Haemophilus somnus 731 Cattle, sheep, and American bison (Microbe Wiki: H. somnus). Haemophilus somnus is a small, rod-shaped, gram-negative pleomorphic coccobacillus, (derived from the word cocci meaning “spherical shaped” and bacilli meaning “elongated”), with gram stain morphology similar to other species in this genus (as well as other genera of family Pasteurellaceae) . It is an encapsulated, non acid-fast, and non-motile organism with no observable flagella or pili for motility. First discovered in 1960, H. somnus was described as a “haemophillus-like organism” that caused infectious meningo-encephalitis (IME) of feedlot cattle in California and was also believed to be the infectious agent that caused the reported bovine central nervous system disease in Colorado of 1956. Although the organism does not produce a capsule, which is associated with the pathogenic properties of many bacteria, under certain conditions it does form an exopolysaccharide (slime layer). H. somnus can be either opportunistic pathogens or commensal of bovine mucosal surfaces. The bacteria commonly lives in the upper respiratory tract, prepuce and vagina of cattle and can also be found circulating in the bloodstream. H. somnus typically colonize in the respiratory tract, reproductive tract, and circulatory system of many herd animals such as cattle, sheep, and American bison. Cattle infections caused by this bacteria have been reported in many parts of the world including North and South America, Europe, Russia, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and Zimbabwe. Having the bacteria’s genome sequenced is useful because it can be compared to virulent strains to aid in the development of protective strategies and vaccines for cattle against diseases caused by H. somnus. H. somnus is a parasitic organism that typically lives as a commensal organism in its host. It is commonly found in upper respiratory tract, prepuce and vagina of cattle and can also be found circulating in the bloodstream. Like many haemophilus species, such as Haemophilus influenzae, H. somnus is a pathogen and is the cause of many fatal bovine diseases. They take over many of the host’s mechanisms in order to survive. Haemophilus somnus causes a wide variety of diseases ranging from pneumonia, abortion, arthritis, myocarditis, and septimia in cattle, sheep, and American bison. It is able to spread throughout cattle herds undetected until symptoms begin to occur. There are 3 primary forms that H. somnus is able to assume: reproductive tract, urinary tract, respiratory tract form (Microbe Wiki: H. somnus). Baboon Papio cynocephalus 9556 Bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus 447135 Bear Ursus americanus 9643 Birds Passeroidea 175121 Brown Trout Salmo trutta 8032 Buffalo Bison bison 9901 Carnivores Vulpes 9625 Cat Felis catus 9685 Catfishes Siluriformes 7995 Cattle Bos taurus 9913 Chicken Gallus gallus 9031 Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes 9598 chinchillas Chinchillidae 10150 Copper Pheasant Syrmaticus soemmerringii 9067 Deer Cervus elaphus 9860 Deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus 10042 Dog Canis familiaris 9615 Ducks Anas 8835 Ferret Mustela putorius furo 9669 Fish Hyperotreti 117565 Gerbil Gerbillina 10045 Goat Capra hircus 9925 Gray wolf Canis lupus 9612 Guinea pig Cavia porcellus 10141 Hamster Mesocricetus auratus 10036 Horse Equus caballus 9796 Human Homo sapiens 9606 Macaque Macaca fascicularis 9541 Mongolian Gerbil Meriones unguiculatus 10047 Monkey Platyrrhini 9479 Mouse Mus musculus 10090 None None Parrot Psittacidae 9224 Pig Sus scrofa 9823 Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus 9986 Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss 8022 Rat Rattus 10114 Raven Corvus corax 56781 sei whale Balaenoptera borealis 9768 Sheep Ovis aries 9940 Squirrel Spermophilus richardsonii 37591 Tree shrew Tupaiidae 9393 Trouts, salmons & chars Salmoninae 504568 Turkey Meleagris gallopavo 9103 Vole Microtus ochrogaster 79684 Water buffalo Bubalus bubalis 391902 Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus Killed Virus Vaccine-Haemophilus Somnus Bacterin (USDA: 40A5.20) Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc. VO_0002205 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Bovine Rhinotracheitis Killed Virus Vaccine-Haemophilus Somnus-Mannheimia Haemolytica-Pasteurella Multocida Bacterin-Toxoid (USDA: 45H5.20) Texas Vet Lab, Inc. VO_0001877 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Bovine Rhinotracheitis Killed Virus Vaccine-Haemophilus Somnus-Mannheimia Haemolytica-Pasteurella Multocida Bacterin-Toxoid (USDA: 45H5.21) Texas Vet Lab, Inc. VO_0001878 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Bovine Rhinotracheitis Killed Virus Vaccine-Haemophilus Somnus-Mannheimia Haemolytica-Pasteurella Multocida-Salmonella Typhimurium Bacterin-Toxoid (USDA: 4109.20) Texas Vet Lab, Inc. VO_0001879 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Bovine Rhinotracheitis-Parainfluenza 3 Modified Live Virus Vaccine-Haemophilus Somnus Bacterin (USDA: 4139.20) Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc. VO_0001891 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Bovine Rhinotracheitis-Virus Diarrhea Killed Virus Vaccine-Haemophilus Somnus-Mannheimia Haemolytica-Pasteurella Multocida Bacterin-Toxoid (USDA: 43S5.20) Texas Vet Lab, Inc. VO_0001905 