Bovine coronavirus 11128 Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is a member of the genus Coronavirus, family Coronaviridae. This genus has been divided into three groups according to its genetic and serological properties. Group 2, to which BCoV belongs, contains mammalian and avian viruses, such as mouse hepatitis virus, chicken enteric coronavirus, sialodacryadenitis virus, porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus, and human coronavirus (HCoV) OC43. The BCoV virion is enveloped and spherical in shape. The genome is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA molecule of 27 to 32 kb. It includes 13 open reading frames (ORFs) flanked by 5' and 3' untranslated regions, and some of the ORFs overlap, whereas others are separated by intergenic sequences. BCoV was first associated with diarrhea in newborn calves and later with winter dysentery in adult cattle. It is now considered an important pathogen causing enteric disease, often in combination with respiratory clinical signs. Fatal respiratory disease caused by BCoV has been reported in young stock. BCoV infections often result in high morbidity but usually in low mortality. The same virus strain can cause disease in both calves and adults, and the animal often sheds virus in both nasal secretions and feces. Although several investigations have focused on discriminating the features of different virus strains causing calf diarrhea, winter dysentery, or respiratory disease, no clear markers have been established. Their separation is complicated, since differences in clinical signs might also rely on host factors (Liu et al., 2006). Baboon Papio cynocephalus 9556 Bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus 447135 Bear Ursus americanus 9643 Birds Passeroidea 175121 Brown Trout Salmo trutta 8032 Buffalo Bison bison 9901 Carnivores Vulpes 9625 Cat Felis catus 9685 Catfishes Siluriformes 7995 Cattle Bos taurus 9913 Chicken Gallus gallus 9031 Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes 9598 chinchillas Chinchillidae 10150 Copper Pheasant Syrmaticus soemmerringii 9067 Deer Cervus elaphus 9860 Deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus 10042 Dog Canis familiaris 9615 Ducks Anas 8835 Ferret Mustela putorius furo 9669 Fish Hyperotreti 117565 Gerbil Gerbillina 10045 Goat Capra hircus 9925 Gray wolf Canis lupus 9612 Guinea pig Cavia porcellus 10141 Hamster Mesocricetus auratus 10036 Horse Equus caballus 9796 Human Homo sapiens 9606 Macaque Macaca fascicularis 9541 Mongolian Gerbil Meriones unguiculatus 10047 Monkey Platyrrhini 9479 Mouse Mus musculus 10090 None None Parrot Psittacidae 9224 Pig Sus scrofa 9823 Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus 9986 Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss 8022 Rat Rattus 10114 Raven Corvus corax 56781 sei whale Balaenoptera borealis 9768 Sheep Ovis aries 9940 Squirrel Spermophilus richardsonii 37591 Tree shrew Tupaiidae 9393 Trouts, salmons & chars Salmoninae 504568 Turkey Meleagris gallopavo 9103 Vole Microtus ochrogaster 79684 Water buffalo Bubalus bubalis 391902 Bovine Rotavirus-Coronavirus Killed Virus Vaccine-Clostridium Perfringens Type C-Escherichia Coli Bacterin-Toxoid (USDA: 4570.20) Pfizer, Inc., Novartis Animal Health US, Inc. VO_0002018 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Bovine Rotavirus-Coronavirus Killed Virus Vaccine-Clostridium Perfringens Type C-Escherichia Coli Bacterin-Toxoid (USDA: 4570.22) Pfizer, Inc. VO_0002019 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Bovine Rotavirus-Coronavirus Killed Virus Vaccine-Clostridium Perfringens Types C & D-Escherichia Coli Bacterin-Toxoid (USDA: 4575.20) Intervet Inc. VO_0002020 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Bovine Rotavirus-Coronavirus Killed Virus Vaccine-Escherichia Coli Bacterin (USDA: 4585.20) Pfizer, Inc. VO_0002021 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Bovine Rotavirus-Coronavirus Killed Virus Vaccine-Escherichia Coli Bacterin (USDA: 4585.22) Pfizer, Inc. VO_0002022 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Nasiri et al., 2016 journal Nasiri K, Nassiri M, Tahmoorespur M, Haghparast A, Zibaee S 2016 6 1 91-98 Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin