Clostridium perfringens 1502 Food poisioning, Gas gangrene C. perfringens can cause disease in humans, dogs, pigs, horses, and goats (Songer, 2010). Clostridium perfringens (formerly known as C. welchii) is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped, anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium of the genus Clostridium. C. perfringens is ubiquitous in nature and can be found as a normal component of decaying vegetation, marine sediment, the intestinal tract of humans and other vertebrates, insects, and soil. C. perfringens is a human pathogen sometimes, and other times it can be ingested and not cause any harm. Infections due to C. perfringens show evidence of tissue necrosis, bacteremia, emphysematous cholecystitis, and gas gangrene, which is also known as clostridial myonecrosis. The toxin involved in gas gangrene is known as α-toxin, which inserts into the plasma membrane of cells, producing gaps in the membrane that disrupt normal cellular function. After ingestion, bacteria multiply and lead to colic, diarrhea, and sometimes nausea (Wiki: C. perfringens). The species is divided into five toxinotypes, based upon production of four major toxins. About 5% of C. perfringens strains, mostly type A, produce an enterotoxin (CPE). CPE underlies C. perfringens foodborne disease, which is common in the industrialized world (Songer, 2010). Baboon Papio cynocephalus 9556 Bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus 447135 Bear Ursus americanus 9643 Birds Passeroidea 175121 Brown Trout Salmo trutta 8032 Buffalo Bison bison 9901 Carnivores Vulpes 9625 Cat Felis catus 9685 Catfishes Siluriformes 7995 Cattle Bos taurus 9913 Chicken Gallus gallus 9031 Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes 9598 chinchillas Chinchillidae 10150 Copper Pheasant Syrmaticus soemmerringii 9067 Deer Cervus elaphus 9860 Deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus 10042 Dog Canis familiaris 9615 Ducks Anas 8835 Ferret Mustela putorius furo 9669 Fish Hyperotreti 117565 Gerbil Gerbillina 10045 Goat Capra hircus 9925 Gray wolf Canis lupus 9612 Guinea pig Cavia porcellus 10141 Hamster Mesocricetus auratus 10036 Horse Equus caballus 9796 Human Homo sapiens 9606 Macaque Macaca fascicularis 9541 Mongolian Gerbil Meriones unguiculatus 10047 Monkey Platyrrhini 9479 Mouse Mus musculus 10090 None None Parrot Psittacidae 9224 Pig Sus scrofa 9823 Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus 9986 Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss 8022 Rat Rattus 10114 Raven Corvus corax 56781 sei whale Balaenoptera borealis 9768 Sheep Ovis aries 9940 Squirrel Spermophilus richardsonii 37591 Tree shrew Tupaiidae 9393 Trouts, salmons & chars Salmoninae 504568 Turkey Meleagris gallopavo 9103 Vole Microtus ochrogaster 79684 Water buffalo Bubalus bubalis 391902 Bovine Rotavirus-Coronavirus Killed Virus Vaccine-Clostridium Perfringens Type C-Escherichia Coli Bacterin-Toxoid (USDA: 4570.20) Pfizer, Inc., Novartis Animal Health US, Inc. VO_0002018 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Bovine Rotavirus-Coronavirus Killed Virus Vaccine-Clostridium Perfringens Type C-Escherichia Coli Bacterin-Toxoid (USDA: 4570.22) Pfizer, Inc. VO_0002019 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Bovine Rotavirus-Coronavirus Killed Virus Vaccine-Clostridium Perfringens Types C & D-Escherichia Coli Bacterin-Toxoid (USDA: 4575.20) Intervet Inc. VO_0002020 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA licensed Clostridium perfringens infection human vaccine Generic Unknown VO_0001363 Toxoid vaccine Licensed A generic representation of vaccines used to prevent Clostridium perfringens infection in humans, typically by employing inactivated bacterial toxins (toxoids) to elicit protective immunity against diseases such as food poisoning and gas gangrene. Porcine Rotavirus Modified Live Virus Vaccine-Clostridium Perfringens Type C-Escherichia Coli Bacterin-Toxoid (USDA: 49C1.21) Intervet Inc. VO_0002308 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Porcine Rotavirus-Transmissible Gastroenteritis Modified Live Virus Vaccine-Bordetella Bronchiseptica-Clostridium Perfringens Type C-Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae-Escherichia Coli-Pasteurella Multocida Bacterin-Toxoid (USDA: 49T9.21) Intervet Inc. VO_0002319 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Porcine Rotavirus-Transmissible Gastroenteritis Modified Live Virus Vaccine-Clostridium Perfringens Type C-Escherichia Coli Bacterin-Toxoid (USDA: 49B1.21) Intervet Inc. VO_0002307 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA