWKVYGE TKDTTENNKVDVRKYLINEKETPFTNILIHAYKEHNGTNLIESKNYSLGSDIPEKCDTLASNCFLSGNFN IEKCFQCALLVEKENKNDVCYKYLSEDIVSKFKEIKAETEDDDEDDYTEYKLTESIDNILVKMFKTNENN DKSELIKLEEVDDSLKLELMNYCSLLKDVDTTGTLDNYGMGNEMDIFNNLKRLLIYHSEENINTLKNKFR NAAVCLKNVDDWIVNKRGLVLPELNYDLEYFNEHLYNDKNSPEDKDNKGKGVVHVDTTLEKEDTLSYDNS DNMFCNKEYCNRLKDENNCISNLQVEDQGNCDTSWIFASKYHLETIRCMKGYEPTKISALYVANCYKGEH KDRCDEGSSPMEFLQIIEDYGFLPAESNYPYNYVKVGEQCPKVEDHWMNLWDNGKILHNKNEPNSLDGKG YTAYESERFHDNMDAFVKIIKTEVMNKGSVIAYIKAENVMGYEFSGKKVQNLCGDDTADHAVNIVGYGNY VNSEGEKKSYWIVRNSWGPYWGDEGYFKVDMYGPTHCHFNFIHSVVIFNVDLPMNNKTTKKESKIYDYYL KASPEFYHNLYFKNFNVGKKNLFSEKEDNENNKKLGNNYIIFGQDTAGSGQSGKESNTALESAGTSNEVS ERVHVYHILKHIKDGKIRMGMRKYIDTQDVNKKHSCTRSYAFNPENYEKCVNLCNVNWKTCEEKTSPGLC LSKLDTNNECYFCYV Protective antigen SERA-5 Plasmodium falciparum VO_0011210 812668 238629807 3CH2 CDD:185641 5833 ? serine repeat antigen 5 6.14 28688.67 362 Serine-repeat antigen protein; Provisional >ACR49652.1 serine repeat antigen 5, partial [Plasmodium falciparum] TGGGQAGNTGGGQAGNTGGGQAGNTVGDQAGSTGGSPQGSTGASQPGSSEPSNPVSSGHSVSTVSVSQTS TSSEKQDTIQVKSALLKDYMGLKVTGPCNENFIMFLVPHIYIDVDTEDTNIELRTTLKKTNNAISFESNS GSLEKKKYVKLPSNGTTGEQGSSTGTVRGDTEPISDSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSESLPANGPDSP TVKPPRNLQNICETGKNFKLVVYIKENTLILKWKVYGETKDTTENNKVDVRKYLINEKETPFTNILIHAY KEHNEQT Protective antigen Researchers constructed a new recombinant molecule of SERA5, namely SE36. Vaccination of Squirrel monkeys with SE36 protein and aluminium hydroxyl gel (SE36/AHG) conferred protection against high parasitemia and boosted serum anti-SE36 IgG after P. falciparum parasite challenge [Ref1216:Horii et al., 2010]. SSP2 Plasmodium yoelii 3830241 45645179 CDD:240420 CDD:238748 CDD:214559 73239 ? Sporozoite surface protein 2 4.42 90008.58 925 sporozoite surface protein 2 (SSP2); Provisional >sp|Q01443.2|SSP2_PLAYO RecName: Full=Sporozoite surface protein 2; Flags: Precursor MKLLGNSKYIFVVLLLCISVFLNGQETLDEIKYSEEVCTEQIDIHILLDGSGSIGYSNWKAHVIPMLNTL VDNLNISNDEINVSLTLFSTNSRELIKLKGYGSTSKDSLRFILAHLQNNYSPNGNTNLTSALLVVDTLIN ERMYRPDAIQLAIILTDGIPNDLPRSTAVVHQLKRKHVNVAIIGVGAGVNNEYNRILVGCDRYAPCPYYS SGSWNEAQNMIKPFLTKVCQEVERIAHCGKWEEWSECSTTCDEGRKIRRRQILHPGCVSEMTTPCKVRDC PQIPIPPVIPNKIPEKPSNPEEPVNPNDPNDPNNPNNPNNPNNPNNPNNPNNPNNPNNPNNPNNPNNPNN PNNPNNPNNPNNPNNPNNPNNPNNPNNPNNPNDPSNPNNPNPKKRNPKRRNPNKPKPNKPNPNKPNPNEP SNPNKPNPNEPSNPNKPNPNEPSNPNKPNPNEPSNPNKPNPNEPLNPNEPSNPNEPSNPNAPSNPNEPSN PNEPSNPNEPSNPNEPSNPNEPSNPKKPSNPNEPSNPNEPLNPNEPSNPNEPSNPNEPSNPEEPSNPKEP SNPNEPSNPEEPNPEEPSNPKEPSNPEEPINPEELNPKEPSNPEESNPKEPINPEESNPKEPINPEDNEN PLIIQDEPIEPRNDSNVIPILPIIPQKGNNIPSNLPENPSDSEVEYPRPNDNGENSNNTMKSKKNIPNEP IPSPGDNPYKGHEERIPKPHRSNDDYVYDNNVNKNNKDEPEIPNNEYEEDKNKNQSKSNNGYKIAGGIIG GLAILGCAGVGYNFIAGSSAAGLAGAEPAPFEDVIPDDDKDIVENEQFKLPEDNDWN Protective antigen SSP2 from P. knowlesi Plasmodium knowlesi strain H 7322479 221058683 CDD:240420 EnsemblGenomes-Gn:PKH_121770 EnsemblGenomes-Tr:PKH_121770 InterPro:IPR000884 InterPro:IPR002035 UniProtKB/TrEMBL:B3L8N1 5851 ? sporozoite surface protein 2, putative 4.27 60249.802 675 sporozoite surface protein 2 (SSP2); Provisional >XP_002259987.1 sporozoite surface protein 2, putative [Plasmodium knowlesi strain H] MKLLQNKSYLLVVFLLYVSIFARGDQKIVDEVKYNEEVCNEKVDLYLLVDGSGSIGYANWITRVIPMLTG LIENLNLSKDSINLYMSLFASHTTELIRLGSGPSMDKKQALNVVRDLRKGYEPYGNTSMSSALSEVEMHL KDRVNRPNAIQLVILMTDGIPNNKYRALELSRALKERNVKLAVIGIGQGINHQYNKLMAGCRPRERSCKF YSSADWSEAISLIKPFIAKVCTEVERIAKCGPWDDWTPCSVTCGKGTHSRSRPLLHAGCTTHMVKECEMD ECPVEPEPVPVPAPVPPTPEDENPRTTDEEDDHPNFHQGLDVPDVENDVPPENDGGDGNPFEENFFPPGD DTVPDESNVIPVPPTVPGGSNSEFSSDVENAAQYPENPENPENPENSENPENPENQNNPEDFPMEPDMSA DNKINEPTNPSDSGQGIPENVIPTPINNEKDIINKNKAVYPNGSNQSHDRYPKPHRNAGGYDNNPNANSD IPEGPFSSEEEQPEDKGKKSSNNGYKIAGGVIAGLALVGCVGFAYNFVSSGGAAGMAGEPAPFDEAMAED EKDAGEADQFKLPEDNDWN Protective antigen SSP2 from Plasmodium falciparum Plasmodium falciparum 160691 CDD:185620 CDD:29244 CDD:199489 5833 ? sporozoite surface protein 2 574 sporozoite surface protein 2 (SSP2); Provisional >gi|160691|gb|AAA29767.1| sporozoite surface protein 2 [Plasmodium falciparum] MNHLGNVKYLVIVFLIFFDLFLVNGRDVQNNIVDEIKYREEVCNDEVDLYLLMDCSGSIRRHNWVNHAVP LAMKLIQQLNLNDNAIHLYASVFSNNAREIIRLHSDASKNKEKALIIIKSLLSTNLPYGKTNLTDALLQV RKHLNDRINRENANQLVVILTDGIPDSIQDSLKESRKLSDRGVKIAVFGIGQGINVAFNRFLVGCHPSDG KCNLYADSAWENVKNVIGPFMKAVCVEVEKTASCGVWDEWSPCSVTCGKGTRSRKREILHEGCTSELQEQ CEEERCLPKREPLDVPDEPEDDQPRPRGDNFAVEKPNENIIDNNPQEPSPNPEEGKGENPNGFDLDENPE NPPNPPNPPNPPNPPNPPNPDIPEQEPNIPEDSEKEVPSDVPKNPEDDREENFDIPKKPENKHDNQNNLP NDKSDRYIPYSPLSPKVLDNERKQSDPQSQDNNGNRHVPNSEDRETRPHGRNNENRSYNRKHNNTPKHPE REEHEKPDNNKKKAGSDNKYKIAGGIAGGLALLACAGLAYKFVVPGAATPYAGEPAPFDETLGEEDKDLD EPEQFRLPEENEWN Protective antigen