Caprine herpesvirus type 1 (CpHV-1) 39944 Caprine herpesvirus type 1 (CpHV-1) is an alphaherpesvirus causing genital disease leading to abortion in adult pregnant goats and a systemic disease with high morbility and mortality in kids. CpHV-1 infection also represents a valuable large animal model for human herpesvirus induced genital disease, exploitable for pathogenic studies, new vaccines and antiviral molecules testing (Donofrio et al., 2013). Baboon Papio cynocephalus 9556 Bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus 447135 Bear Ursus americanus 9643 Birds Passeroidea 175121 Brown Trout Salmo trutta 8032 Buffalo Bison bison 9901 Carnivores Vulpes 9625 Cat Felis catus 9685 Catfishes Siluriformes 7995 Cattle Bos taurus 9913 Chicken Gallus gallus 9031 Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes 9598 chinchillas Chinchillidae 10150 Copper Pheasant Syrmaticus soemmerringii 9067 Deer Cervus elaphus 9860 Deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus 10042 Dog Canis familiaris 9615 Ducks Anas 8835 Ferret Mustela putorius furo 9669 Fish Hyperotreti 117565 Gerbil Gerbillina 10045 Goat Capra hircus 9925 Gray wolf Canis lupus 9612 Guinea pig Cavia porcellus 10141 Hamster Mesocricetus auratus 10036 Horse Equus caballus 9796 Human Homo sapiens 9606 Macaque Macaca fascicularis 9541 Mongolian Gerbil Meriones unguiculatus 10047 Monkey Platyrrhini 9479 Mouse Mus musculus 10090 None None Parrot Psittacidae 9224 Pig Sus scrofa 9823 Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus 9986 Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss 8022 Rat Rattus 10114 Raven Corvus corax 56781 sei whale Balaenoptera borealis 9768 Sheep Ovis aries 9940 Squirrel Spermophilus richardsonii 37591 Tree shrew Tupaiidae 9393 Trouts, salmons & chars Salmoninae 504568 Turkey Meleagris gallopavo 9103 Vole Microtus ochrogaster 79684 Water buffalo Bubalus bubalis 391902 BoHV-4-A-gD(cp)gD(106)ΔTK VO_0004685 Recombinant vector vaccine Research Intramuscular injection (i.m.) The bovine herpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4) based vector derived from an apathogenic isolate of BoHV-4 was used to express the immunodominant CpHV-1 glycoprotein D (BoHV-4-A-gD(cp)gD(106)ΔTK) (Donofrio et al., 2013). Intramuscular injection (i.m.) No clinical signs were evident but a good titer of serum neutralizing antibodies was produced in all inoculated animals (Donofrio et al., 2013). Goats were vaccinated with BoHV-4-A-gD(cp)gD(106)ΔTK (Donofrio et al., 2013). VO_0003057 All the vaccinated goats with BoHV-4-A-gD(cp)gD(106)ΔTK were protected toward CpHV-1 induced genital disease respect to the unvaccinated control goat who showed typical vaginal lesions with a high grade of clinical score as well as a long lasting viral shedding (Donofrio et al., 2013). A challenge experiment was performed in a new group of animals using a highly pathogenic dose of CpHV-1 (Donofrio et al., 2013). CpHV-1 Vaccine MF59 Adjuvant Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Research subcutaneous injection inactivated CpHV-1 plus MF59™ as adjuvant was strongly immunogenic and induced effective immunity against vaginal CpHV-1 infection in goats. (Marinaro et al., 2012) oil-in-water emulsion MF59 (Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Siena, Italy) (Marinaro et al., 2012) subcutaneous injection CpHV-1 (Marinaro et al., 2012) Detection and quantitation of latent CpHV-1 DNA in sacral ganglia in challenged goats revealed that the inactivated CpHV-1 plus MF59™ vaccine was able to significantly reduce the latent viral load when compared either to the naïve goats or to the goats vaccinated with inactivated CpHV-1 in the absence of adjuvant. (Marinaro et al., 2012) The twenty-eight goats received either 2 ml of inactivated CpHV-1 (10^6.5 TCID50/50 µl) plus 2 ml of sterile saline solution or received 2 ml of inactivated CpHV-1 emulsified with 2 ml of MF59™ or were left unvaccinated (these animals served as naïve controls in challenge studies). After preparation, vaccines were immediately injected subcutaneously in the neck. All goats were vaccinated with two doses of vaccine (one dose on day 0 and one dose on day 10). (Marinaro et al., 2012) Vaginal disease was not detected in goats vaccinated with inactivated CpHV-1 plus MF59™ and these animals had undetectable levels of infectious challenge virus in their vaginal washes. Goats vaccinated with inactivated CpHV-1 in the absence of adjuvant exhibited a less severe disease when compared to naïve goats but shed titers of challenge virus that were similar to those of naïve goats. (Marinaro et al., 2012) No systemic adverse reactions were observed in any goat included in the study. (Marinaro et al., 2012) The vaginal challenge was performed by pipetting four milliliters of virulent CpHV-1 suspension (10^5 TCID50/50 µl) into the vaginal lumen of naïve animals or vaccinated animals (Marinaro et al., 2012). Donofrio et al., 2013 journal Donofrio G, Franceschi V, Lovero A, Capocefalo A, Camero M, Losurdo M, Cavirani S, Marinaro M, Grandolfo E, Buonavoglia C, Tempesta M 2013 8 1 e52758 PloS one