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Bovine Rhinotracheitis-Virus Diarrhea Killed Virus Vaccine-Haemophilus Somnus-Mannheimia Haemolytica-Pasteurella Multocida-Salmonella Typhimurium Bacterin-Toxoid (USDA: 43T5.20) Texas Vet Lab, Inc. VO_0001906 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Bovine Rhinotracheitis-Virus Diarrhea-Parainfluenza 3 Modified Live Virus Vaccine-Haemophilus Somnus-Campylobacter Fetus-Leptospira Canicola-Grippotyphosa-Hardjo-Icterohaemorrhagiae-Pomona Bacterin (USDA: 4489.30) Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc. VO_0001933 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Bovine Rhinotracheitis-Virus Diarrhea-Parainfluenza 3-Respiratory Syncytial Virus Killed Virus Vaccine-Haemophilus Somnus Bacterin (USDA: 44C5.20) Novartis Animal Health US, Inc. VO_0001956 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Bovine Rhinotracheitis-Virus Diarrhea-Parainfluenza 3-Respiratory Syncytial Virus Killed Virus Vaccine-Haemophilus Somnus Bacterin (USDA: 44C7.20) Wyeth VO_0001957 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Bovine Rhinotracheitis-Virus Diarrhea-Parainfluenza 3-Respiratory Syncytial Virus Killed Virus Vaccine-Haemophilus Somnus Bacterin (USDA: 44D5.20) Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc. VO_0001958 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Bovine Rhinotracheitis-Virus Diarrhea-Parainfluenza 3-Respiratory Syncytial Virus Killed Virus Vaccine-Haemophilus Somnus-Leptospira Canicola-Grippotyphosa-Hardjo-Icterohaemorrhagiae-Pomona Bacterin (USDA: 44D7.20) Wyeth, Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc., Novartis Animal Health US, Inc. VO_0001959 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Bovine Rhinotracheitis-Virus Diarrhea-Parainfluenza 3-Respiratory Syncytial Virus Killed Virus Vaccine-Haemophilus Somnus-Leptospira Canicola-Grippotyphosa-Hardjo-Icterohaemorrhagiae-Pomona Bacterin (USDA: 44D7.22) Novartis Animal Health US, Inc. VO_0001960 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Bovine Rhinotracheitis-Virus Diarrhea-Parainfluenza 3-Respiratory Syncytial Virus Killed Virus Vaccine-Haemophilus Somnus-Mannheimia Haemolytica Bacterin (USDA: 4477.20) Wyeth VO_0001961 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Bovine Rhinotracheitis-Virus Diarrhea-Parainfluenza 3-Respiratory Syncytial Virus Modified Live & Killed Virus Vaccine-Haemophilus Somnus Bacterin (USDA: 44F9.20) Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc. VO_0001977 Live, attenuated vaccine; Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Bovine Rhinotracheitis-Virus Diarrhea-Parainfluenza 3-Respiratory Syncytial Virus Modified Live Virus Vaccine-Haemophilus Somnus Bacterin (USDA: 44C9.20) Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc., Pfizer, Inc. VO_0001986 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Bovine Rhinotracheitis-Virus Diarrhea-Parainfluenza 3-Respiratory Syncytial Virus Modified Live Virus Vaccine-Haemophilus Somnus Bacterin (USDA: 44C9.21) Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc. VO_0001987 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Bovine Rhinotracheitis-Virus Diarrhea-Parainfluenza 3-Respiratory Syncytial Virus Modified Live Virus Vaccine-Haemophilus Somnus Bacterin (USDA: 44C9.23) Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc. VO_0001988 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Bovine Rhinotracheitis-Virus Diarrhea-Parainfluenza 3-Respiratory Syncytial Virus Modified Live Virus Vaccine-Haemophilus Somnus Bacterin (USDA: 44C9.24) Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc. VO_0001989 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Bovine Rhinotracheitis-Virus Diarrhea-Parainfluenza 3-Respiratory Syncytial Virus Modified Live Virus Vaccine-Haemophilus Somnus-Leptospira Canicola-Grippotyphosa-Hardjo-Icterohaemorrhagiae-Pomona Bacterin (USDA: 44D9.20) Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc. VO_0001990 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Bovine Rhinotracheitis-Virus Diarrhea-Parainfluenza 3-Respiratory Syncytial Virus Modified Live Virus Vaccine-Haemophilus Somnus-Leptospira Canicola-Grippotyphosa-Hardjo-Icterohaemorrhagiae-Pomona Bacterin (USDA: 44D9.21) Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc. VO_0001991 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Bovine Rhinotracheitis-Virus Diarrhea-Parainfluenza 3-Respiratory Syncytial Virus Modified Live Virus Vaccine-Haemophilus Somnus-Leptospira Canicola-Grippotyphosa-Hardjo-Icterohaemorrhagiae-Pomona Bacterin (USDA: 44D9.23) Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc. VO_0001992 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Bovine Rhinotracheitis-Virus Diarrhea-Parainfluenza 3-Respiratory Syncytial Virus Modified Live Virus Vaccine-Haemophilus Somnus-Leptospira Canicola-Grippotyphosa-Hardjo-Icterohaemorrhagiae-Pomona Bacterin (USDA: 44D9.24) Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc. VO_0001993 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Bovine Virus Diarrhea Killed Virus Vaccine-Haemophilus Somnus-Mannheimia Haemolytica-Pasteurella Multocida Bacterin-Toxoid (USDA: 4C95.20) Texas Vet Lab, Inc. VO_0002024 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Microbe Wiki: H. somnus website http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Haemophilus_somnus