Bovine viral diarrhea virus 2 54315 Bovine viral diarrhea Cows (Merck Vet Manual: Bovine Viral Diarrhea) Bovine viral diarrheal virus (BVDV), the causal agent of BVD and mucosal disease complex, is classified in the genus Pestivirus in the family Flaviviridae. Although cattle are the primary host for BVDV, several reports suggest most even-toed ungulates are also susceptible. Based on comparisons of nucleotide sequence in the viral RNA, there are at least 2 viral genotypes (distinct genetic groups) of BVDV that can be further divided into subgenotypes or genogroups. The viral genotypes are termed BVDV type 1 and BVDV type 2, and both cytopathic and noncytopathic BVDV are represented in each viral genotype. The subgenotypes are clusters of viruses within a viral genotype that are highly similar in nucleotide sequence of the viral RNA. (Subgenotypes are designated by lower case letters; thus, subgenotypes of genotype 1 BVDV would be represented as 1a, 1b, 1c, etc.) Currently, the number of viral subgenotypes remains unknown. Based on sequence of several hundred nucleotides of select regions of viral RNA, type 1 BVDV has at least 12–15 subgenotypes and type 2 BVDV has at least 2 subgenotypes (Merck Vet Manual: Bovine Viral Diarrhea). Baboon Papio cynocephalus 9556 Bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus 447135 Bear Ursus americanus 9643 Birds Passeroidea 175121 Brown Trout Salmo trutta 8032 Buffalo Bison bison 9901 Carnivores Vulpes 9625 Cat Felis catus 9685 Catfishes Siluriformes 7995 Cattle Bos taurus 9913 Chicken Gallus gallus 9031 Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes 9598 chinchillas Chinchillidae 10150 Copper Pheasant Syrmaticus soemmerringii 9067 Deer Cervus elaphus 9860 Deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus 10042 Dog Canis familiaris 9615 Ducks Anas 8835 Ferret Mustela putorius furo 9669 Fish Hyperotreti 117565 Gerbil Gerbillina 10045 Goat Capra hircus 9925 Gray wolf Canis lupus 9612 Guinea pig Cavia porcellus 10141 Hamster Mesocricetus auratus 10036 Horse Equus caballus 9796 Human Homo sapiens 9606 Macaque Macaca fascicularis 9541 Mongolian Gerbil Meriones unguiculatus 10047 Monkey Platyrrhini 9479 Mouse Mus musculus 10090 None None Parrot Psittacidae 9224 Pig Sus scrofa 9823 Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus 9986 Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss 8022 Rat Rattus 10114 Raven Corvus corax 56781 sei whale Balaenoptera borealis 9768 Sheep Ovis aries 9940 Squirrel Spermophilus richardsonii 37591 Tree shrew Tupaiidae 9393 Trouts, salmons & chars Salmoninae 504568 Turkey Meleagris gallopavo 9103 Vole Microtus ochrogaster 79684 Water buffalo Bubalus bubalis 391902 BVDV DNA vaccine encoding E2 VO_0004538 DNA vaccine Research pMASIA [Ref2656:van et al., 2013] Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) E2 from BVDV Q140 (van et al., 2013) DNA vaccine construction VO_0000286 Two doses of this vaccine spaced 6 or 12 weeks apart were sufficient to induce significant virus-neutralizing antibody titers, numbers of activated T cells, and reduction in viral shedding and clinical presentations after BVDV-2 challenge. In contrast to the placebo-treated animals, the vaccinated calves did not lose any weight, which is an excellent indicator of the well-being of an animal and has a significant economic impact (van et al., 2013). BVDV2 Modified Live Virus (MLV) Vaccine Modified Live Virus Vaccine Research not specified Adjuvanted modified-live bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) vaccine protects against BVDV2. (Zimmerman et al., 2006) not specified Bovine rhinotracheitis, BVDV (types 1 and 2), bovine parainfluenza-3, and