Schistosoma mansoni 6183 Schistosomiasis Schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia, is a disease caused by parasitic worms. Infection occurs when your skin comes in contact with contaminated freshwater in which certain types of snails that carry schistosomes are living. Freshwater becomes contaminated by Schistosoma eggs when infected people urinate or defecate in the water. The eggs hatch, and if certain types of freshwater snails are present in the water, the parasites develop and multiply inside the snails. The parasite leaves the snail and enters the water where it can survive for about 48 hours. Schistosoma parasites can penetrate the skin of persons who are wading, swimming, bathing, or washing in contaminated water. Within several weeks, parasite mature into adult worms, residing in the blood vessels of the body where the females produce eggs. Some of the eggs travel to the bladder or intestine and are passed into the urine or stool. Within days after becoming infected, you may develop a rash or itchy skin. Fever, chills, cough, and muscle aches can begin within 1-2 months of infection. Most people have no symptoms at this early phase of infection. When adult worms are present, the eggs that are produced usually travel to the intestine, liver or bladder, causing inflammation or scarring. Children who are repeatedly infected can develop anemia, malnutrition, and learning difficulties. After years of infection, the parasite can also damage the liver, intestine, lungs, and bladder. Rarely, eggs are found in the brain or spinal cord and can cause seizures, paralysis, or spinal cord inflammation. Symptoms of schistosomiasis are caused by the body's reaction to the eggs produced by worms, not by the worms themselves (CDC - Schistosomiasis). Baboon Papio cynocephalus 9556 Bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus 447135 Bear Ursus americanus 9643 Birds Passeroidea 175121 Brown Trout Salmo trutta 8032 Buffalo Bison bison 9901 Carnivores Vulpes 9625 Cat Felis catus 9685 Catfishes Siluriformes 7995 Cattle Bos taurus 9913 Chicken Gallus gallus 9031 Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes 9598 chinchillas Chinchillidae 10150 Copper Pheasant Syrmaticus soemmerringii 9067 Deer Cervus elaphus 9860 Deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus 10042 Dog Canis familiaris 9615 Ducks Anas 8835 Ferret Mustela putorius furo 9669 Fish Hyperotreti 117565 Gerbil Gerbillina 10045 Goat Capra hircus 9925 Gray wolf Canis lupus 9612 Guinea pig Cavia porcellus 10141 Hamster Mesocricetus auratus 10036 Horse Equus caballus 9796 Human Homo sapiens 9606 Macaque Macaca fascicularis 9541 Mongolian Gerbil Meriones unguiculatus 10047 Monkey Platyrrhini 9479 Mouse Mus musculus 10090 None None Parrot Psittacidae 9224 Pig Sus scrofa 9823 Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus 9986 Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss 8022 Rat Rattus 10114 Raven Corvus corax 56781 sei whale Balaenoptera borealis 9768 Sheep Ovis aries 9940 Squirrel Spermophilus richardsonii 37591 Tree shrew Tupaiidae 9393 Trouts, salmons & chars Salmoninae 504568 Turkey Meleagris gallopavo 9103 Vole Microtus ochrogaster 79684 Water buffalo Bubalus bubalis 391902 licensed Schistosomiasis human vaccine Generic Unknown VO_0003046 Subunit vaccine Licensed A generic representation