Equid herpesvirus 10326 Primary EHV-1 replication occurs in the upper respiratory tract epithelial cells and local lymph nodes resulting in leukocyte-associated viremia. Leukocyte associated viremia in acute infection has been shown as a prerequisite for abortion and paresis by initiating replication of EHV-1 in the endothelial lining of blood vessels in the central nervous system (CNS) and pregnant uterus. A widespread infection of endometrial blood vessels results in severe vasculitis and multifocal thrombosis, which could result in an abortion of a virus negative fetus. Latency has been demonstrated in lymphoid and neural tissues for both EHV-1 and EHV-4 (Patel and Heldens, 2005). Equine Rhinopneumonitis Equids In equids eight herpesviruses have been identified: five belong to the subfamily alpha herpesvirinae and three to the gamma herpesvirinae. The horse is the natural host to alphaherpesvirus types 1 (EHV-1), 3 (EHV-3 coital exanthemavirus), 4 (EHV-4) and gammaherpesvirus types 2 (EHV-2) and 5 (EHV-5). Until 1981, EHV-1 and EHV-4 were considered as two subtypes of the same virus, namely EHV-1. Both EHV-1 and EHV-4 are endemic in horse populations worldwide. Prior to 1981, a single virus ‘EHV-1’ was known as the cause of febrile rhinopneumonitis, ataxia, abortions and neonatal foal disease in horses (Allen and Bryans, 1986). However, it should be stated that as early as 1972 most ‘EHV-1’ strains were distinguishable as respiratory (subtype 2) and abortigenic (subtype 1) viruses. Acute, naturally occurring respiratory diseases due to EHV-1 and EHV-4 are characterised by fever, anorexia, nasal discharge of varying severity and ocular discharge. Bacterial proliferation in nasal passages may be a contributory factor in the development of rhinopneumonitis. Experimentally, however, EHV-1 causes a much more severe disease than that induced by EHV-4 (Patel and Heldens, 2005). Baboon Papio cynocephalus 9556 Bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus 447135 Bear Ursus americanus 9643 Birds Passeroidea 175121 Brown Trout Salmo trutta 8032 Buffalo Bison bison 9901 Carnivores Vulpes 9625 Cat Felis catus 9685 Catfishes Siluriformes 7995 Cattle Bos taurus 9913 Chicken Gallus gallus 9031 Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes 9598 chinchillas Chinchillidae 10150 Copper Pheasant Syrmaticus soemmerringii 9067 Deer Cervus elaphus 9860 Deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus 10042 Dog Canis familiaris 9615 Ducks Anas 8835 Ferret Mustela putorius furo 9669 Fish Hyperotreti 117565 Gerbil Gerbillina 10045 Goat Capra hircus 9925 Gray wolf Canis lupus 9612 Guinea pig Cavia porcellus 10141 Hamster Mesocricetus auratus 10036 Horse Equus caballus 9796 Human Homo sapiens 9606 Macaque Macaca fascicularis 9541 Mongolian Gerbil Meriones unguiculatus 10047 Monkey Platyrrhini 9479 Mouse Mus musculus 10090 None None Parrot Psittacidae 9224 Pig Sus scrofa 9823 Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus 9986 Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss 8022 Rat Rattus 10114 Raven Corvus corax 56781 sei whale Balaenoptera borealis 9768 Sheep Ovis aries 9940 Squirrel Spermophilus richardsonii 37591 Tree shrew Tupaiidae 9393 Trouts, salmons & chars Salmoninae 504568 Turkey Meleagris gallopavo 9103 Vole Microtus ochrogaster 79684 Water buffalo Bubalus bubalis 391902 Encephalomyelitis-Rhinopneumonitis Eastern & Western, Killed Virus Vaccine-Tetanus Toxoid (USDA: 4844.30) Intervet Inc. VO_0002253 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Encephalomyelitis-Rhinopneumonitis-Influenza Eastern & Western & Venezuelan, Killed Virus Vaccine-Tetanus Toxoid (USDA: 4847.22) Wyeth VO_0002258 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Encephalomyelitis-Rhinopneumonitis-Influenza Eastern & Western & Venezuelan, Killed Virus Vaccine-Tetanus Toxoid (USDA: 4847.23) Wyeth VO_0002259 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Encephalomyelitis-Rhinopneumonitis-Influenza Eastern & Western & Venezuelan, Killed Virus Vaccine-Tetanus Toxoid (USDA: 4847.24) Wyeth VO_0002260 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Encephalomyelitis-Rhinopneumonitis-Influenza Eastern & Western & Venezuelan, Killed Virus Vaccine-Tetanus Toxoid (USDA: 4847.32) Intervet Inc. VO_0002261 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Encephalomyelitis-Rhinopneumonitis-Influenza Eastern & Western, Killed Virus Vaccine-Tetanus Toxoid (USDA: 4845.23) Wyeth VO_0002254 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Encephalomyelitis-Rhinopneumonitis-Influenza Eastern & Western, Killed Virus Vaccine-Tetanus Toxoid (USDA: 4845.24) Wyeth VO_0002255 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Encephalomyelitis-Rhinopneumonitis-Influenza Eastern & Western, Killed Virus Vaccine-Tetanus Toxoid (USDA: 4845.32) Intervet Inc. VO_0002256 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Encephalomyelitis-Rhinopneumonitis-Influenza Eastern & Western, Killed Virus Vaccine-Tetanus Toxoid (USDA: 4845.33) Intervet Inc. VO_0002257 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Encephalomyelitis-Rhinopneumonitis-Influenza-West Nile Virus Eastern & Western, Killed Virus, Killed Flavivirus Chimera Vaccine-Tetanus Toxoid (USDA: 4855.R2) Intervet Inc. VO_0002262 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Equid herpesvirus gE mutant vaccine VO_0002955 Live, attenuated vaccine Research intranasal immunization intranasal immunization Gene mutation This gE mutant is from Equid herpesvirus 1 (Tsujimura et al., 2006). A gE mutant is attenuated in mice (Tsujimura et al., 2006). A gE mutant induces significant protection in mice from challenge with wild type EHV (Tsujimura et al., 2006). Equid herpesvirus gI mutant vaccine VO_0002956 Live, attenuated vaccine Research intranasal immunization intranasal immunization Gene mutation This gI mutant is from Equid herpesvirus 1 (Tsujimura et al., 2006). A gI mutant is attenuated in mice (Tsujimura et al., 2006) A gI mutant induces significant protection in mice from challenge with wild type EHV (Tsujimura et al., 2006). Equid herpesvirus TK mutant vaccine PR1 VO_0002957 Live, attenuated vaccine Research intranasal immunization intranasal immunization Gene mutation This TK mutant is from Equid herpesvirus 1 (Slater et al., 1993). A TK mutant is attenuated in mice (Slater et al., 1993). A TK mutant induces significant protection from challenge with wild type EHV (Slater et al., 1993). A TK mutant is attenuated in foals (Slater et al., 1993). A TK mutant provides partial protection in foals from challenge with wild type EHV (Slater et al., 1993). Equine Rhinopneumonitis Killed Virus Vaccine (USDA: 1525.20) Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc. VO_0001778 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Equine Rhinopneumonitis Killed Virus Vaccine (USDA: 1525.21) Wyeth, Intervet Inc. VO_0001779 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Equine Rhinopneumonitis Killed Virus Vaccine (USDA: 1525.22) Intervet Inc. VO_0001780 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Equine Rhinopneumonitis Killed Virus Vaccine (USDA: 1525.24) Wyeth VO_0001781 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Equine Rhinopneumonitis Modified Live Virus Vaccine (USDA: 1521.20) Pfizer, Inc. VO_0001782 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Equine Rhinopneumonitis-Influenza Killed Virus Vaccine (USDA: 1515.24) Intervet Inc. VO_0002130 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Equine Rhinopneumonitis-Influenza Killed Virus Vaccine (USDA: 1515.26) Wyeth VO_0002131 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Equine Rhinopneumonitis-Influenza Killed Virus Vaccine (USDA: 1515.27) Wyeth VO_0002132 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Equine Rhinopneumonitis-Influenza Killed Virus Vaccine (USDA: 1515.2A) Wyeth, Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc. VO_0002133 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Equine Rhinopneumonitis-Influenza Modified Live & Killed Virus Vaccine (USDA: 1518.20) Pfizer, Inc. VO_0002134 Live, attenuated vaccine; Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA NYVAC-EHV-1- vP1014 VO_0004771 Recombinant vector vaccine Research Intramuscular injection (i.m.) vP1014, a vaccinia-based construct (NYVAC) coding for the immediate early gene (gene 64) of EHV-1 (Paillot et al., 2006). Intramuscular injection (i.m.) EHV-primed yearling ponies expressing this haplotype were vaccinated once (n = 1), three (n = 1), or four times (n = 2), and one pony was kept as an unvaccinated control (Paillot et al., 2006). VO_0003057 The results demonstrated that vaccination with a NYVAC-based construct coding for gene 64 stimulated CMI. This immune response alone did not protect against challenge infection. However, the study does illustrate that vaccinia-based vaccines can stimulate CMI in the horse and may therefore contribute to protection against disease caused by EHV-1 (Paillot et al., 2006). The ponies were challenged with EHV-1 (Paillot et al., 2006). gE Equid herpesvirus 1 330789 CDD:177575 CDD:145558 10326 ? glycoprotein E 550 envelope glycoprotein E; Provisional >gi|330789|gb|AAA66548.1| glycoprotein E [Equid herpesvirus 1] MELLAASRACIFFGLVTVLDAWGVQQVELSEGAWAMIDGRDVLTPTNTTTRVTKAWTFLETPPGCAGDIS VKKVCVSHSLCEDNIIIGKHCNLLTGEHGIALAEFNVVNGSLRRTDDVYFVNGTVFPILAETRSVLQIHR ATPSIAGVYTLHVSIDGMMKHSVVLLTVKKPPKQPQPRLRVKTPPPVTVPQVPVKTHTDFVVHGYHSRVY ADGESFELSVNLESHIVEPSFSAEIQWYYMNTSSSSCDLFRVFETCIFHPTAMACLHPEQHTCSFTSPIR ATKILHRVYGNCSDHGNSWPSRCHSTLLGNRLYFIQPAQNRVDLLFKDTPASATGLYVFVLLYNGHPEAW TYTLLSTANHFMNVLTDVTRPRLGEHFYTDLGHKIITPHPSVATTEELGAWTRHYLAFLLVIICTCAALL VALVVWGCILYIRSNRKPYEVLNPFETVYTSVPSNDPSDEVLVFERLASDSDDSFDSDSDEELEYPPPPK PAPQLPPYQFVDGGDAPSGRSGFKVWFRDTPEASPVPLHKPTLQGPDYSRVASKLKSILK Virmugen A glycoprotein E mutant is attenuated in mice and hamsters and induced significant protection from challenge with wild type Equid herpesvirus in mice [Ref1922:Tsujimura et al., 2006]. gI Equid herpesvirus 1 330788 CDD:177577 10326 ? glycoprotein I 424 envelope glycoprotein I; Provisional >gi|330788|gb|AAA66547.1| glycoprotein I [Equid herpesvirus 1] MAKLTGMFSAAILLSMAICSTAIIYRGEHMSMYLNASSEFAVYPTDQSLVLVGHLLFLDGQRLPTTNYSG LIELIHYNYSSVCYTVIQTISYESCPRVANNAFRSCLHKTSKHYHDYFRVNASVETNVLLNITKPQPTDS GAYILRVKLDHAPTADVFGVSAFVYDLKSKTVPDPMPTTQTVEPTTSYVSTPTYDYTDDVTTETESTSTS TQQAMTSTQTPSATWGTQLTTELPTNETVVIGQEALLCHWFQPSTRVPTLYLHLLGRTGNLPEDVLLVED SEFLRTTSPAHRPSASPADGDDFKQTNSTSLKARNKIVAMVVIPTACVLMLLLVVVGAIINGAVRKHLLS CASRRIYRSGQGGASAAERRRLTCGPTLAASSESLADDTTSSPPTPKPSKKTKLETDPLMEQLNRKLEAI KEES Virmugen A glycoprotein I mutant is attenuated in mice and hamsters and induced significant protection from challenge with wild type Equid herpesvirus in mice [Ref1922:Tsujimura et al., 2006]. TK Equid herpesvirus 1 Ab4 59214 1P73 CDD:177537 GOA:P69185 InterPro:IPR001889 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:P69185 10326 ? thymidine kinase 352 thymidine kinase; Provisional >gi|59214|emb|CAA48144.1| thymidine kinase [Equid herpesvirus 1] MAARVPSGEARRSASGAPVRRQVTIVRIYLDGVYGIGKSTTGRVMASAASGGSPTLYFPEPMAYWRTLFE ADVISGIYDTQNRKQQGDLAADDAASITAHYQSRFTTPYLILHDHTFGLFGGDSLQRGTRPDLTVVFDRH PVASAVCFPAARYLIGDMSMCALIAMVATLPREPQGGNIVVTTLNVDEHVRRLRTRARIGEQIDMKLIAT LRNVYSMLANTSNFLRSGRVWRDGWGELPLSCETYKHRATQMDAFQERESPELSDTLFAMFKTPELLDDR GVILEVHAWALDALMLKLRNLSVFCADLSGTPRQCAATVESLIPLMSSTLSDSESASSLERAARTFNAEM GV Virmugen A thymidine kinase-deficient mutant (PR1) is attenuated in mice and induced significant protection from challenge with wild type EHV-1 5 weeks after vaccination. In foals, PR1 also showed attenuation; however, the mutant induced only partial protection from challenge with EHV-1 [Ref1983:Slater et al., 1993]. Patel and Heldens, 2005 journal Patel JR, Heldens J 2005 170 1 14-23 Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997) Slater et al., 1993 journal Slater JD, Gibson JS, Field HJ 1993 74 ( Pt 5) 819-828 The Journal of general virology Tsujimura et al., 2006 journal Tsujimura K, Yamanaka T, Kondo T, Fukushi H, Matsumura T 2006 68 10 1029-1038 The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science