Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) The experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, sometimes experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an animal model of brain inflammation. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). It is mostly used with rodents and is widely studied as an animal model of the human CNS demyelinating diseases, including multiple sclerosis and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM). EAE is also the prototype for T-cell-mediated autoimmune disease in general. EAE was motivated by observations during the convalescence from viral diseases by Thomas M. Rivers, D. H. Sprunt and G. P. Berry in 1933. Their findings upon a transfer of inflamed patient tissue to primates was published in the Journal of Experimental Medicine article (Vol. 58, No. 1, pp. 39–56). An acute monophasic illness, it has been suggested that EAE is far more similar to ADEM than MS. EAE can be induced in a number of species, including mice, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits and primates. The most commonly used antigens in rodents are spinal cord homogenate (SCH), purified myelin, myelin protein such as MBP, PLP and MOG, or peptides of these proteins, all resulting in distinct models with different disease characteristics regarding both immunology and pathology. It may also be induced by the passive transfer of T cells specifically reactive to these myelin antigens. Depending on the antigen used and the genetic make-up of the animal, rodents can display a monophasic bout of EAE, a relapsing-remitting form, or chronic EAE . The typical susceptible rodent will debut with clinical symptoms around two weeks after immunization and present with a relapsing-remitting disease. The archetypical first clinical symptom is weakness of tail tonus that progresses to paralysis of the tail, followed by a progression up the body to affect the hind limbs and finally the forelimbs. However, similar to MS, the disease symptoms reflect the anatomical location of the inflammatory lesions, and may also include emotional lability, sensory loss, optic neuritis, difficulties with coordination and balance (ataxia), and muscle weakness and spasms. Recovery from symptoms can be complete or partial and the time varies with symptoms and disease severity. Depending on the relapse-remission intervals, rats can have up to 3 bouts of disease within an experimental period (Wiki: Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis). Baboon Papio cynocephalus 9556 Bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus 447135 Bear Ursus americanus 9643 Birds Passeroidea 175121 Brown Trout Salmo trutta 8032 Buffalo Bison bison 9901 Carnivores Vulpes 9625 Cat Felis catus 9685 Catfishes Siluriformes 7995 Cattle Bos taurus 9913 Chicken Gallus gallus 9031 Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes 9598 chinchillas Chinchillidae 10150 Copper Pheasant Syrmaticus soemmerringii 9067 Deer Cervus elaphus 9860 Deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus 10042 Dog Canis familiaris 9615 Ducks Anas 8835 Ferret Mustela putorius furo 9669 Fish Hyperotreti 117565 Gerbil Gerbillina 10045 Goat Capra hircus 9925 Gray wolf Canis lupus 9612 Guinea pig Cavia porcellus 10141 Hamster Mesocricetus auratus 10036 Horse Equus caballus 9796 Human Homo sapiens 9606 Macaque Macaca fascicularis 9541 Mongolian Gerbil Meriones unguiculatus 10047 Monkey Platyrrhini 9479 Mouse Mus musculus 10090 None None Parrot Psittacidae 9224 Pig Sus scrofa 9823 Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus 9986 Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss 8022 Rat Rattus 10114 Raven Corvus corax 56781 sei whale Balaenoptera borealis 9768 Sheep Ovis aries 9940 Squirrel Spermophilus richardsonii 37591 Tree shrew Tupaiidae 9393 Trouts, salmons & chars Salmoninae 504568 Turkey Meleagris gallopavo 9103 Vole Microtus ochrogaster 79684 Water buffalo Bubalus bubalis 391902 EAE DNA vaccine pZZ/MBP68–85 encoding MBP VO_0004401 DNA vaccine Research Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) DNA vaccine construction This DNA vaccine expressed an autoantigenic peptide, myelin basic protein peptide 68-85, from guinea pigs (Lobell et al., 1999). VO_0000286 The pZZ/MBP68–85-treated rats were protected from EAE. The control plasmid pZZ, which does not encode MBP68–85, failed to protect from EAE (Lobell et al., 1999) MBP Cavia porcellus 3309629 CDD:279937 10141 ? myelin basic protein 11.21 16394.29 214 MBP >AAC26130.1 myelin basic protein, partial [Cavia porcellus] SQRHGSKYLATASTMDHARHGFLPRHRDTGILDSIGRFFGSDRAAPKRGSGKDSHHAARTTHYGSLPQKS QRSQDENPVVHFFKNIVTPRTPPPSQGKGRGLSLSRFSWGAEGQKPGFGYGGRADYKSKGFKGAHDAQGT LSKIFKLGGR Protective antigen Bourquin et al., 2000 journal Bourquin C, Iglesias A, Berger T, Wekerle H, Linington C 2000 30 12 3663-3671 European journal of immunology Lobell et al., 1999 journal Lobell A, Weissert R, Eltayeb S, Svanholm C, Olsson T, Wigzell H 1999 163 9 4754-4762 Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) Lobell et al., 2003 journal Lobell A, Weissert R, Eltayeb S, de Graaf KL, Wefer J, Storch MK, Lassmann H, Wigzell H, Olsson T 2003 170 4 1806-1813 Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) Ramshaw et al., 1997 journal Ramshaw IA, Fordham SA, Bernard CC, Maguire D, Cowden WB, Willenborg DO 1997 75 4 409-413 Immunology and cell biology Ruiz et al., 1999 journal Ruiz PJ, Garren H, Ruiz IU, Hirschberg DL, Nguyen LV, Karpuj MV, Cooper MT, Mitchell DJ, Fathman CG, Steinman L 1999 162 6 3336-3341 Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) Selmaj et al., 2000 journal Selmaj K, Kowal C, Walczak A, Nowicka J, Raine CS 2000 111 1-2 34-44 Journal of neuroimmunology Tsunoda et al., 1998 journal Tsunoda I, Kuang LQ, Tolley ND, Whitton JL, Fujinami RS 1998 57 8 758-767 Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology Waisman et al., 1996 journal Waisman A, Ruiz PJ, Hirschberg DL, Gelman A, Oksenberg JR, Brocke S, Mor F, Cohen IR, Steinman L 1996 2 8 899-905 Nature medicine Walczak et al., 2004 journal Walczak A, Szymanska B, Selmaj K 2004 106 3 241-245 Clinical neurology and neurosurgery Weissert et al., 2000 journal Weissert R, Lobell A, de Graaf KL, Eltayeb SY, Andersson R, Olsson T, Wigzell H 2000 97 4 1689-1694 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Wiki: Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis website http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_autoimmune_encephalomyelitis