Canine parainfluenza virus 149595 Canine parainfluenzavirus (CPIV) was first reported in the late 1960s from laboratory dogs with respiratory disease and from a sentry dog with respiratory disease of the upper tract. Subsequent studies revealed that the virus was frequent in dogs with respiratory disease. Parainfluenza viruses include important pathogens of the respiratory tract of mammals and birds. The term parainfluenza was originally adopted after the influenzalike symptoms observed in infected patients and after the influenza-like hemagglutination and neuraminidase activities exhibited by the virus particles. Parainfluenza is highly contagious and the prevalence of infection appears to berelated to the density of the dog population. CPIV is excreted from the respiratory tract of infected animals for 8-10 days after infection and is usually transmitted by direct contact with infected aerosol. The virus may spread rapidly in kennels or shelters where a large number of dogs are kept together. CPIV infection is usually restricted to the upper respiratory tract in dogs of two weeks of age or older (Buonavoglia and Martella, 2007). Baboon Papio cynocephalus 9556 Bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus 447135 Bear Ursus americanus 9643 Birds Passeroidea 175121 Brown Trout Salmo trutta 8032 Buffalo Bison bison 9901 Carnivores Vulpes 9625 Cat Felis catus 9685 Catfishes Siluriformes 7995 Cattle Bos taurus 9913 Chicken Gallus gallus 9031 Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes 9598 chinchillas Chinchillidae 10150 Copper Pheasant Syrmaticus soemmerringii 9067 Deer Cervus elaphus 9860 Deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus 10042 Dog Canis familiaris 9615 Ducks Anas 8835 Ferret Mustela putorius furo 9669 Fish Hyperotreti 117565 Gerbil Gerbillina 10045 Goat Capra hircus 9925 Gray wolf Canis lupus 9612 Guinea pig Cavia porcellus 10141 Hamster Mesocricetus auratus 10036 Horse Equus caballus 9796 Human Homo sapiens 9606 Macaque Macaca fascicularis 9541 Mongolian Gerbil Meriones unguiculatus 10047 Monkey Platyrrhini 9479 Mouse Mus musculus 10090 None None Parrot Psittacidae 9224 Pig Sus scrofa 9823 Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus 9986 Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss 8022 Rat Rattus 10114 Raven Corvus corax 56781 sei whale Balaenoptera borealis 9768 Sheep Ovis aries 9940 Squirrel Spermophilus richardsonii 37591 Tree shrew Tupaiidae 9393 Trouts, salmons & chars Salmoninae 504568 Turkey Meleagris gallopavo 9103 Vole Microtus ochrogaster 79684 Water buffalo Bubalus bubalis 391902 Canine Adenovirus Type 2-Parainfluenza-Bordetella Bronchiseptica Modified Live Virus & Avirulent Live Culture Vaccine (USDA: 12X1.20) Wyeth, Intervet Inc. VO_0002089 Live vaccine Licensed USA Canine Distemper-Adenovirus Type 2-Coronavirus-Parainfluenza-Parvovirus Modified Live & Killed Virus Vaccine (USDA: 1599.20) Intervet Inc., Pfizer, Inc. VO_0002136 Live, attenuated vaccine; Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Canine Distemper-Adenovirus Type 2-Coronavirus-Parainfluenza-Parvovirus Modified Live & Killed Virus Vaccine (USDA: 1599.21) Wyeth, Intervet Inc., Pfizer, Inc. VO_0002137 Live, attenuated vaccine; Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Canine Distemper-Adenovirus Type 2-Coronavirus-Parainfluenza-Parvovirus Modified Live & Killed Virus Vaccine (USDA: 1599.25) Wyeth VO_0002138 Live, attenuated vaccine; Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Canine Distemper-Adenovirus Type 2-Coronavirus-Parainfluenza-Parvovirus Modified Live & Killed Virus Vaccine (USDA: 1599.29) Wyeth VO_0002139 Live, attenuated vaccine; Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Canine Distemper-Adenovirus Type 2-Coronavirus-Parainfluenza-Parvovirus Modified Live & Killed Virus Vaccine-Borrelia Burgdorferi Bacterin (USDA: 47C5.20) Wyeth VO_0002241 Live, attenuated vaccine; Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Canine Distemper-Adenovirus Type 2-Coronavirus-Parainfluenza-Parvovirus Modified Live & Killed Virus Vaccine-Borrelia Burgdorferi Bacterin (USDA: 47C5.29) Wyeth VO_0002242 Live, attenuated vaccine; Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Canine Distemper-Adenovirus Type 2-Coronavirus-Parainfluenza-Parvovirus Modified Live & Killed Virus Vaccine-Borrelia Burgdorferi Bacterin-Leptospira Canicola-Grippotyphosa-Icterohaemorrhagiae-Pomona Bacterial Extract (USDA: 46B9.21) Wyeth VO_0002219 Live, attenuated vaccine; Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Canine Distemper-Adenovirus Type 2-Coronavirus-Parainfluenza-Parvovirus Modified Live & Killed Virus Vaccine-Leptospira Canicola-Grippotyphosa-Icterohaemorrhagiae-Pomona Bacterial Extract (USDA: 46J9.25) Wyeth VO_0002231 Live, attenuated vaccine; Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Canine Distemper-Adenovirus Type 2-Coronavirus-Parainfluenza-Parvovirus Modified Live & Killed Virus Vaccine-Leptospira Canicola-Grippotyphosa-Icterohaemorrhagiae-Pomona Bacterial Extract (USDA: 46J9.29) Wyeth VO_0002234 Live, attenuated vaccine; Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Canine Distemper-Adenovirus Type 2-Coronavirus-Parainfluenza-Parvovirus Modified Live & Killed Virus Vaccine-Leptospira Canicola-Grippotyphosa-Icterohaemorrhagiae-Pomona Bacterin (USDA: 47L9.20) Pfizer, Inc. VO_0002246 Live, attenuated vaccine; Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Canine Distemper-Adenovirus Type 2-Coronavirus-Parainfluenza-Parvovirus Modified Live & Killed Virus Vaccine-Leptospira Canicola-Icterohaemorrhagiae Bacterial Extract (USDA: 46J9.21) Wyeth VO_0002230 Live, attenuated vaccine; Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Canine Distemper-Adenovirus Type 2-Coronavirus-Parainfluenza-Parvovirus Modified Live & Killed Virus Vaccine-Leptospira Canicola-Icterohaemorrhagiae Bacterial Extract (USDA: 46J9.26) Wyeth VO_0002232 Live, attenuated vaccine; Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Canine Distemper-Adenovirus Type 2-Coronavirus-Parainfluenza-Parvovirus Modified Live & Killed Virus Vaccine-Leptospira Canicola-Icterohaemorrhagiae Bacterial Extract (USDA: 46J9.27) Wyeth VO_0002233 Live, attenuated vaccine; Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Canine Distemper-Adenovirus Type 2-Coronavirus-Parainfluenza-Parvovirus Modified Live & Killed Virus Vaccine-Leptospira Canicola-Icterohaemorrhagiae Bacterin (USDA: 46J7.20) Intervet Inc., Pfizer, Inc. VO_0002226 Live, attenuated vaccine; Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Canine Distemper-Adenovirus Type 2-Coronavirus-Parainfluenza-Parvovirus Modified Live & Killed Virus Vaccine-Leptospira Canicola-Icterohaemorrhagiae Bacterin (USDA: 46J7.22) Pfizer, Inc. VO_0002227 Live, attenuated vaccine; Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Canine Distemper-Adenovirus Type 2-Coronavirus-Parainfluenza-Parvovirus Modified Live & Killed Virus Vaccine-Leptospira Canicola-Icterohaemorrhagiae Bacterin (USDA: 46J9.20) Intervet Inc. VO_0002229 Live, attenuated vaccine; Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Canine Distemper-Adenovirus Type 2-Coronavirus-Parainfluenza-Parvovirus Modified Live & Killed Virus Vaccine-Leptospira Icterohaemorrhagiae Bacterial Extract (USDA: 46L9.27) Wyeth VO_0002236 Live, attenuated vaccine; Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Canine Distemper-Adenovirus Type 2-Coronavirus-Parainfluenza-Parvovirus Modified Live Virus, Live Canarypox Vector Vaccine-Leptospira Canicola-Icterohaemorrhagiae Bacterin (USDA: 46J9.R1) Merial, Inc. VO_0002235 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Canine Distemper-Adenovirus Type 2-Coronavirus-Parainfluenza-Parvovirus Modified