Campylobacter fetus 196 bovine venereal campylobacteriosis (BVC) Humans, cattle, sheep and other ungulates (Thompson, 2002). C. fetus is a small Gram-negative bacterial species. C. fetus cells are curved, S-shaped, or spiral rods, 0.2 to 0.8 μm in width and 0.5 to 5 μm in length. They are motile by means of a single polar unsheathed flagellum, and require a microaerophilic atmosphere (3% to 5% O2) for growth. Two subspecies of C. fetus exist, C. fetus subsp. fetus and C. fetus subsp. venerealis, although the spectrum of disease caused by the 2 subspecies is significantly different. C. fetus subsp. venerealis infects the bovine reproductive tract and causes the sexually transmitted disease bovine venereal campylobacteriosis (BVC). BVC results in infertility and is a major problem for the cattle industry. A vaccine against BVC is available and results in a strong mucosal and systemic IgG response that both protects against new C. fetus subsp. venerealis infection and eradicates previous infection. C. fetus subsp. fetus also infects cattle, as well as sheep and other ungulates, but causes a different type of disease. C. fetus subsp. fetus infection of farm animals results in sporadic abortion but not infertility. C. fetus subsp. fetus is spread by ingestion of contaminated food and water rather than by sexual contact. Following ingestion, C. fetus subsp. fetus first colonizes the intestinal tract of the host, followed by a transient bacteremia that can seed extraintestinal sites including the placentas of pregnant animals, resulting in abortion (Thompson, 2002). Baboon Papio cynocephalus 9556 Bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus 447135 Bear Ursus americanus 9643 Birds Passeroidea 175121 Brown Trout Salmo trutta 8032 Buffalo Bison bison 9901 Carnivores Vulpes 9625 Cat Felis catus 9685 Catfishes Siluriformes 7995 Cattle Bos taurus 9913 Chicken Gallus gallus 9031 Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes 9598 chinchillas Chinchillidae 10150 Copper Pheasant Syrmaticus soemmerringii 9067 Deer Cervus elaphus 9860 Deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus 10042 Dog Canis familiaris 9615 Ducks Anas 8835 Ferret Mustela putorius furo 9669 Fish Hyperotreti 117565 Gerbil Gerbillina 10045 Goat Capra hircus 9925 Gray wolf Canis lupus 9612 Guinea pig Cavia porcellus 10141 Hamster Mesocricetus auratus 10036 Horse Equus caballus 9796 Human Homo sapiens 9606 Macaque Macaca fascicularis 9541 Mongolian Gerbil Meriones unguiculatus 10047 Monkey Platyrrhini 9479 Mouse Mus musculus 10090 None None Parrot Psittacidae 9224 Pig Sus scrofa 9823 Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus 9986 Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss 8022 Rat Rattus 10114 Raven Corvus corax 56781 sei whale Balaenoptera borealis 9768 Sheep Ovis aries 9940 Squirrel Spermophilus richardsonii 37591 Tree shrew Tupaiidae 9393 Trouts, salmons & chars Salmoninae 504568 Turkey Meleagris gallopavo 9103 Vole Microtus ochrogaster 79684 Water buffalo Bubalus bubalis 391902 Bovine Rhinotracheitis-Virus Diarrhea Killed Virus Vaccine-Campylobacter Fetus-Leptospira Canicola-Grippotyphosa-Hardjo-Icterohaemorrhagiae-Pomona Bacterin (USDA: 4145.20) Novartis Animal Health US, Inc. VO_0001903 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Bovine Rhinotracheitis-Virus Diarrhea Killed Virus Vaccine-Campylobacter Fetus-Leptospira Canicola-Grippotyphosa-Hardjo-Icterohaemorrhagiae-Pomona Bacterin (USDA: 4145.21) Heska Corporation VO_0001904 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Bovine Rhinotracheitis-Virus Diarrhea Modified Live Virus Vaccine-Campylobacter Fetus-Leptospira Canicola-Grippotyphosa-Hardjo-Icterohaemorrhagiae-Pomona Bacterin (USDA: 4141.20) Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc., Intervet Inc. VO_0001914 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Bovine Rhinotracheitis-Virus Diarrhea-Parainfluenza 3 Modified Live Virus Vaccine-Haemophilus Somnus-Campylobacter Fetus-Leptospira Canicola-Grippotyphosa-Hardjo-Icterohaemorrhagiae-Pomona Bacterin (USDA: 4489.30) Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc. VO_0001933 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Bovine Rhinotracheitis-Virus Diarrhea-Parainfluenza 3-Respiratory Syncytial Virus Killed Virus Vaccine-Campylobacter Fetus-Haemophilus Somnus-Leptospira Canicola-Grippotyphosa-Hardjo-Icterohaemorrhagiae-Pomona Bacterin (USDA: 44M5.20) Novartis Animal Health US, Inc. VO_0001951 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Bovine Rhinotracheitis-Virus Diarrhea-Parainfluenza 3-Respiratory Syncytial Virus Killed Virus Vaccine-Campylobacter Fetus-Haemophilus Somnus-Leptospira Canicola-Grippotyphosa-Hardjo-Icterohaemorrhagiae-Pomona Bacterin (USDA: 44M5.22) Novartis Animal Health US, Inc. VO_0001952 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Bovine Rhinotracheitis-Virus Diarrhea-Parainfluenza 3-Respiratory Syncytial Virus Killed Virus Vaccine-Campylobacter Fetus-Leptospira Canicola-Grippotyphosa-Hardjo-Icterohaemorrhagiae-Pomona Bacterin (USDA: 44B5.20) Novartis Animal Health US, Inc. VO_0001953 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Bovine Rhinotracheitis-Virus Diarrhea-Parainfluenza 3-Respiratory Syncytial Virus Killed Virus Vaccine-Campylobacter Fetus-Leptospira Canicola-Grippotyphosa-Hardjo-Icterohaemorrhagiae-Pomona Bacterin (USDA: 44B6.20) Novartis Animal Health US, Inc. VO_0001954 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Bovine Rhinotracheitis-Virus Diarrhea-Parainfluenza 3-Respiratory Syncytial Virus Killed Virus Vaccine-Campylobacter Fetus-Leptospira Canicola-Grippotyphosa-Hardjo-Icterohaemorrhagiae-Pomona Bacterin (USDA: 44B6.21) Novartis Animal Health US, Inc. VO_0001955 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Bovine Rhinotracheitis-Virus Diarrhea-Parainfluenza 3-Respiratory Syncytial Virus Modified Live & Killed Virus Vaccine-Campylobacter Fetus-Leptospira Canicola-Grippotyphosa-Hardjo-Icterohaemorrhagiae-Pomona Bacterin (USDA: 44B9.21) Heska Corporation VO_0001975 Live, attenuated vaccine; Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Bovine Rhinotracheitis-Virus Diarrhea-Parainfluenza 3-Respiratory Syncytial Virus Modified Live & Killed Virus Vaccine-Campylobacter Fetus-Leptospira Canicola-Grippotyphosa-Hardjo-Icterohaemorrhagiae-Pomona Bacterin (USDA: 44B9.22) Pfizer, Inc. VO_0001976 Live, attenuated vaccine; Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Bovine Rhinotracheitis-Virus Diarrhea-Parainfluenza 3-Respiratory Syncytial Virus Modified Live Virus Vaccine-Campylobacter Fetus-Leptospira Canicola-Grippotyphosa-Hardjo-Icterohaemorrhagiae-Pomona Bacterin (USDA: 44B1.20) Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc., Intervet Inc. VO_0001982 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Bovine Rhinotracheitis-Virus Diarrhea-Parainfluenza 3-Respiratory Syncytial Virus Modified Live Virus Vaccine-Campylobacter Fetus-Leptospira Canicola-Grippotyphosa-Hardjo-Icterohaemorrhagiae-Pomona Bacterin (USDA: 44B1.22) Pfizer, Inc. VO_0001983 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Bovine Rhinotracheitis-Virus Diarrhea-Parainfluenza 3-Respiratory Syncytial Virus Modified Live Virus Vaccine-Campylobacter Fetus-Leptospira Canicola-Grippotyphosa-Hardjo-Icterohaemorrhagiae-Pomona Bacterin (USDA: 44B1.23) Pfizer, Inc. VO_0001984 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Bovine Rhinotracheitis-Virus Diarrhea-Parainfluenza 3-Respiratory Syncytial Virus Modified Live Virus Vaccine-Campylobacter Fetus-Leptospira Canicola-Grippotyphosa-Hardjo-Icterohaemorrhagiae-Pomona Bacterin (USDA: 44B1.25) Pfizer, Inc. VO_0001985 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Bovine Virus Diarrhea Killed Virus Vaccine-Campylobacter Fetus-Leptospira Canicola-Grippotyphosa-Hardjo-Icterohaemorrhagiae-Pomona Bacterin (USDA: 45B5.21) Pfizer, Inc. VO_0002023 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Trichomonas Foetus Vaccine, Killed Protozoa-Campylobacter Fetus-Leptospira Canicola-Grippotyphosa-Hardjo-Icterohaemorrhagiae-Pomona Bacterin (USDA: 4990.00) Wyeth VO_0002296 Licensed USA