Porcine rotavirus 10913 Gut mucosal infection occurs primarily by the invasion route via viral replication at the tips of the villi of epithelial cells in the small intestine, leading to structural and functional changes in the epithelium. The diarrhea that results is caused by the multiple activities of the virus. Malabsorption is a generally accepted mechanism of rotavirus-induced diarrhea, which is characterized by viral replication in villus enterocytes in the small intestine, with subsequent cell lysis and attendant villus blunting, depressed level of mucosal disaccharidase, watery diarrhea, and dehydration. The rotavirus nonstructural protein NSP4, which has recently been suggested to have a toxin-like function, may participate in inducing intestinal inflammation (Li et al., 2010). Diarrhea Because rotaviruses are enteric pathogens, gut mucosal immune responses are likely to play an important role in protective immunity against rotavirus infection. Gut innate immunity provides the first line of defense against pathogenic microorganisms and also initiates acquired immune responses (Li et al., 2010). Pigs Rotavirus is an important pathogen that causes diarrhea in human infants and in animals worldwide. Rotavirus infections in pigs seriously impact the pork industry. The mortality rate in piglets is extremely variable, ranging from 0 to 50%, and is usually of the order of 0–10%; however, the loss in growth in recovered piglets is economically the most important effect of the disease (Li et al., 2010). Baboon Papio cynocephalus 9556 Bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus 447135 Bear Ursus americanus 9643 Birds Passeroidea 175121 Brown Trout Salmo trutta 8032 Buffalo Bison bison 9901 Carnivores Vulpes 9625 Cat Felis catus 9685 Catfishes Siluriformes 7995 Cattle Bos taurus 9913 Chicken Gallus gallus 9031 Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes 9598 chinchillas Chinchillidae 10150 Copper Pheasant Syrmaticus soemmerringii 9067 Deer Cervus elaphus 9860 Deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus 10042 Dog Canis familiaris 9615 Ducks Anas 8835 Ferret Mustela putorius furo 9669 Fish Hyperotreti 117565 Gerbil Gerbillina 10045 Goat Capra hircus 9925 Gray wolf Canis lupus 9612 Guinea pig Cavia porcellus 10141 Hamster Mesocricetus auratus 10036 Horse Equus caballus 9796 Human Homo sapiens 9606 Macaque Macaca fascicularis 9541 Mongolian Gerbil Meriones unguiculatus 10047 Monkey Platyrrhini 9479 Mouse Mus musculus 10090 None None Parrot Psittacidae 9224 Pig Sus scrofa 9823 Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus 9986 Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss 8022 Rat Rattus 10114 Raven Corvus corax 56781 sei whale Balaenoptera borealis 9768 Sheep Ovis aries 9940 Squirrel Spermophilus richardsonii 37591 Tree shrew Tupaiidae 9393 Trouts, salmons & chars Salmoninae 504568 Turkey Meleagris gallopavo 9103 Vole Microtus ochrogaster 79684 Water buffalo Bubalus bubalis 391902 Porcine Rotavirus Modified Live Virus Vaccine (USDA: 19E1.20) Intervet Inc. VO_0001805 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Porcine Rotavirus Vaccine rPEDV-PoRV-VP7 Recombinant vector vaccine Research PEDV strain YN150 [Ref5943:Li et al., 2022] Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Recombinant PEDV expressing PoRV VP7 is an effective bivalent vaccine against PEDV and PoRV in pigs. (Li et al., 2022) The recombinant virus was constructed by replacing the entire open reading frame 3 (ORF3) in the genome of an attenuated PEDV strain YN150 with the PoRV VP7 gene using reverse genetic systems. (Li et al., 2022) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) PoRV VP7 (Li et al., 2022) Recombinant vector construction (Li et al., 2022) The levels of anti-PoRV VP7 and anti-PEDV S IgA antibodies in saliva from rPEDV-PoRV-VP7-inoculated piglets were significantly increased from 14 to 28 days post-inoculation (DPI) compared with mock-inoculated piglets. These results suggest that rPEDV-PoRV-VP7 could effectively induce the specific IgA antibodies against PoRV and PEDV in piglets. Neutralization antibody titers against PoRV were initially detected at 7 DPI and elevated to about 1:97 at 21 DPI, while neutralization antibody titers against PEDV reached 1:8 at 14 DPI and dropped to approximate 1:2 at 28 DPI. (Li et al., 2022) Ten 10-day-old piglets were purchased from a pig farm and were randomly divided into two groups (Mock-inoculated group and rPEDV-PoRV-VP7-inoculated group), which were housed in separated containments. Prior to immunization, rectal swabs from all piglets were confirmed negative for PEDV, PoRV, PDCoV, and TGEV by RT-PCR. Neutralizing antibodies against PEDV and PoRV were not detected in the sera of all piglets. After acclimation for 24 h, rPEDV-PoRV-VP7 was inoculated to the vaccinated group at a titer of 5 × 10^6 TCID50/mL (2 mL oral administration and 2 mL intramuscular administration per piglet), while mock-infected piglets were inoculated with the same volume of DMEM medium as a negative control. (Li et al., 2022) After inoculation, no piglet displayed clinical symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, or anorexia. (Li et al., 2022) Porcine Rotavirus-Transmissible Gastroenteritis Modified Live Virus Vaccine (USDA: 19H1.20) Intervet Inc. VO_0002193 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA VP7 Porcine rotavirus AET79173 CDD:278842 10913 VP7 protein 4.1 30057.77 338 group: A; genotype: P8b >AET79173.1 VP7 protein, partial [Porcine rotavirus] MYGIEYTTVLTFLISIVLLNYILKSLTSVMDFIIYRFLLLIVIVSPFVKTQNYGINLPITGSMDTAYANS SQQETFLTSTLCLYYPTEASTQIGDTEWKDTLSQLFLTKGWPTGSVYFKEYTDIASFSIDPQLYCDYNVV LMKYDSTLELDMSELADLILNEWLCNPMDITLYYYQQTNEANKWISMGQSCTIKVCPLNTQTLGIGCTTT NPTTFEEVAKNEKLVITDVVDGVNHKLDVTTNTCTIRNCKKLGPRENVAIIQVGGSEVLDITADPTTAPQ Protective antigen [Ref5004:Hu and Wang, 2008] Hu and Wang, 2008 journal Hu J, Wang C 2008 48 11 1514-1519 Wei sheng wu xue bao = Acta microbiologica Sinica Li et al., 2010 journal Li YJ, Ma GP, Li GW, Qiao XY, Ge JW, Tang LJ, Liu M, Liu LW 2010 2010 708460 Journal of biomedicine & biotechnology Wen et al., 2015 journal Wen X, Wei X, Ran X, Ni H, Cao S, Zhang Y 2015 33 36 4533-4539 Vaccine