Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus 11002 Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis (IPN) is a highly contagious systemic birnavirus disease of young fish of Salmonid species held under intensive rearing conditions. The disease most characteristically occurs in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), brown trout (Salmo trutta), Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and several Pacific salmon species (Oncorhynchus spp.). It mostly occurs under intensive rearing conditions in Salmonids hatcheries or in Post-Smolt Atlantic salmon in sea-cages. The IPN virus is a birnavirus. The original serotype isolated from rainbow trout fingerlings is called VR-299. Since then, several serotypes have been identified and, in 1995, two serogroups, A and B, were established, each containing serotypes with different geographic origins. The most frequently found and virulent serotype is the Sp serotype. The lethality of the virus depends on the strain, the species and age of the fish. Predisposing stress-inducing factors, such as first feeding, high stocking density, fluctuations in water temperature, salinity and handling, are believed to favour the onset of clinical disease. Outbreaks can occur all year round, at water temperatures as low as 4 ° C and as high as 18 °C. Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis virus is a bi-segmented double-stranded RNA virus of the family Birnaviridae. At least nine serotypes exist. Susceptibility decreases with increasing age, with complete resistance to clinical disease in fry/fingerlings being reached at about 1500 degree-days (value obtained by multiplying the age in days by the average temperature during the lifespan) except for Atlantic salmon Smolts, which develop the disease within weeks following transfer from freshwater to seawater (Merck - Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus). Baboon Papio cynocephalus 9556 Bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus 447135 Bear Ursus americanus 9643 Birds Passeroidea 175121 Brown Trout Salmo trutta 8032 Buffalo Bison bison 9901 Carnivores Vulpes 9625 Cat Felis catus 9685 Catfishes Siluriformes 7995 Cattle Bos taurus 9913 Chicken Gallus gallus 9031 Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes 9598 chinchillas Chinchillidae 10150 Copper Pheasant Syrmaticus soemmerringii 9067 Deer Cervus elaphus 9860 Deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus 10042 Dog Canis familiaris 9615 Ducks Anas 8835 Ferret Mustela putorius furo 9669 Fish Hyperotreti 117565 Gerbil Gerbillina 10045 Goat Capra hircus 9925 Gray wolf Canis lupus 9612 Guinea pig Cavia porcellus 10141 Hamster Mesocricetus auratus 10036 Horse Equus caballus 9796 Human Homo sapiens 9606 Macaque Macaca fascicularis 9541 Mongolian Gerbil Meriones unguiculatus 10047 Monkey Platyrrhini 9479 Mouse Mus musculus 10090 None None Parrot Psittacidae 9224 Pig Sus scrofa 9823 Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus 9986 Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss 8022 Rat Rattus 10114 Raven Corvus corax 56781 sei whale Balaenoptera borealis 9768 Sheep Ovis aries 9940 Squirrel Spermophilus richardsonii 37591 Tree shrew Tupaiidae 9393 Trouts, salmons & chars Salmoninae 504568 Turkey Meleagris gallopavo 9103 Vole Microtus ochrogaster 79684 Water buffalo Bubalus bubalis 391902 IPNV DNA vaccine pEGFP-N1-SegA and pEGFP-N1-VP2 VO_0004493 DNA vaccine Research pEGFP-N1 [Ref2432:Mikalsen et al., 2004] Microinjection Microinjection DNA vaccine construction