of vaccines utilized to prevent Schistosomiasis infection in humans, typically based on purified Schistosoma antigens such as recombinant proteins. These subunit vaccines aim to induce protective immunity without using live or whole parasite components. S. mansoni DNA vaccine pcDNA/CTSOD encoding SOD VO_0004462 DNA vaccine Research pcDNAI/Amp [Ref2396:Shalaby et al., 2003] Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) DNA vaccine construction Vector cDNAI/Amp (in vitrogen) expressed Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase, SOD (Shalaby et al., 2003). VO_0000286 CT-SOD showed the highest level of protection out of all vaccines tested (54%). Two immunizations resulted in significant reduction of worm burden compared to control groups (Shalaby et al., 2003). S. mansoni DNA vaccine pcDNA/GPXbb encoding glutathione-S-peroxidase, GPX VO_0004463 DNA vaccine Research pcDNAI/Amp (in vitrogen) [Ref2396:Shalaby et al., 2003] Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) DNA vaccine construction VO_0000286 For the regimens involving GPXbb, immunization with DNA vaccination alone resulted in protection of 44%, but the prime-boost (boost of recombinant vaccinia virus/GPXbb) resulted in 85% worm burden reduction (Shalaby et al., 2003). S. mansoni DNA vaccine Sm-p80-pcDNA3 encoding the large subunit of S. mansoni calpain VO_0004464 DNA vaccine Research pcDNA3 [Ref2397:Siddiqui et al., 2003] Intramuscular injection (i.m.) IL-2 (Siddiqui et al., 2003) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) DNA vaccine construction VO_0000286 Mice immunized with Sm-p80-pcDNA3 showed statistically significant 39% reduction in worm burden when compared with mice which received only pcDNA3. Similarly, mice immunized with Sm-p80-pcDNA3 and co-injected with pORF-mIL-2 exhibited 57% reduction (P≤0.0001) in the number of parasites when compared with the group of mice receiving only pcDNA3 and pORF-mIL-2. Also, when mice were primed with Sm-p80-pcDNA3 in the presence of pORF-mIL-12, they contained 45% less number of parasites (P≤0.0001) compared to the group of mice which were immunized with pcDNA3 alone (Siddiqui et al., 2003). S. mansoni DNA vaccine Sm23-pcDNA encoding Sm23 VO_0004461 DNA vaccine Research pcDNA1.1/Amp [Ref2395:Da'dara et al., 2001] Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) DNA vaccine construction Vector pcDNA1.1/Amp expressed Schistosoma mansoni integral membrane protein Sm23 (Da'dara et al., 2001). VO_0000286 The Sm23-pcDNA vaccine provided statistically significant levels of protection against challenge infection (21-44%, P<0.001-0.02) (Da'dara et al., 2001). calpain Schistosoma mansoni strain Puerto Rico 353230291 CDD:279042 CDD:238004 CDD:279416 CDD:238132 CDD:290234 CDD:238008 6183 ? calpain (C02 family) 6.64 164811.89 1591 Calpain family cysteine protease; pfam00648 >CCD76462.1 calpain (C02 family) [Schistosoma mansoni] MRRKKQNSDSETECNGVPLNYLDILKPTLTEKRVQFNLNIPCSITPKGYAKLHEKLTSPCIPHSKGKADS MADRVYRQIFLYCTNSLNGFTHSSKSETTYASPTAMRKIKISQYEIISAKMVEAKELYQDPEFPANDASI GNLPHVSGRVEWKRPKDINPLAAFCTKSYSRFDVDQGALGDCWFASVMATVTKYPSLMSNIIPPNQTFKG SGYTGAFVFNFWRFGEWVEVVVDDRIPVVKGTCNPVFIHSTDNSEFWSCLLEKAYAKLCGSYAHLTGGFQ SEAMEDFTGGICTTLILNKKERPPNLLKMMEHYTKTCCVMGADVGGDKNKRREELGLIGSHAYSVTGVGK VNYMGKDVYLVRCRNPWGERHEWKGPWSDNSPEWKDVKSKDKRALQYKPKEDGEFCSFQLTFILFISTSI