bovine respiratory syncytial virus. (Zimmerman et al., 2006) On the day of challenge (day 104), calves in group 1 were seronegative. Group 2 antibody responses continued to increase, with a mean BVDV type 1 serum neutralizing titer of 9.4log2 and a mean type 2 titer of 5.6log2. Titers in group 3 were decreased, compared with titers on day 28. Titers against type 1 virus decreased 1.9log2 to 5.8log2, and titers against type 2 virus decreased 2.8log2 to 4.2log2. The decreases in titers of both types of antibodies were significant (P < 0.05). At 1 week after challenge (day 111), control calves had begun to develop serum neutralizing antibody titers against BVDV type 2. Serum neutralizing antibody titers against type 2 virus in group 2 increased by 3.0log2 to 8.6log2 and increased by 0.2log2 to 4.4log2 in group 3. At 2 weeks after challenge (day 118), all 3 groups had increases (P < 0.05) in titers against both type 1 and 2 BVDV, compared with titers on day 111. (Zimmerman et al., 2006) Twenty-one calves were vaccinated at approximately 5 weeks of age (day 0). Fourteen calves were vaccinated. The other 7 calves were sham vaccinated with sterile saline (0.9% NaCl) solutiong and served as controls. All calves were observed daily after vaccination for vaccine-related adverse events. Calves in group 1 were designated as control calves, calves in group 2 were designated as colostral antibody–negative and vaccinated, and calves in group 3 were designated a colostral antibody–positive and vaccinated. Calves in group 1 (n = 7) and group 2 (9) were fed 2 L of pooled colostrum that did not contain antibodies against BVDV within 6 hours of birth and were given a second 2-L feeding of colostrum 8 to 12 hours later. Calves in group 3 (n = 7) were given colostrum containing antibodies against BVDV. (Zimmerman et al., 2006) Calves that received colostrum free of antiBVDV antibodies and were vaccinated with the sham vaccine developed severe disease (4 of the 7 calves died or were euthanatized). Calves that received colostrum free of anti-BVDV antibodies and were vaccinated and calves that received colostrum with antiBVDV antibodies and were vaccinated developed only mild or no clinical signs of disease. (Zimmerman et al., 2006) Adverse vaccine reactions were not observed in any calves. (Zimmerman et al., 2006) All 20 remaining calves received BVDV type 2 (strain 1373) intranasally by use of an atomizer 104 days after vaccination. The challenge inoculum contained 7.3 × 10^7 viral particles/mL, and 2.5 mL was atomized into each naris (total volume, 5.0 mL/calf). (Zimmerman et al., 2006) E2 Bovine viral diarrhea virus 2 TC Shinozaki NCP/92 49614538 CDD:292945 54315 ? structural glycoprotein E2 7.92 15011.76 223 synonym: Bovine viral diarrhea virus genotype 2; synonym: Bovine viral diarrhea virus-2 >BAD27019.1 structural glycoprotein E2, partial [Bovine viral diarrhea virus 2] CTLANQDTLGTTVIRTYRRTTPFQRRKWCAYEKIIGEDIHECILGGNWTCIIGDHSKLKDGPIKKSKWCG YDFSSPEGLPHYPIGKCMLSNESGYRYVDDTSCDRGGVAIVPTGTVKCRIGNVTVQVIATNKDLGPMPCS Protective antigen Liang et al., 2008 journal Liang R, van den Hurk JV, Landi A, Lawman Z, Deregt D, Townsend H, Babiuk LA, van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S 2008 89 Pt 2 453-466 The Journal of general virology Merck Vet Manual: Bovine Viral Diarrhea website http://www.merckmanuals.com/vet/digestive_system/intestinal_diseases_in_ruminants/intestinal_diseases_in_cattle.html#v3263133?qt=&sc=&alt= van et al., 2013 journal van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S, Lawman Z, Snider M, Wilson D, van den Hurk JV, Ellefsen B, Hannaman D 2013 20 2 166-173 Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI