Canine adenovirus type 1 10512 Fox Encephalitis, Infectious Canine Hepatitis Dogs, foxes, wolves coyotes and bears (Merck Vet Manual: Infectious Canine Hepatitis). Infectious canine hepatitis (ICH) is a worldwide, contagious disease of dogs with signs that vary from a slight fever and congestion of the mucous membranes to severe depression, marked leukopenia, and prolonged bleeding time. It also is seen in foxes, wolves, coyotes, and bears; other carnivores may become infected without developing clinical illness. In recent years, the disease has become uncommon in areas where routine immunization is used. ICH is caused by a nonenveloped DNA virus, canine adenovirus 1 (CAV-1), which is antigenically related only to CAV-2 (one of the causes of infectious canine tracheobronchitis). CAV-1 is resistant to lipid solvents and survives outside the host for weeks or months, but a 1-3% solution of sodium hypochlorite (household bleach) is an effective disinfectant. Ingestion of urine, feces, or saliva of infected dogs is the main route of infection. Recovered dogs shed virus in their urine for ≥6 mo. Initial infection occurs in the tonsillar crypts and Peyer’s patches, followed by viremia and infection of endothelial cells in many tissues. Liver, kidneys, spleen, and lungs are the main target organs. Chronic kidney lesions and corneal clouding (“blue eye”) result from immune-complex reactions after recovery from acute or subclinical disease (Merck Vet Manual: Infectious Canine Hepatitis). Baboon Papio cynocephalus 9556 Bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus 447135 Bear Ursus americanus 9643 Birds Passeroidea 175121 Brown Trout Salmo trutta 8032 Buffalo Bison bison 9901 Carnivores Vulpes 9625 Cat Felis catus 9685 Catfishes Siluriformes 7995 Cattle Bos taurus 9913 Chicken Gallus gallus 9031 Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes 9598 chinchillas Chinchillidae 10150 Copper Pheasant Syrmaticus soemmerringii 9067 Deer Cervus elaphus 9860 Deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus 10042 Dog Canis familiaris 9615 Ducks Anas 8835 Ferret Mustela putorius furo 9669 Fish Hyperotreti 117565 Gerbil Gerbillina 10045 Goat Capra hircus 9925 Gray wolf Canis lupus 9612 Guinea pig Cavia porcellus 10141 Hamster Mesocricetus auratus 10036 Horse Equus caballus 9796 Human Homo sapiens 9606 Macaque Macaca fascicularis 9541 Mongolian Gerbil Meriones unguiculatus 10047 Monkey Platyrrhini 9479 Mouse Mus musculus 10090 None None Parrot Psittacidae 9224 Pig Sus scrofa 9823 Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus 9986 Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss 8022 Rat Rattus 10114 Raven Corvus corax 56781 sei whale Balaenoptera borealis 9768 Sheep Ovis aries 9940 Squirrel Spermophilus richardsonii 37591 Tree shrew Tupaiidae 9393 Trouts, salmons & chars Salmoninae 504568 Turkey Meleagris gallopavo 9103 Vole Microtus ochrogaster 79684 Water buffalo Bubalus bubalis 391902 CAdV-1 F1301 Strain Vaccine Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Research Intramuscular injection (i.m.) CAdV-1 F1301 strain inactivated vaccine can effectively protect against challenge with virulent CAdV-1 in silver foxes. (Fu et al., 2022) Aluminum hydroxide A CAdV-1 F1301 strain, isolated from a naturally infected sliver fox, was cultured in MDCK cells and used as a vaccine candidate strain. Confluent MDCK monolayers were washed with PBS and inoculated with CAdV-1 F1301 suspended in DMEM (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). After 36 h at 37°C under 5% CO2, the culture medium was changed to remove non-infectious viruses. The infected cells were maintained at 37°C and 5% (v/v) CO2. When the CPE occurred in more than 90% of cells, the flask was subjected to 3 freeze/thaw cycles between−20 to 4°C. The cells were then collected and centrifuged at 4°C, 10, 000 × g for 15 min to collect the clarified virus-containing fluid. The vaccine was inactivated with 0.2% (v/v) formaldehyde at 37°C for 24 h. Adjuvant was added to a suspension of inactivated virus mixed in a volume ratio of 5:2. The pH value was adjusted to 7.2–7.4, and stored at 4°C. (Fu et al., 2022) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) CAdV-1 F1301 strain (Fu et al., 2022) Canine Distemper-Hepatitis-Parainfluenza Modified Live Virus Vaccine (USDA: 1381.21) Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc. VO_0002097 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Canine Distemper-Hepatitis-Parainfluenza-Parvovirus Modified Live Virus Vaccine-Leptospira Canicola-Icterohaemorrhagiae Bacterin (USDA: 47P9.22) Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc. VO_0002247 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Fox Encephalitis Killed Virus Vaccine (USDA: 1635.20) United Vaccines, Inc. VO_0001535 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Merck Vet Manual: Infectious Canine Hepatitis website http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/57200.htm