Fowlpox virus 10261 Fowlpox Naturally infected or vaccinated birds develop humoral as well as cell-mediated immune responses. Humoral immune responses can be measured by ELISA or virus neutralization tests (Merck Vet Manual: Fowlpox). Chickens, turkeys, quail, canaries, pigeons, and many other species of birds (Wiki: Fowlpox). Fowlpox is a slow-spreading viral infection of chickens and turkeys characterized by proliferative lesions in the skin (cutaneous form) that progress to thick scabs and by lesions in the upper GI and respiratory tracts (diphtheritic form). It is seen worldwide. The large DNA virus (an avipoxvirus, family Poxviridae) is highly resistant and may survive for several years in dried scabs. Field and vaccine strains have only minor differences in their genomic profiles, although the strains can be differentiated to some extent by restriction endonuclease analysis, and immunoblotting. Recently, molecular analyses of vaccine and field strains of fowlpox viruses have shown some significant differences. The virus is present in large numbers in the lesions and is usually transmitted by contact through abrasions of the skin. Skin lesions (scabs) shed from the recovering birds in poultry houses can become a source of aerosol infection. Mosquitos and other biting insects may serve as mechanical vectors. Transmission within flocks is rapid when mosquitos are plentiful. Some affected birds may become carriers, and the disease may be reactivated by stress (eg, moulting) or by immunosuppression due to other infections. The disease tends to persist for extended periods in multiple-age poultry complexes (Merck Vet Manual: Fowlpox). Baboon Papio cynocephalus 9556 Bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus 447135 Bear Ursus americanus 9643 Birds Passeroidea 175121 Brown Trout Salmo trutta 8032 Buffalo Bison bison 9901 Carnivores Vulpes 9625 Cat Felis catus 9685 Catfishes Siluriformes 7995 Cattle Bos taurus 9913 Chicken Gallus gallus 9031 Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes 9598 chinchillas Chinchillidae 10150 Copper Pheasant Syrmaticus soemmerringii 9067 Deer Cervus elaphus 9860 Deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus 10042 Dog Canis familiaris 9615 Ducks Anas 8835 Ferret Mustela putorius furo 9669 Fish Hyperotreti 117565 Gerbil Gerbillina 10045 Goat Capra hircus 9925 Gray wolf Canis lupus 9612 Guinea pig Cavia porcellus 10141 Hamster Mesocricetus auratus 10036 Horse Equus caballus 9796 Human Homo sapiens 9606 Macaque Macaca fascicularis 9541 Mongolian Gerbil Meriones unguiculatus 10047 Monkey Platyrrhini 9479 Mouse Mus musculus 10090 None None Parrot Psittacidae 9224 Pig Sus scrofa 9823 Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus 9986 Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss 8022 Rat Rattus 10114 Raven Corvus corax 56781 sei whale Balaenoptera borealis 9768 Sheep Ovis aries 9940 Squirrel Spermophilus richardsonii 37591 Tree shrew Tupaiidae 9393 Trouts, salmons & chars Salmoninae 504568 Turkey Meleagris gallopavo 9103 Vole Microtus ochrogaster 79684 Water buffalo Bubalus bubalis 391902 Avian Encephalomyelitis-Chicken Anemia Virus-Fowl Pox Live & Modified Live Virus Vaccine (USDA: 10T1.40) Intervet Inc. VO_0002039 Live vaccine Licensed USA Avian Encephalomyelitis-Fowl Pox Live Virus Vaccine (USDA: 10M1.10 ) Wyeth, Lohmann Animal Health International, Merial, Inc. VO_0002033 Live vaccine Licensed USA Avian Encephalomyelitis-Fowl Pox Live Virus Vaccine (USDA: 10M1.11) Intervet Inc. VO_0002034 Live vaccine Licensed USA Avian Encephalomyelitis-Fowl Pox Live Virus Vaccine (USDA: 10M1.13) Intervet Inc. VO_0002035 Live vaccine Licensed USA Avian Encephalomyelitis-Fowl Pox Live Virus Vaccine (USDA: 10M1.14) Intervet Inc. VO_0002036 Live vaccine Licensed USA Avian Encephalomyelitis-Fowl Pox Live Virus Vaccine (USDA: 10M1.40) Biomune Company VO_0002037 Live vaccine Licensed USA Avian Encephalomyelitis-Fowl Pox-Laryngotracheitis Live Virus, Live Fowl Pox Vector Vaccine (USDA: 10S1.R0) Biomune Company VO_0002038 Live vaccine Licensed USA Avian Encephalomyelitis-Fowl Pox-Mycoplasma Gallisepticum Live Fowl Pox Vector, Live Virus Vaccine (USDA: ) Biomune Company VO_0002030 Live vaccine Licensed USA Avian Influenza-Fowl Pox H5 Subtype, Live Fowl Pox Vector Vaccine (USDA: 1061.R0) Merial, Inc. VO_0002032 Live vaccine Licensed USA Fowl Pox Live Virus Vaccine (USDA: 1621.00) Wyeth, Intervet Inc., Lohmann Animal Health International, Biomune Company VO_0001677 Live vaccine Licensed USA Fowl Pox Live Virus Vaccine (USDA: 1621.10) Lohmann Animal Health International, Merial, Inc. VO_0001678 Live vaccine Licensed USA Fowl Pox Live Virus Vaccine (USDA: 1621.11) Wyeth VO_0001679 Live vaccine Licensed USA Fowl Pox Live Virus Vaccine (USDA: 1621.13) Intervet Inc. VO_0001680 Live vaccine Licensed USA Fowl Pox Live Virus Vaccine (USDA: 1621.14) Intervet Inc. VO_0001681 Live vaccine Licensed USA Fowl Pox Live Virus Vaccine (USDA: 1622.00) Merial, Inc. VO_0001682 Live vaccine Licensed USA Fowl Pox-Laryngotracheitis Live Fowl Pox Vector Vaccine (USDA: 1F31.R0) Biomune Company VO_0002202 Live vaccine Licensed USA Fowl Pox-Marek's Disease Serotype 3, Live Virus Vaccine (USDA: 15E2.00) Merial, Inc. VO_0002140 Live vaccine Licensed USA Fowl Pox-Mycoplasma Gallisepticum Live Fowl Pox Vector Vaccine (USDA: 1D51.R0) Biomune Company VO_0002201 Live vaccine Licensed USA Newcastle Disease-Fowl Pox Live Fowl Pox Vector Vaccine (USDA: 17C1.R0) Merial, Inc., Biomune Company VO_0002181 Live vaccine Licensed USA Quail Pox Live Virus Vaccine (USDA: 18E1.10) Biomune Company VO_0001534 Live vaccine Licensed USA Merck Vet Manual: Fowlpox website http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/204801.htm Pacchioni et al., 2013 journal Pacchioni SM, Bissa M, Zanotto C, Morghen Cde G, Illiano E, Radaelli A 2013 11 95 Journal of translational medicine Wiki: Fowlpox website http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/index.html?curid=6441791