African Swine Fever Virus 10497 African Swine Fever Protective immunity against ASFV is not fully understood. Although ASFV infection induces small proportion of neutralizing antibodies against some virion proteins, this protection is not enough for viral challenge. Cellular immunity also plays an important role in immune protection against ASFV infection, specifically, cell activity of CD8 lymphocytes and natural killer cells (NK). Cross-protection has been also demonstrated by challenging infected animals with homologous isolates (Sanchez-Vizcaino et al., 2012). A safe and effective commercial vaccine does not exist yet. Wild pigs, wild boars, domestic pigs, ticks (Sanchez-Vizcaino et al., 2012) African swine fever virus (ASFV) was first described by Montgomery in Kenya in 1921. Since then, many African, European and American countries have been affected by the disease. It is a very complex and large enveloped DNA virus with a genome of 170–190 kbp. It is classified as a unique member of the Asfarviridae family, genus Asfivirus. The virus presents high genetic and antigenic variability, with 22 different genotypes described based on the p72 sequences. African swine fever is considered a haemorrhagic disease due to the typical haemorrhagic symptoms of the hyperacute and acute forms of the diseases. However, chronic and asymptomatic forms of the disease may also be presented without these characteristic symptoms. African swine fever clinical signs may vary from a hyperacute form, with 100% mortality from days 4–7 post-infection and typical haemorrhagic symptoms, to a less common asymptomatic and chronic form that can turn animals into carriers (Sanchez-Vizcaino et al., 2012). Baboon Papio cynocephalus 9556 Bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus 447135 Bear Ursus americanus 9643 Birds Passeroidea 175121 Brown Trout Salmo trutta 8032 Buffalo Bison bison 9901 Carnivores Vulpes 9625 Cat Felis catus 9685 Catfishes Siluriformes 7995 Cattle Bos taurus 9913 Chicken Gallus gallus 9031 Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes 9598 chinchillas Chinchillidae 10150 Copper Pheasant Syrmaticus soemmerringii 9067 Deer Cervus elaphus 9860 Deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus 10042 Dog Canis familiaris 9615 Ducks Anas 8835 Ferret Mustela putorius furo 9669 Fish Hyperotreti 117565 Gerbil Gerbillina 10045 Goat Capra hircus 9925 Gray wolf Canis lupus 9612 Guinea pig Cavia porcellus 10141 Hamster Mesocricetus auratus 10036 Horse Equus caballus 9796 Human Homo sapiens 9606 Macaque Macaca fascicularis 9541 Mongolian Gerbil Meriones unguiculatus 10047 Monkey Platyrrhini 9479 Mouse Mus musculus 10090 None None Parrot Psittacidae 9224 Pig Sus scrofa 9823 Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus 9986 Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss 8022 Rat Rattus 10114 Raven Corvus corax 56781 sei whale Balaenoptera borealis 9768 Sheep Ovis aries 9940 Squirrel Spermophilus richardsonii 37591 Tree shrew Tupaiidae 9393 Trouts, salmons & chars Salmoninae 504568 Turkey Meleagris gallopavo 9103 Vole Microtus ochrogaster 79684 Water buffalo Bubalus bubalis 391902 African Swine Fever Virus 9GL mutant vaccine VO_0004284 Live, attenuated vaccine Research Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Gene mutation This 9GL mutant is from African Swine Fever Virus Mal (Lewis et al., 2000). A 9GL mutant is attenuated in swine (Lewis et al., 2000). A 9GL mutant induces significant protection in swine from challenge with wild type ASFV (Lewis et al., 2000). African Swine Fever Virus HLJ/18-7GD Live, attenuated vaccine Research Intramuscular injection (i.m.) A seven-gene-deleted African swine fever virus is safe and effective as a live attenuated vaccine in pigs. (Chen et al., 2020) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) HLJ/18 (the first ASFV isolated in China, Pig/ Heilongjiang/2018) with genes encoding MGF505- 1R, MGF505-2R, MGF505-3R, MGF360-12L, MGF360- 13L, MGF360-14L, and CD2v deleted. (Chen et al., 2020) ASFV-G-∆I177L Live, attenuated vaccine Research oronasally or intramuscularly ASFV-G-∆I177L Is alive attenuated vaccine candidate developed by deleting the I177L gene from the genome of the highly virulent pandemic ASFV strain Georgia. (Borca et al., 2021) oronasally or intramuscularly The virus antigen was produced from Vero cells infected with a Vero-adapted ASFV strain.(Borca et al., 2021) Deletion Deletion of the I177L gene from the genome of the highly virulent ASFV strain Georgia(Borca et al., 2021) BacMam-sHAPQ VO_0004655 Recombinant vector vaccine Research Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) VO_0003057 The protective potential of this recombinant vaccine candidate was tested by a homologous sublethal challenge with ASFV following immunization. Four out of six immunized pigs remained viremia-free after ASFV infection, while the other two pigs showed similar viremic titres to control animals (Argilaguet et al., 2013). NAVET-ASFVAC Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Vietnam NAVET-ASFVAC Is a live attenuated vaccine licensed for restricted use only in Vietnam.(McDowell et al., 2022) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) 9GL African swine fever virus Mal 6759635 CDD:194250 10497 ? Mal-9GL protein 119 pathogenic Ornithodoris tick isolate Malawi Lil-20/1 (1983), Chalaswa, Malawi >gi|6759635|gb|AAF27970.1|AF081174_1 Mal-9GL protein [African swine fever virus] MLHWGPKFWRTLHLYAIFFSDTPGWKEKYEAIQWILNFIESLPCTMCRHHAFSYLTKNPLTLNNSEDFQY WTFAFHNNVNKRLNKKIISWSEYKNIYEQSILNTIEYGKTDFIGAWSSL Virmugen A 9GL mutant of African Swine Fever Virus is attenuated in swine and induces significant protection from challenge with wild type ASFV [Ref2098:Lewis et al., 2000]. 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