Vector pEGFP-N1 expressed the polyprotein gene (Bases131-3046) and the VP2 gene from strain Rauma (Mikalsen et al., 2004). DNA vaccine construction VO_0000286 A high level of protection was induced (Mikalsen et al., 2004). IPNV Inactivated Vaccine GS2019-4 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Research Intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) IPNV isolate GS2019-4 inactivated vaccine could induce a non-specific and specific immune response in rainbow trout, which are responsible for the anti-IPNV ability at an early and late stage after immunization. (Duan et al., 2022) Chinook salmon embryo cells (CHSE-214) were cultured in Minimal Essential Medium (MEM, Gibco, Cat No: C11095500BT) including 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Gibco, Cat No: 10099141) at 18 °C, and was used to amplify IPNV at 15 °C in vitro in this study. (Duan et al., 2022) Intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) Genogroup I IPNV (Duan et al., 2022) The viral loads ratio (PBS group/immunization group) was calculated to present the antivirus effect of the IPN vaccine. The higher the ratio is, the stronger the antiviral effect is. Viral loads in immunized rainbow trout at each time point were significantly lower than that in the PBS group (Table 2), indicating that the vaccination function in resistance to virus infection. The strongest antiviral effect was observed on 30 d.p.i, the viral loads ratio at this time point was significantly higher than those on other time points (p < 0.05), and the mean viral loads ratio at this time point was 1.00 × 10^4.73 (53703.17) folds. The weakest antiviral effect was observed on 3 d.p.i, and the viral loads ratio was 1.0 × 100.66 (4.57 folds), but the viral loads in the immunized group were still significantly lower than that in the negative control group at this time point (p < 0.05). (Duan et al., 2022) Rainbow trout (n = 30) were intraperitoneally injected with the inactivated virus with a dose of 200 μl per fish (2.50 × 10^5.0 PFU). The injected fish were maintained in the circulating aquarium (15 °C), fed a commercial pelleted diet, and the healthy condition was observed for 30 days. (Duan et al., 2022) The viral loads in the immunized rainbow trout were significantly decreased, indicating that the vaccine had good immune protection. (Duan et al., 2022) Rainbow trout (n = 60) were intraperitoneally injected with IPNV at the dose of 10 μl per fish (1.25 × 10^4.0 PFU), and the rainbow trout injected with phosphate buffer solution (PBS) were used as the negative control. (Duan et al., 2022) ORF Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus 221910 221911 BAA00608.1 CDD:281092 11002 ? small ORF 10.04 17095.06 213 5' end of plus-strand segment A. >gi|221910|dbj|D00701.1|IPNSEGA Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus genes for small ORF, large ORF GTGTGTTTGACAGAAAGAGAGTTTCAACGTTAGTGGTAACCCACGAGCGGAGAGCTCTTACGGAGGAGCT CTCCGTCGATGGCGAAAGCCCTTTCTAACAAACAAACAAACAATCTATATTCAATACAAGATGAACACAA ACAAGGCAACCGCAACTTACTTGAAATCCATTATGCTTCCAGAGACTGGACCAGCAAGCATCCCGGACGA CATAACGGAGAGACACATCCTAAAACAAGAGACCTCGTCATACAACCTAGAGGTCTCCGAATCAGGAAGT GGCATTCTTGTTTGTTTCCCTGGGGCACCAGGCTCACGGATCGGTGCACACTACAGATGGAATGCGAACC AGACGGGGCTGGAGTTCGACCAGTGGCTGGAGACGTCGCAGGACCTGAAGAAAGCCTTCAACTACGGGAG GCTGATCTCAAGGAAATACGACATCCAAAGCTCCACACTACCGGCCGGTCTCTATGCTCTGAACGGGACG CTCAACGCTGCCACCTTCGAAGGCAGTCTGTCTGAGGTGGAGAGCCTGACCTACAACAGCCTGATGTCCC TAACAACGAACCCCCAGGACAAAGTCAACAACCAGCTGGTGACCAAAGGAGTCACAGTCCTGAATCTACC