Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) 11593 Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is a severe tick-borne disease, endemic in many countries in Africa, the Middle East, Eastern Europe and Asia. Between 15-70% of reported cases are fatal. There is no approved vaccine available (Buttigieg et al., 2014). Baboon Papio cynocephalus 9556 Bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus 447135 Bear Ursus americanus 9643 Birds Passeroidea 175121 Brown Trout Salmo trutta 8032 Buffalo Bison bison 9901 Carnivores Vulpes 9625 Cat Felis catus 9685 Catfishes Siluriformes 7995 Cattle Bos taurus 9913 Chicken Gallus gallus 9031 Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes 9598 chinchillas Chinchillidae 10150 Copper Pheasant Syrmaticus soemmerringii 9067 Deer Cervus elaphus 9860 Deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus 10042 Dog Canis familiaris 9615 Ducks Anas 8835 Ferret Mustela putorius furo 9669 Fish Hyperotreti 117565 Gerbil Gerbillina 10045 Goat Capra hircus 9925 Gray wolf Canis lupus 9612 Guinea pig Cavia porcellus 10141 Hamster Mesocricetus auratus 10036 Horse Equus caballus 9796 Human Homo sapiens 9606 Macaque Macaca fascicularis 9541 Mongolian Gerbil Meriones unguiculatus 10047 Monkey Platyrrhini 9479 Mouse Mus musculus 10090 None None Parrot Psittacidae 9224 Pig Sus scrofa 9823 Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus 9986 Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss 8022 Rat Rattus 10114 Raven Corvus corax 56781 sei whale Balaenoptera borealis 9768 Sheep Ovis aries 9940 Squirrel Spermophilus richardsonii 37591 Tree shrew Tupaiidae 9393 Trouts, salmons & chars Salmoninae 504568 Turkey Meleagris gallopavo 9103 Vole Microtus ochrogaster 79684 Water buffalo Bubalus bubalis 391902 CCHF Virus VRP (Virus Replicon Particle) Vaccine Virus Replicon Particle Vaccine Research subcutaneous injection The virus replicon particle (VRP) vaccine contains the complete S and L genome segments of the IbAr10200 strain, but lacks the M segment, restricting the VRP to a single round of replication. To optimize cell entry, VRPs are generated and amplified by co-transfecting a plasmid encoding the codon-optimized GPC of the Oman-98 strain. (Spengler et al., 2019) subcutaneous injection S and L genome segments of IbAr10200 CCHF strain (Spengler et al., 2019) Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) Virus Vaccine CCvax Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Research Other An cell-culture-derived inactivated CCHF vaccine mixed with aluminum adjuvant. Alum (Imject Alum, Thermo, 77161) To produce CCVax antigens, Vero E6 cell monolayers in 175 cm2 flasks (Corning, NY, USA, 431079) were inoculated with 0.01 MOI of Turkey-Kelkit06 CCHFV after the assessment of virus growth in MOI optimization studies. The virus was diluted in 5 ml of DMEM F-12 (w/o serum), and the cells were covered with the virus inoculum. The flasks were left at 37 °C for 60 min and hand-rotated every 15 min during incubation. The inocula were discarded, and the cells were washed twice with PBS; then, the flasks were filled with 20 ml of virus growth medium (2% FBS in DMEM F-12) containing 1% antibiotic (Pen/Strep/Amph) (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany, A5955). The flasks were left at 37 °C in a constant 5% CO2-supplemented humidified cell-culture chamber until cells showing lysis began to detach from the bottom of the flask. To produce the MBVax, 1 × 104 PPFU of Turkey-Kelkit06 was administered to 3-day-old suckling BALB/c mice intracerebrally through the forehead. The mice were left in their home cages with their mothers. Mice were euthanized when they started to show partial limb paralysis (hind limb paralysis was seen between approx. 4 and 5 days after inoculation). The brains were harvested from the paralytic infected mice, minced into several pieces and equally (w/v) mixed with the virus growth medium. The brain samples were freeze–thawed twice, subjected to bench-top cooled centrifugation at 12,000 rpm for 30 min to remove brain debris, and stored at −80 °C in a freezer in aliquots. (Berber et al., 2021) Other Turkey-Kelkit06 Virus licensed Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever human vaccine Generic Unknown VO_0001365 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed A generic representation of vaccines utilized to prevent Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) infection in humans, typically consisting of inactivated virus preparations that stimulate immune protection without causing disease. Historically, the most prevalent licensed human vaccine for CCHF has been the inactivated vaccine developed and used in certain endemic regions. rMVA-CCHF VO_0004665 Recombinant vector vaccine Research Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara was used to develop a recombinant candidate vaccine expressing the CCHF virus glycoproteins (Buttigieg et al., 2014). Intramuscular injection (i.m.) VO_0003057 This vaccine protected all recipient animals from lethal disease in a challenge model adapted to represent infection via a tick bite (Buttigieg et al., 2014). Buttigieg et al., 2014 journal Buttigieg KR, Dowall SD, Findlay-Wilson S, Miloszewska A, Rayner E, Hewson R, Carroll MW 2014 9 3 e91516 PloS one