Bovine papillomavirus 10571 Warts Cattle are the main species affected. BPV-1 and BPV-2 can also induce sarcomas and fibrosarcomas in other mammals, including equids (equine sarcoid) and, experimentally, rabbits, hamsters and mice (Wiki: Bovine papillomavirus). Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) is a group of DNA viruses of the family Papillomaviridae that are common in cattle. Infection causes warts (papillomas and fibropapillomas) of the skin and alimentary tract, and more rarely cancers of the alimentary tract and urinary bladder. They are also thought to cause the skin tumour equine sarcoid in horses and donkeys. BPV provides an excellent model for studying papillomavirus molecular biology, and also allows the dissection of the processes by which this group of viruses cause cancer. Like other papillomaviruses, BPVs are small non-enveloped viruses with an icosahedral capsid around 50–60 nm in diameter.The capsid is formed of the L1 and L2 structural proteins, with the L1 C-terminus exposed. All BPVs have a circular double-stranded DNA genome of 7.3–8.0 kb. The genetic organisation of those BPVs which have been sequenced is broadly similar to other papillomaviruses. The open reading frames (ORFs) are all located on one strand, and are divided into early and late regions. The early region encodes nonstructural proteins E1 to E7. There are three viral oncoproteins, E5, E6 and E7; BPVs of the Xipapillomavirus group lack E6. The late region encodes structural proteins L1 and L2. There is also a non-coding long control region (LCR) (Wiki: Bovine papillomavirus). Baboon Papio cynocephalus 9556 Bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus 447135 Bear Ursus americanus 9643 Birds Passeroidea 175121 Brown Trout Salmo trutta 8032 Buffalo Bison bison 9901 Carnivores Vulpes 9625 Cat Felis catus 9685 Catfishes Siluriformes 7995 Cattle Bos taurus 9913 Chicken Gallus gallus 9031 Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes 9598 chinchillas Chinchillidae 10150 Copper Pheasant Syrmaticus soemmerringii 9067 Deer Cervus elaphus 9860 Deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus 10042 Dog Canis familiaris 9615 Ducks Anas 8835 Ferret Mustela putorius furo 9669 Fish Hyperotreti 117565 Gerbil Gerbillina 10045 Goat Capra hircus 9925 Gray wolf Canis lupus 9612 Guinea pig Cavia porcellus 10141 Hamster Mesocricetus auratus 10036 Horse Equus caballus 9796 Human Homo sapiens 9606 Macaque Macaca fascicularis 9541 Mongolian Gerbil Meriones unguiculatus 10047 Monkey Platyrrhini 9479 Mouse Mus musculus 10090 None None Parrot Psittacidae 9224 Pig Sus scrofa 9823 Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus 9986 Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss 8022 Rat Rattus 10114 Raven Corvus corax 56781 sei whale Balaenoptera borealis 9768 Sheep Ovis aries 9940 Squirrel Spermophilus richardsonii 37591 Tree shrew Tupaiidae 9393 Trouts, salmons & chars Salmoninae 504568 Turkey Meleagris gallopavo 9103 Vole Microtus ochrogaster 79684 Water buffalo Bubalus bubalis 391902 Bovine Papillomavirus Vaccine LS-NDV Live, attenuated vaccine Research subcutaneous injection Newcastle disease virus LS-NDV vaccine stimulates an antibody response and limited increase in TNF-α activity and may enhance clinical recovery in bovine papillomatosis. (Avki et al., 2004) subcutaneous injection LaSota strain of Newcastle disease virus (Avki et al., 2004) Mean HI titers in inoculated cows on days 7 and 21 were determined as log2 2.43 +/- 0.92 and log2 5.57 +/- 0.72, respectively. Difference between mean antibody levels among the inoculated animals at days 7 and 21 were significantly higher than day 0 (P < 0.05). More significant between day 0 and 21 (P < .001). On day 21 the difference in HI titers between control and inoculated groups was significant (P < 0.05). The mean levels of tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) were 5.80 +/- 4.19 and 5.39 +/- 2.66 ng/ml by WEHI-164 cytotoxicity assay. A correlation was evident between the TNF-a activities and clinical scores on day 21 (r = 0.500; P < 0:05). (Avki et al., 2004) Fourteen cows were inoculated with an attenuated vaccine containing LS-NDV for two times at 1 week intervals with a total dose of ~10^9.3 egg infective dose50 (EID50) in sterile PBS. Inoculation was performed by s.c. injection in the area where the papillomas were mostly appeared. Four cows inoculated with similar volumes of sterile PBS by the same route and served as controls. (Avki et al., 2004) At day 60, complete recovery was seen in five cows (36%). The papillomas in eight cows regressed (57%). (Avki et al., 2004) These results demonstrated that inoculation of LS-NDV vaccine stimulates an antibody response and limited increase in TNF-a activity and may enhance clinical recovery in bovine papillomatosis. (Avki et al., 2004) Wart Killed Virus Vaccine (USDA: 1985.50) Colorado Serum Company, Biomune Company VO_0001584 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Jagu et al., 2011 journal Jagu S, Malandro N, Kwak K, Yuan H, Schlegel R, Palmer KE, Huh WK, Campo MS, Roden RB 2011 420 1 43-50 Virology Módolo et al., 2017 journal Módolo DG, Araldi RP, Mazzuchelli-de-Souza J, Pereira A, Pimenta DC, Zanphorlin LM, Beçak W, Menossi M, de Cassia Stocco R, de Carvalho RF 2017 35 12 1590-1593 Vaccine