TRAP from P. falciparum Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 VO_0010920 814170 124513464 PF3D7_1335900 AL844509 XP_001350088 36329 13 1464894 1466618 - Thrombospondin-related anonymous protein (TRAP), SSP-2, SSP2, Sporozoite specific protein 2, Sporozoite surface protein 2 4.7 61465.35 574 >NC_004331.3:1464894-1466618 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 chromosome 13 TTTAATTCCACTCGTTTTCTTCAGGTAATCTGAATTGTTCAGGTTCGTCCAAATCTTTATCTTCTTCACC TAATGTTTCATCAAAAGGTGCAGGTTCTCCGGCATAGGGTGTTGCTGCTCCTGGTACTACGAATTTATAA GCAAGTCCAGCACATGCGAGTAAAGCTAATCCTCCAGCTATTCCACCTGCAATTTTATATTTATTATCTG ATCCTGCTTTTTTTTTATTATTATCTGGCTTTTCATGTTCTTCCCTTTCAGGATGTTTTGGAGTATTGTT ATGTTTTCTATTGTATGATCTATTTTCATTATTTCTACCATGTGGACGTGTTTCTCTATCTTCACTATTA GGTACGTGCCTATTTCCATTATTATCTTGACTTTGGGGGTCACTTTGTTTCCTTTCATTATCCAAAACTT TTGGAGATAATGGTGAATATGGAATATATCTATCACTTTTATCATTTGGTAAATTATTTTGATTATCGTG CTTATTTTCGGGTTTCTTTGGAATATCAAAGTTTTCTTCTCGATCGTCTTCTGGATTTTTTGGAACATCA GAAGGTACTTCTTTTTCTGAATCTTCAGGTATATTTGGTTCTTGTTCAGGAATATCTGGATTTGGTGGAT TTGGTGGATTTGGTGGATTTGGTGGATTTGGTGGATTTGGTGGATTTTCTGGATTTTCATCTAAATCAAA TCCGTTTGGATTTTCACCCTTTCCTTCTTCTGGATTTGGTGAAGGTTCTTGTGGATTATTATCTATTATA TTTTCGTTTGGTTTTTCGACAGCAAAATTATCTCCTCTTGGTCTAGGTTGATCATCTTCGGGTTCATCTG GAACATCTAATGGTTCCCGTTTTGGAAGACATCTTTCTTCTTCACATTGTTCTTGTAATTCACTTGTACA TCCTTCGTGTAAGATTTCTCTTTTTCTTGACCTGGTACCTTTACCACAAGTTACACTACATGGAGACCAT TCGTCCCAAACACCACAACTTGCTGTTTTTTCTACTTCAACACAAACAGCCTTCATAAAGGGTCCGATAA CATTTTTTACATTTTCCCATGCAGAATCAGCATACAAGTTACATTTACCATCTGATGGATGACAACCTAC AAGAAATCTGTTGAAAGCTACATTAATACCTTGTCCAATACCAAAAACAGCTATTTTAACACCACGATCA CTTAATTTTCTTGATTCTTTTAATGAATCTTGAATACTATCTGGAATTCCATCTGTTAATATAACAACTA ATTGATTAGCATTCTCTCTATTGATTCGGTCATTTAAATGTTTTCTTACTTGTAACAGTGCATCAGTTAA GTTTGTTTTACCATATGGAAGATTTGTACTTAAGAGTGACTTTATAATAATTAAAGCCTTCTCTTTGTTT TTAGATGCATCACTATGTAATCTAATAATTTCTCTTGCATTGTTTGAAAAAACACTAGCATATAAGTGAA TTGCATTATCATTAAGATTTAATTGTTGTATCAATTTCATAGCTAGAGGTACTGCATGGTTCACCCAATT ATGACGACGTATACTTCCAGAACAATCCATTAGAAGGTAAAGATCTACCTCATCATTACATACTTCTTCA CGATATTTTATTTCATCCACTATATTGTTTTGCACATCTCTACCATTAACTAGAAACAAATCAAAGAAAA TCAAAAACACAATGACTAAATATTTAACATTCCCAAGATGATTCA >XP_001350088.1 thrombospondin-related anonymous protein [Plasmodium falciparum 3D7] MNHLGNVKYLVIVFLIFFDLFLVNGRDVQNNIVDEIKYREEVCNDEVDLYLLMDCSGSIRRHNWVNHAVP