Equine arteritis virus 11047 Equine arteritis Equines (Wiki: Equine viral arteritis). Equine viral arteritis (EVA) is a disease of horses caused by an RNA virus of the genus Arterivirus. The virus which causes EVA was first isolated from horses in Ohio in 1953 but the disease has afflicted equine animals worldwide for centuries. It has been more common in some breeds of horses in the United States, but there is no breed “immunity”. In the UK, it is a notifiable disease.There is no known human hazard. The virus which causes EVA is the Equine Arteritis Virus (EAV). Arteriviruses are small, enveloped, animal viruses with an icosahedral core containing a positive-sense RNA genome. The family includes Equine arteritis virus (EAV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), lactate dehydrogenase elevating virus (LDV) of mice and simian haemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV). Infected horses show variable symptoms including fever, depression, oedema, conjunctivitis, abortion and nasal discharge. Some horses show no symtoms of infection (Wiki: Equine viral arteritis). Baboon Papio cynocephalus 9556 Bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus 447135 Bear Ursus americanus 9643 Birds Passeroidea 175121 Brown Trout Salmo trutta 8032 Buffalo Bison bison 9901 Carnivores Vulpes 9625 Cat Felis catus 9685 Catfishes Siluriformes 7995 Cattle Bos taurus 9913 Chicken Gallus gallus 9031 Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes 9598 chinchillas Chinchillidae 10150 Copper Pheasant Syrmaticus soemmerringii 9067 Deer Cervus elaphus 9860 Deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus 10042 Dog Canis familiaris 9615 Ducks Anas 8835 Ferret Mustela putorius furo 9669 Fish Hyperotreti 117565 Gerbil Gerbillina 10045 Goat Capra hircus 9925 Gray wolf Canis lupus 9612 Guinea pig Cavia porcellus 10141 Hamster Mesocricetus auratus 10036 Horse Equus caballus 9796 Human Homo sapiens 9606 Macaque Macaca fascicularis 9541 Mongolian Gerbil Meriones unguiculatus 10047 Monkey Platyrrhini 9479 Mouse Mus musculus 10090 None None Parrot Psittacidae 9224 Pig Sus scrofa 9823 Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus 9986 Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss 8022 Rat Rattus 10114 Raven Corvus corax 56781 sei whale Balaenoptera borealis 9768 Sheep Ovis aries 9940 Squirrel Spermophilus richardsonii 37591 Tree shrew Tupaiidae 9393 Trouts, salmons & chars Salmoninae 504568 Turkey Meleagris gallopavo 9103 Vole Microtus ochrogaster 79684 Water buffalo Bubalus bubalis 391902 Equine Arteritis Modified Live Virus Vaccine (USDA: 1531.20) Wyeth VO_0001768 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Equine Arteritis Virus EAV-VRPs ( Recombinant vector vaccine Research Venezuelan equine encephalitis replicon particles (pVR100-GL/M) [Ref4985:Balasuriya et al., 2002] subcutaneous injection Vaccine using Venezuelan equine encephalitis replicon particles (VRPs) expressing the two major envelope proteins of EAV as a heterodimer (GL/M) protect horses against subsequent challenge with a virulent strain of EAV. (Balasuriya et al., 2002) subcutaneous injection GL/M heterodimer (Balasuriya et al., 2002) Recombinant vector construction (Balasuriya et al., 2002) Horses immunized with pVR21-GL and pVR21-M VRPs did not develop neutralizing antibodies to EAV, whereas horses immunized with pVR100-GL/M that expresses both the GL and M proteins as a heterodimer developed substantial titers (64–1024) of neutralizing antibodies to EAV (Table 1). The neutralizing antibody titers peaked 2–3 weeks after the booster immunization. Western immunoblotting assay confirmed that horses vaccinated with pVR100-GL/M developed antibodies to both the GL and M proteins of EAV, and that sera from horses vaccinated with the EAV-VRPs that individually express the GL and M proteins weakly recognize the respective immunizing proteins. (Balasuriya et al., 2002) EAV-VRPs were diluted in PBS, and six geldings and three mares were each inoculated subcutaneously in the lateral side of the neck with one of the three different EAV-VRPs (pVR21-GL; n=2), M (pVR21-M; n=2) and GL/M (pVR100-GL/M; n=5). Horses were boosted once at 3 weeks after primary immunization by subcutaneous (SC) inoculation with the same EAV-VRP preparation. Two geldings and a mare (control group) were inoculated only with PBS. (Balasuriya et al., 2002) The horses that were immunized with pVR21-GL, pVR21-M VRP’s or PBS all developed severe clinical signs of EVA after intranasal or intrauterine challenge with EAV KY84. Two geldings (CZ7947 and KK7999) that were vaccinated with pVR100-GL/M developed no signs of EVA following intranasal challenge with EAV KY84, and the three mares immunized with this replicon construct developed only mild and transient edema around the fetlock joints at 5, 7 and 9 DPI following intrauterine challenge. (Balasuriya et al., 2002) All vaccinated horses remained healthy and showed no adverse effects after vaccination. (Balasuriya et al., 2002) All horses were challenged with virulent EAV KY84 virus at 5 weeks after booster immunization. Eight horses (geldings) were intranasally challenged with 3.75×10^5 PFU/ml of EAV KY84 that was delivered in 5.0 ml of EMEM using a fenestrated catheter. Estrus was synchronized in four mares by administration of progesterone (Regumate® Hochest-Russel, Germany; 22 mg per horse per day) for 12 days orally) and prostaglandin-F2α (Lutalyse®, Pharmacia and Upjohn, MI; 5 mg per horse, single SC injection), and the mares were challenged during estrus by intrauterine administration of 3.75×105 PFU/ml of EAV KY84 in 5.0 ml of EMEM using an insemination catheter. (Balasuriya et al., 2002) GL protein Equine arteritis virus AAK37632 CDD:292603 CDD:109986 11047 GL protein 5.21 26616.85 308 from horse with clinical symptoms >AAK37632.1 GL protein [Equine arteritis virus] MLSMIVLLFLLWGVPSHAYFSYYTAQRFTDFTLCMLTDRGVIANLLRYDEHTALYNCSASKTCWYCEFLD EQIITFGTGCNETYSVPVSTVLEQAHGPYSVLFDDMPPFIYYGREFGIFVMDVFMFYPVLVLFFLSVLPY VTLVLEMCVSILFVVYGLYSGAYLAMGIFATTLVVHSVVVLRQLLWLCLAWRYRCTLHASFISAEGKIYP VDPGLPIAAAGNRLLVPGRPTIDYAVAYGNKVNLVRLGAAEVWEP Protective antigen [Ref4985:Balasuriya et al., 2002] Balasuriya et al., 2002 journal Balasuriya UB, Heidner HW, Davis NL, Wagner HM, Hullinger PJ, Hedges JF, Williams JC, Johnston RE, David Wilson W, Liu IK, James MacLachlan N 2002 20 11-12 1609-1617 Vaccine Balasuriya et al., 2004 journal Balasuriya UB, Dobbe JC, Heidner HW, Smalley VL, Navarrette A, Snijder EJ, MacLachlan NJ 2004 321 2 235-246 Virology Hedges et al., 1998 journal Hedges JF, Balasuriya UB, Ahmad S, Timoney PJ, McCollum WH, Yilma T, MacLachlan NJ 1998 76 1-2 127-137 Journal of virological methods