Live Virus; Canarypox Vector Vaccine (USDA: 1591.R1) Merial, Inc. VO_0002135 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Canine Distemper-Adenovirus Type 2-Parainfluenza Modified Live Virus Vaccine-Leptospira Canicola-Icterohaemorrhagiae Bacterin (USDA: 4659.20) Pfizer, Inc. VO_0002218 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Canine Distemper-Adenovirus Type 2-Parainfluenza-Parvovirus Modified Live Virus Vaccine (USDA: 13D1.20) Intervet Inc., Aceto Pharma Corp. VO_0002101 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Canine Distemper-Adenovirus Type 2-Parainfluenza-Parvovirus Modified Live Virus Vaccine (USDA: 13D1.21) Wyeth, Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc., Pfizer, Inc. VO_0002102 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Canine Distemper-Adenovirus Type 2-Parainfluenza-Parvovirus Modified Live Virus Vaccine (USDA: 13D1.22) Intervet Inc., Pfizer, Inc. VO_0002103 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Canine Distemper-Adenovirus Type 2-Parainfluenza-Parvovirus Modified Live Virus Vaccine (USDA: 13D1.23) Intervet Inc. VO_0002104 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Canine Distemper-Adenovirus Type 2-Parainfluenza-Parvovirus Modified Live Virus Vaccine (USDA: 13D1.25) Wyeth VO_0002105 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Canine Distemper-Adenovirus Type 2-Parainfluenza-Parvovirus Modified Live Virus Vaccine (USDA: 13D1.27) Wyeth VO_0002106 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Canine Distemper-Adenovirus Type 2-Parainfluenza-Parvovirus Modified Live Virus Vaccine (USDA: 13D1.28) Wyeth VO_0002107 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Canine Distemper-Adenovirus Type 2-Parainfluenza-Parvovirus Modified Live Virus Vaccine (USDA: 13D1.29) Wyeth VO_0002108 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Canine Distemper-Adenovirus Type 2-Parainfluenza-Parvovirus Modified Live Virus Vaccine (USDA: 13D1.T0) Wyeth VO_0002110 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Canine Distemper-Adenovirus Type 2-Parainfluenza-Parvovirus Modified Live Virus Vaccine-Leptospira Canicola-Grippotyphosa-Icterohaemorrhagiae-Pomona Bacterial Extract (USDA: 4637.29) Wyeth VO_0002211 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Canine Distemper-Adenovirus Type 2-Parainfluenza-Parvovirus Modified Live Virus Vaccine-Leptospira Canicola-Grippotyphosa-Icterohaemorrhagiae-Pomona Bacterial Extract (USDA: 4639.25) Wyeth VO_0002214 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Canine Distemper-Adenovirus Type 2-Parainfluenza-Parvovirus Modified Live Virus Vaccine-Leptospira Canicola-Grippotyphosa-Icterohaemorrhagiae-Pomona Bacterin (USDA: 47K1.20) Intervet Inc., Pfizer, Inc. VO_0002245 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Canine Distemper-Adenovirus Type 2-Parainfluenza-Parvovirus Modified Live Virus Vaccine-Leptospira Canicola-Icterohaemorrhagiae Bacterial Extract (USDA: 4639.27) Wyeth VO_0002215 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Canine Distemper-Adenovirus Type 2-Parainfluenza-Parvovirus Modified Live Virus Vaccine-Leptospira Canicola-Icterohaemorrhagiae Bacterial Extract (USDA: 4639.28) Wyeth VO_0002216 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Canine Distemper-Adenovirus Type 2-Parainfluenza-Parvovirus Modified Live Virus Vaccine-Leptospira Canicola-Icterohaemorrhagiae Bacterin (USDA: 4637.20)_ Intervet Inc., Pfizer, Inc. VO_0002208 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Canine Distemper-Adenovirus Type 2-Parainfluenza-Parvovirus Modified Live Virus Vaccine-Leptospira Canicola-Icterohaemorrhagiae Bacterin (USDA: 4637.22) Intervet Inc. VO_0002209 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Canine Distemper-Adenovirus Type 2-Parainfluenza-Parvovirus Modified Live Virus Vaccine-Leptospira Canicola-Icterohaemorrhagiae