LAMKLIQQLNLNDNAIHLYASVFSNNAREIIRLHSDASKNKEKALIIIKSLLSTNLPYGKTNLTDALLQV RKHLNDRINRENANQLVVILTDGIPDSIQDSLKESRKLSDRGVKIAVFGIGQGINVAFNRFLVGCHPSDG KCNLYADSAWENVKNVIGPFMKAVCVEVEKTASCGVWDEWSPCSVTCGKGTRSRKREILHEGCTSELQEQ CEEERCLPKREPLDVPDEPEDDQPRPRGDNFAVEKPNENIIDNNPQEPSPNPEEGKGENPNGFDLDENPE NPPNPPNPPNPPNPPNPPNPDIPEQEPNIPEDSEKEVPSDVPKNPEDDREENFDIPKKPENKHDNQNNLP NDKSDRYIPYSPLSPKVLDNERKQSDPQSQDNNGNRHVPNSEDRETRPHGRNNENRSYNRKHNNTPKHPE REEHEKPDNNKKKAGSDNKYKIAGGIAGGLALLACAGLAYKFVVPGAATPYAGEPAPFDETLGEEDKDLD EPEQFRLPEENEWN Protective antigen UIS3 Plasmodium yoelii yoelii str. 17XNL 3830198 83315853 PY03011 AABL01000850 XP_730972 2VWA 352914 1385 2296 - 9.63 26806.7 241 >gi|221228555:1385-2296 Plasmodium yoelii yoelii str. 17XNL MALPY00853, whole genome shotgun sequence TTCATTTTGGTTGATATTGTTCTTTAAGAAAATGCTCCACGCCTAAAACTGCGATATCTTCTTGGGCTCT TGAAATATTAACATCCTTATTTTCATCTAAAGTCTGGACAATTTTCCTTAAGTAATCATAATCCTTGATT AAATATTTCTGTTGTTCATTTGATAAATTGCTGAAATGGTGTTTAGCAGCTAGTTTCACATTATCCATAA ATGTATTAAACCTTTTCAAAGGAACATCAATATCATTATTGTTTTCTTTTAATTTTCCTTTTATATTTAC TTTATTTACTCCTAATGGTTCTTCATATTTTGTACTAGTGCTTGGTTTTTCACCATCAGGTTGTTTATAT TCTGTTTGTTTATTAAAGGGGAAAAAATTAAAACCTTTATTCCAATCATGTCTTCCTTTATTATGAGATT TATACATATAATAAAGTACCCCAATAACACTTGCCACTAATCCTGATGATAACAAAGCAATTGCAACTGA TTTCCTCTTCTTTTTTTTTTTTATAGCAGTATCAATGCTATCTAATGCCCCATCATCTATTTCTGAATAA TAATCTGCATCCTCACAAAAGCAAGGGTTAAAAAAAAATGTAGTAATATATAACACATAAAAAACGAAAA AAACTTTGAGAGTGTTCATTTTATACACTTTCATATATTTTTTATTTGTCTAAGTAATAAAAAAAATTAA ATTACTATAAAGATCAAATAATTATGTACAAATTTTTATCATTATTATTGTTAATATTATATTTTTTTTT TATGTGTCAACAAAAAATTATTAAGCAAAGAATAATCTTTGAGTCACAATGATAAATGTGATGCTATTAT AAATAATATTTCCTGTCAATCATACTCTAAAATATTTATTAATATAAATTATGCATGTGAAAAATTGAGG CA >gi|83315853|ref|XP_730972.1| early transcribed membrane protein [Plasmodium yoelii yoelii str. 17XNL] MPQFFTCIIYINKYFRTNKKYMKVYKMNTLKVFFVFYVLYITTFFFNPCFCEDADYYSEIDDGALDSIDT AIKKKKKRKSVAIALLSSGLVASVIGVLYYMYKSHNKGRHDWNKGFNFFPFNKQTEYKQPDGEKPSTSTK YEEPLGVNKVNIKGKLKENNNDIDVPLKRFNTFMDNVKLAAKHHFSNLSNEQQKYLIKDYDYLRKIVQTL DENKDVNISRAQEDIAVLGVEHFLKEQYQPK Virmugen Deletion of UIS3 in Plasmodium yoelii provided attenuation and full protection in mice by Pyuis3(-) sporozoites required at least 2 immunizations against challenges with infectious sporozoites [Ref1973:Tarun et al., 2007]. 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