Hepatitis C virus 11103 Hepatitis C Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is the most common chronic bloodborne infection in the United States; approximately 3.2 million persons are chronically infected. Although HCV is not efficiently transmitted sexually, persons at risk for infection through injection drug use might seek care in STD treatment facilities, HIV counseling and testing facilities, correctional facilities, drug treatment facilities, and other public health settings where STD and HIV prevention and control services are available. Sixty to 70% of persons newly infected with HCV typically are usually asymptomatic or have a mild clinical illness. HCV RNA can be detected in blood within 1–3 weeks after exposure. The average time from exposure to antibody to HCV (anti-HCV) seroconversion is 8–9 weeks, and anti-HCV can be detected in >97% of persons by 6 months after exposure. Chronic HCV infection develops in 70%–85% of HCV-infected persons; 60%–70% of chronically infected persons have evidence of active liver disease. The majority of infected persons might not be aware of their infection because they are not clinically ill. However, infected persons serve as a source of transmission to others and are at risk for chronic liver disease or other HCV-related chronic diseases decades after infection. HCV is most efficiently transmitted through large or repeated percutaneous exposure to infected blood (e.g., through transfusion of blood from unscreened donors or through use of injecting drugs). Although much less frequent, occupational, perinatal, and sexual exposures also can result in transmission of HCV (CDC - Hepatitis C). Baboon Papio cynocephalus 9556 Bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus 447135 Bear Ursus americanus 9643 Birds Passeroidea 175121 Brown Trout Salmo trutta 8032 Buffalo Bison bison 9901 Carnivores Vulpes 9625 Cat Felis catus 9685 Catfishes Siluriformes 7995 Cattle Bos taurus 9913 Chicken Gallus gallus 9031 Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes 9598 chinchillas Chinchillidae 10150 Copper Pheasant Syrmaticus soemmerringii 9067 Deer Cervus elaphus 9860 Deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus 10042 Dog Canis familiaris 9615 Ducks Anas 8835 Ferret Mustela putorius furo 9669 Fish Hyperotreti 117565 Gerbil Gerbillina 10045 Goat Capra hircus 9925 Gray wolf Canis lupus 9612 Guinea pig Cavia porcellus 10141 Hamster Mesocricetus auratus 10036 Horse Equus caballus 9796 Human Homo sapiens 9606 Macaque Macaca fascicularis 9541 Mongolian Gerbil Meriones unguiculatus 10047 Monkey Platyrrhini 9479 Mouse Mus musculus 10090 None None Parrot Psittacidae 9224 Pig Sus scrofa 9823 Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus 9986 Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss 8022 Rat Rattus 10114 Raven Corvus corax 56781 sei whale Balaenoptera borealis 9768 Sheep Ovis aries 9940 Squirrel Spermophilus richardsonii 37591 Tree shrew Tupaiidae 9393 Trouts, salmons & chars Salmoninae 504568 Turkey Meleagris gallopavo 9103 Vole Microtus ochrogaster 79684 Water buffalo Bubalus bubalis 391902 AdCh3NSmut Recombinant vector vaccine Clinical trial Adenovirus vectors Intramuscular injection (i.m.) AdCh3NSmut Is a recombinant vector vaccine containing HCV antigens and is delivered the intramuscular route (NCT01070407). 2 doses Ad6NSmut 5 x 10^8vp at weeks 0 and 4 and 1 dose AdCh3NSmut 2.5 x 10^10vp at week 24 (NCT01070407). Intramuscular injection (i.m.) HCV antigen (NS region) (NCT01070407) licensed Hepatitis C human vaccine Generic Unknown VO_0006016 Subunit vaccine Licensed A generic representation of vaccines designed to prevent Hepatitis C infection in humans, typically utilizing purified viral proteins or recombinant antigens to elicit an immune response. Subunit vaccines are the most prevalent type investigated and licensed for Hepatitis C, as no live, attenuated or inactivated whole-virus vaccines have been historically approved. CDC - Hepatitis C website http://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hcv/ Geissler et al., 1997 journal Geissler M, Gesien A, Tokushige K, Wands JR 1997 158 3 1231-1237 Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) Guo et al., 2016 journal Guo H, Zhu J, Tan Y, Li C, Chen Z, Sun S, Liu G 2016 131 85-91 Antiviral research Lang et al., 2012 journal Lang Kuhs KA, Ginsberg AA, Yan J, Wiseman RW, Khan AS, Sardesai NY, O'Connor DH, Weiner DB 2012 20 3 669-678 Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy NCT01070407 website 2015 https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01070407 Pierce et al., 2017 journal Pierce BG, Boucher EN, Piepenbrink KH, Ejemel M, Rapp CA, Thomas WD Jr, Sundberg EJ, Weng Z, Wang Y 2017 91 20 Journal of virology Wu et al., 2016 journal Wu X, Chen P, Lin H, Hao X, Liang Z 2016 12 10 2603-2610 Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics Zhang et al., 2017 journal Zhang S, Sun F, Ren T, Duan Y, Gu H, Lai C, Wang Z, Zhang P, Wang X, Yang P 2017 145 168-174 Antiviral research