SRRNVLFGLPLFRFPSPFQVRACLVMQFGDFLNVCPIHFQQSFCTNPQYLFTIGTDNSGKVGKAHIIVGV MQEHRRFLYGGEYLAIGFSIFEVSELQNTRLTPEELLCRKPLLTSDYIPRREVTLEADLFPGTFILIPST YNSNQEARYICRVFSTVKMKQLELDEENSYEGFPKKELASLELNFKQLCNPVTEKINSRILGTILDQSNF GEYMDGFTEFPSNLCSSLISSASTNLTGQIDLEEYLYLLIDLKGWMLTFNKYDDRKGCVSWFKFRDLLKS SGYKVSNRVFSVLAHRHIDHKRGHISLESYLHCMANLKFAFDVTSYHPKSDKGILMFNKEDVYSPDENVS GRTNRPGKEVVDPRTGRIIKVKRETPDDYLNVLKPIKGPKRMEFNPYLPKTLTPKGYAKFKLMMNVASKQ YETLVKRLKTERTLWEDPDFPANDKAIGNLPDFRERIEWKRPHEINPNAKFFAGGASRFDIEQGALGDCW LLAVVASISGYPQLFDQVVPKDQELKGPEYVGVVRFRFWRFGHWVEVLIDDRLPVRQGRNTLVFMHSNDP TEFWSALLEKAYAKLNGCYAHLSGGSQSEAMEDLTGGICLSLELNQKERPSDLIDQLKIYAQRCCLMGCS IDSSVMEQKMDNGLIGSHAYSLTGVYPVNYRGRTQWLMRLRNPWGDSHEWKGAWCDGSPQWREISEQEKK NINLSFTADGEFWMSYEDFVTCFSRVEVCHLGLESLEYNQNFHGKRRLDEAIFSGQWQRNVNAGGCINNR TTYWTNPQFRITVEDPDPDDDDNKCSVLIGLMQTDIRKKVGADFQPIGFMVYNAPDDLNTLLSRAQLLTR SPIAKSQFINTREVTAQFRVPPGSYVVIPSTFDPNIEVNFILRVFSQTSITEQELDEDNTNQGLPDDVIE ALKLEDTLLDEDQEIEQKFLAIRDPKTNAINAVKLGELLNNSTLQDIPNFQGFNKELCRSMVASVDNNLT GHVELNEFMDLWIQAKGWKHIFIKHDVDQSGYFSAYEFREALNDAGYHVSNRLINAIINRYQDPGTDKIS FEDFMLCMVRLKTAFETIEAHPKNIEGTSLFSAEDYLRFSVYI Protective antigen GPX1 Schistosoma mansoni 212287928 CDD:238207 CDD:278975 6183 ? Glutathione peroxidase 9.34 19887.514 245 GPX >sp|Q00277.2|GPX1_SCHMA RecName: Full=Glutathione peroxidase; Short=GPX MSSSHKSWNSIYEFTVKDINGVDVSLEKYRGHVCLIVNVACKUGATDKNYRQLQEMHTRLVGKGLRILAF PCNQFGGQEPWAEAEIKKFVTEKYGVQFDMFSKIKVNGSDADDLYKFLKSRQHGTLTNNIKWNFSKFLVD RQGQPVKRYSPTTAPYDIEGDIMELLEKK Protective antigen Sm23 Schistosoma mansoni 511890 CDD:278750 CDD:239401 6183 ? integral membrane protein 23 6.44 21503.36 286 Tetraspanin family; pfam00335 >AAA73525.1 integral membrane protein 23 [Schistosoma mansoni] MATLGTGMRCLKSCVFVLNIICLLCSLVLIGAGAYVEVKFSQYGDNLHKVWQAAPIAIIVVGVIILIVSF LGCCGAIKENVCMLYMYAFFLVVLLIAELAAAIVAVVYKDRIDSEIDALMTGALDKPTKEITEFMNLIQS SFHCCGAKGPNDYRGNVPASCKEENLTYTEGCVSVFGAFLKRNLVIVACVAFGVCFFQLLSIVIACCLGR QIKEYENV Protective antigen SOD Schistosoma mansoni strain NMRI 161119 CDD:238186 6183 ? superoxide dismutase 6.58 14406.56 212 Copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD). superoxide dismutases catalyse the conversion of superoxide radicals to molecular oxygen. Three evolutionarily distinct families of SODs are known, of which the copper/zinc-binding family is one. Defects in the...; cd00305 >AAA29935.1 superoxide dismutase [Schistosoma mansoni] MKAVCVMTGTAGVKGVVKFTQETDNGPVHVHAEFSGLKAGKHGFHVHEFGDTTNGCTSAGAHFNPTKQEH GAPEDSIRHVGDLGNVVAGADGNAVYNATDKLISLNGSHSIIGRSMVIHENEDDLGRGGHELSKVTGNAG GRLACGVVGLAAE Protective antigen CDC - Schistosomiasis website http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/schistosomiasis/gen_info/faqs.html Da'dara et al., 2001 journal Da'dara AA, Skelly PJ, Wang MM, Harn DA 2001 20 3-4 359-369 Vaccine Mossallam et al., 2015 journal Mossallam SF, Amer EI, Ewaisha RE, Khalil AM, Aboushleib HM, Bahey-El-Din M 2015 15 147 BMC infectious diseases Shalaby et al., 2003 journal Shalaby KA, Yin L, Thakur A, Christen L, Niles EG, LoVerde PT 2003 22 1 130-136 Vaccine Siddiqui et al., 2003 journal Siddiqui AA, Phillips T, Charest H, Podesta RB, Quinlin ML, Pinkston JR, Lloyd JD, Pompa J, Villalovos RM, Paz M 2003 21 21-22 2882-2889 Vaccine Tallima et al., 2017 journal Tallima H, Dvořák J, Kareem S, Abou El Dahab M, Abdel Aziz N, Dalton JP, El Ridi R 2017 11 3 e0005443 PLoS neglected tropical diseases