Bacterin (USDA: 4637.23) Pfizer, Inc. VO_0002210 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Canine Distemper-Adenovirus Type 2-Parainfluenza-Parvovirus Modified Live Virus Vaccine-Leptospira Canicola-Icterohaemorrhagiae Bacterin (USDA: 4639.21) Wyeth, Pfizer, Inc. VO_0002212 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Canine Distemper-Adenovirus Type 2-Parainfluenza-Parvovirus Modified Live Virus Vaccine-Leptospira Canicola-Icterohaemorrhagiae Bacterin (USDA: 4639.22) Pfizer, Inc. VO_0002213 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Canine Distemper-Adenovirus Type 2-Parainfluenza-Parvovirus Modified Live Virus Vaccine-Leptospira Canicola-Icterohaemorrhagiae Bacterin (USDA: 46J8.20) Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc. VO_0002228 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Canine Distemper-Adenovirus Type 2-Parainfluenza-Parvovirus Modified Live Virus, Canarypox Vector Vaccine (USDA: 13D1.R1) Merial, Inc. VO_0002109 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Canine Distemper-Adenovirus Type 2-Parainfluenza-Parvovirus Modified Live Virus, Live Canarypox Vector Vaccine-Leptospira Canicola-Icterohaemorrhagiae Bacterin (USDA: 4639.R1) Merial, Inc. VO_0002217 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Canine Distemper-Adenovirus Type 2-Parainfluenza-Parvovirus-Rabies Modified Live & Killed Virus Vaccine (USDA: 13G9.20) Intervet Inc. VO_0002111 Live, attenuated vaccine; Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Canine Distemper-Adenovirus Type 2-Parvovirus Modified Live Virus Vaccine (USDA: 1331.20) Wyeth, Intervet Inc. VO_0002090 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Canine Distemper-Adenovirus Type 2-Parvovirus Modified Live Virus Vaccine (USDA: 1331.25) Wyeth VO_0002091 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Canine Distemper-Adenovirus Type 2-Parvovirus Modified Live Virus Vaccine (USDA: 1331.27) Wyeth VO_0002092 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Canine Distemper-Adenovirus Type 2-Parvovirus Modified Live Virus Vaccine (USDA: 1331.30) Intervet Inc. VO_0002093 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Canine Distemper-Adenovirus Type 2-Parvovirus Modified Live Virus, Canarypox Vector Vaccine (USDA: 1331.R1) Merial, Inc. VO_0002094 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Canine Distemper-Adenovirus Type 2-Parvovirus-Rabies Modified Live & Killed Virus Vaccine (USDA: 13H9.20) Intervet Inc. VO_0002112 Live, attenuated vaccine; Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Canine Distemper-Hepatitis-Parainfluenza Modified Live Virus Vaccine (USDA: 1381.21) Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc. VO_0002097 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Canine Distemper-Hepatitis-Parainfluenza-Parvovirus Modified Live Virus Vaccine-Leptospira Canicola-Icterohaemorrhagiae Bacterin (USDA: 47P9.22) Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc. VO_0002247 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Canine Parainfluenza Modified Live Virus Vaccine (USDA: 1421.21) Wyeth VO_0001747 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Canine Parainfluenza Modified Live Virus Vaccine-Leptospira Canicola-Icterohaemorrhagiae Bacterin (USDA: 47A9.20) Intervet Inc. VO_0004212 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Canine Parainfluenza-Bordetella Bronchiseptica Modified Live Virus, Avirulent Live Culture Vaccine (USDA: 14M1.20) Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc., Intervet Inc. VO_0002119 Live vaccine Licensed USA Canine Parainfluenza-Bordetella Bronchiseptica Modified Live Virus, Avirulent Live Culture Vaccine (USDA: 14M1.22) Intervet Inc. VO_0002120 Live vaccine Licensed USA Buonavoglia and Martella, 2007 journal Buonavoglia C, Martella V 2007 38 2 355-373 Veterinary research