AACAGGGTTCGACAAACCATACGTCCGCCTAGAGGACGAGACACCCCAGGGTCTCCAGTCAATGAACGGG GCCAAGATGAGGTGCACAGCTGCAATTGCACCGCGGAGGTACGAGATCGACCTCCCATCCCAACGCCTAC CCCCCGTTCCTGCGACAGGAACCCTCACCACTCTCTACGAGGGAAACGCCGACATCGTCAACTCCACAAC AGTGACGGGAGACATAAACTTCAGTCTGGCAGAACAACCCGCGAACGAGACCAAGTTCGACTTCCAGCTG GACTTCATGGGCCTTGACAACGACGTCCCAGTTGTCACAGTGGTCAGCTCCGTGCTGGCCACAAATGACA ACTACAGAGGAGTCTCAGCCAAGATGACCCAGTCCATCCCGACCGAGAACATCACAAAGCCGATCACCAG GGTCAAGCTGTCATACAAGATCAACCAGCAGACAGCAATCGGCAACGTCGCCACCCTGGGCACAATGGGT CCGACTACCGTCTCCTTCTCATCAGGGAACGGAAATGTCCCCGGCGTGCTCAGACCAATCACACTGGTGG CCTATGAGAAGATGACACCGCTGTCCATCCTGACCGTAGCTGGAGTGTCCAACTACGAGTCGTACCCAAA CCCAGAACTCCTCAAGAACATGGTGACACGCTATGGCAAGTACGACCCCGAAGGTCTCAACTATGCCAAG ATGATCCTGTCCCACAGGGAAGAGCTGGACATCAGGACAGTGTGGAGGACAGAGGAGTACAAGGAGAGGA CCAGAGTCTTCAACGAAATCACGGACTTCTCCAGTGACCTGCCCACGTCAAAGGCATGGGGCTGGAGAGA CATAGTCAGAGGAATTCGGAAAGTCGCAGCTCCTGTACTGTCCACGCTGTTTCCAATGGCAGCACCACTC ATAGGAATGGCAGACCAATTCATTGGAGATCTCACCAAGACCAACGCAGCAGGCGGAAGGTACCACTCCA TGGCCGCAGGAGGGCGCCACAAAGACGTGCTCGAGTCCTGGGCAAGCGGAGGGCCCGACGGAAAATTCTC CCGAGCCCTCAAGAACAGGCTGGAGTCCGCCAACTACGAGGAAGTCGAGCTTCCACCCCCCTCAAAAGGA GTCATCGTCCCTGTGGTGCACACAGTCAAGAGTGCACCAGGCGAGGCATTCGGGTCCCTGGCAATCATAA TTCCAGGGGAGTACCCCGAGCTTCTAGATGCCAACCAGCAGGTCCTATCCCACTTCGCAAACGACACCGG GAGCGTGTGGGGCATAGGAGAGGACATACCCTTCGAGGGAGACAACATGTGCTACACTGCACTCCCACTC AAGGAGATCAAAAGAAACGGGAACATAGTAGTCGAGAAGATCTTTGCTGGACCAATCATGGGTCCCTCTG CTCAACTAGGACTGTCCCTACTTGTGAACGACATCGAGGACGGAGTTCCAAGGATGGTATTCACCGGCGA AATCGCCGATGACGAGGAGACAATCATACCAATCTGCGGTGTAGACATCAAAGCCATCGCAGCCCATGAA CCAGGGCTGCCACTCATCGGCAACCAACCAGGAGTGGACGAGGAGGTGCGAAACACATCCCTGGCCGCAC ACCTGATCCAGACCGGAACCCTGCCCGTACAACGAGCAAAGGGCTCCAACAAGAGGATCAAGTACCTGGG AGAGCTGATGGCATCAAATGCATCCGGGATGGACGAGGAACTGCAACGCCTCCTGAACGCCACAATGGCA CGGGCCAAAGAAGTCCAGGACGCCGAGATCTACAAACTTCTTAAGCTCATGGCATGGACCAGAAAGAACG ACCTCACCGACCACATGTACGAGTGGTCAAAAGAGGACCCCGATGCACTAAAGTTCGGAAAGCTCATCAG CACGCCACCAAAGCACCCTGAGAAGCCCAAAGGACCAGACCAACACCACGCCCAAGAGGCGAGAGCCACC CGCATATCACTGGACGCCGTGAGAGCCGGGGCGGACTTCGCCACACCGGAATGGGTCGCGCTGAACAACT ACCGCGGCCCATCTCCCGGGCAGTTCAAGTACTACCTGATCACTGGACGAGAACCAGAACCAGGCGACGA GTACGAGGACTACATAAAACAACCCATTGTGAAACCGACCGACATGAACAAAATCAGACGTCTAGCCAAC AGTGTGTACGGCCTCCCACACCAGGAACCAGCACCAGAGGAGTTCTACGATGCAGTTGCAGCTGTATTCG CACAGAACGGAGGCAGAGGTCCCGACCAGGACCAAATGCAAGACCTCAGGGAGCTCGCAAGACAGATGAA ACGACGACCCCGGAACGCCGATGCACCACGGAGAACCAGAGCGCCAGCGGAACCGGCACCGCCCGGACGC TCAAGGTTCACCCCCAGCGGAGACAACGCTGAGGTGTAACGACTACTCTCTTTCCTGACTGATCCCCTGG CCAAAACCCCGGCCCCCCAGGGGG >BAA00608.1 small ORF [Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus] MAKALSNKQTNNLYSIQDEHKQGNRNLLEIHYASRDWTSKHPGRHNGETHPKTRDLVIQPRGLRIRKWHS CLFPWGTRLTDRCTLQMECEPDGAGVRPVAGDVAGPEESLQLREADLKEIRHPKLHTTGRSLCSERDAQR CHLRRQSV Protective antigen VP2 Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus 262212663 CDD:280020 11002 ? VP2 4.34 27332.37 329 genotype: Sp >ACY35990.1 VP2, partial [Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus] MLPETGPASIPDDITERHILKQETSSYNLEVSESGSGILVCFPGAPGSRIGAHYRWNANQTGLEFDQWLE TSQDLKKAFNYGRLISRKYDIQSSTLPAGLYALNGTLNAATFEGSLSEVESLTYNSLMSLTTNPQDKVNN QLVTKGVTVLNLPTGFDKPYVRLEDETPQGLQSMNGAKMRCTAAIAPRRYEIDLPSQRLPPVPATGALTT LYEGNADIVNSTTVTGDINFSLAEQPAVETKFDFQLDFMGLDNDVPVVTV Protective antigen Merck - Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus website http://aqua.merck-animal-health.com/diseases/infectious-pancreatic-necrosis/productadditional_127_113313.aspx Mikalsen et al., 2004 journal Mikalsen AB, Torgersen J, Aleström P, Hellemann AL, Koppang EO, Rimstad E 2004 60 1 11-20 Diseases of aquatic organisms