Infectious salmon anemia virus
55987
The major port of ISAV entry is most likely the gill, but oral entry cannot be excluded. Endothelial cells are one of the main target cells for ISAV, but the presence of virus in other cell types including polymorphonuclear leukocytes has been reported. The pathological changes observed in natural outbreaks of ISA may vary between the individual fish and between outbreaks (Rimstad and Mjaaland, 2002).
Infectious Salmon Anemia
Apart from Atlantic salmon, both sea-run Brown trout (Salmo trutta) and Rainbow trout (Onchorhyncus mykiss) can be infected, but do not become sick, so it is thought possible that these species may act as important carriers and reservoirs of the virus (Wiki: Infectious Salmon anemia virus).
Infectious salmon anemia or anaemia (ISA) is a viral disease of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) that affects fish farms in Canada, Norway, Scotland and Chile, causing severe losses to infected farms. The disease is listed as a non-exotic disease of the EU and is therefore watched closely by the European Community Reference Laboratory for Fish Diseases. The aetiological agent of ISA is the infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV). ISAV, a RNA virus, is the only species in the genus "Isavirus" which is in the family Orthomyxoviridae. As the name implies, it causes severe anemia of infected fish. Unlike mammals, the red blood cells of fish have DNA, and can become infected with viruses. The fish develop pale gills, and may swim close to the water surface, gulping for air. However, the disease can also develop without the fish showing any external signs of illness, the fish maintain a normal appetite, and then they suddenly die. The disease can progress slowly throughout an infected farm and, in the worst cases, death rates may approach 100%. Post-mortem examination of the fish has shown a wide range of causes of death. The liver and spleen may be swollen, congested or partially already dead. The circulatory system may stop working, and the blood may be contaminated with dead blood cells. Red blood cells still present often burst easily and the numbers of immature and damaged blood cells are increased (Wiki: Infectious Salmon anemia virus).
Baboon
Papio cynocephalus
9556
Bank vole
Clethrionomys glareolus
447135
Bear
Ursus americanus
9643
Birds
Passeroidea
175121
Brown Trout
Salmo trutta
8032
Buffalo
Bison bison
9901
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Vulpes
9625
Cat
Felis catus
9685
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Siluriformes
7995
Cattle
Bos taurus
9913
Chicken
Gallus gallus
9031
Chimpanzee
Pan troglodytes
9598
chinchillas
Chinchillidae
10150
Copper Pheasant
Syrmaticus soemmerringii
9067
Deer
Cervus elaphus
9860
Deer mouse
Peromyscus maniculatus
10042
Dog
Canis familiaris
9615
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Anas
8835
Ferret
Mustela putorius furo
9669
Fish
Hyperotreti
117565
Gerbil
Gerbillina
10045
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Capra hircus
9925
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Canis lupus
9612
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Cavia porcellus
10141
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Mesocricetus auratus
10036
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Equus caballus
9796
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Homo sapiens
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Macaca fascicularis
9541
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Meriones unguiculatus
10047
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Platyrrhini
9479
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Mus musculus
10090
None
None
Parrot
Psittacidae
9224
Pig
Sus scrofa
9823
Rabbit
Oryctolagus cuniculus
9986
Rainbow trout
Oncorhynchus mykiss
8022
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Rattus
10114
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Corvus corax
56781
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Balaenoptera borealis
9768
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Ovis aries
9940
Squirrel
Spermophilus richardsonii
37591
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Tupaiidae
9393
Trouts, salmons & chars
Salmoninae
504568
Turkey
Meleagris gallopavo
9103
Vole
Microtus ochrogaster
79684
Water buffalo
Bubalus bubalis
391902
Infectious Salmon Anemia Virus Inactivated Vaccine
Inactivated or "killed" vaccine
Research
Intraperitoneal injection (i.p.)
Inactivated ISAV vaccine with high antigen dose is able to induce protective efficacy in Atlantic salmon. (Lauscher et al., 2011)
MontanideTM
The vaccine antigen was produced as lysates of ISAV- infected SHK-1 cells inactivated by 0.1% formalin at 4°C for 7 days. The vaccine was formulated as a water-in-oil emulsion using MontanideTM ISA 763A (Seppic) with an adjuvant/antigen ratio of 70/30 (weight/weight). (Lauscher et al., 2011)
Intraperitoneal injection (i.p.)
ISAV isolate Bremnes 98 (Lauscher et al., 2011)
The numbers of ISAV- antibodies positive fish were significantly higher (p < 0.001) in the group ISAV 100% than in the group ISAV 20% at all samplings. ISAV-specific antibodies were not detected by ELISA in any of the eight control fish sampled prior to vaccination. (Lauscher et al., 2011)
The fish were randomly picked from a reservoir population (n > 1500) and vaccinated group by group as they came by hand (60 fish per group in tank I and 90 fish per group in tank II). Groups 1–3 were immunized with the vaccine ISAV 100%, 20% and 4%, respectively, while fish in groups 4 and 5 were injected with mock vaccine (adjuvant control) and physiological saline, respectively. One dose was 0.1 ml, given by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection. (Lauscher et al., 2011)
The mortality curve of the group injected with saline was almost identical with that of the group adjuvant control, and on 45 dpc the cumulative mortalities were 71.7% and 63.3% for these groups, respectively. The vaccinated groups showed declining cumulative mortality with increasing amounts of ISAV antigen, with 55.0% for ISAV 4%, 28.3% for ISAV 20% and 10.0% for ISAV 100%. The cumulative mortality was significant lower in group ISAV 100% than in group ISAV 20% (p<0.02) and highly significant lower than in all other groups (p < 0.001). (Lauscher et al., 2011)
Six weeks post vaccination (wpv), 49 and 50 “shedder” fish infected i.p. with 0.1 ml ISAV of a Chilean field isolate i.e., approximately 3 × 10^6 TCID50 /fish, were placed into tanks I and II, respectively. (Lauscher et al., 2011)
Infectious Salmon Anemia Virus Killed Virus Vaccine-Aeromonas Salmonicida-Vibrio Anguillarum-Ordalii-Salmonicida Bacterin (USDA: 4A45.20)
Novartis Animal Health US, Inc
VO_0002320
Inactivated or "killed" vaccine
Licensed
USA
Mikalsen et al., 2005
journal
Mikalsen AB, Sindre H, Torgersen J, Rimstad E
Protective effects of a DNA vaccine expressing the infectious salmon anemia virus hemagglutinin-esterase in Atlantic salmon
2005
23
41
4895-4905
Vaccine
Rimstad and Mjaaland, 2002
journal
Rimstad E, Mjaaland S
Infectious salmon anaemia virus
2002
110
4
273-282
APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica
Wiki: Infectious Salmon anemia virus
website
Wiki: Infectious Salmon anemia virus
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_salmon_anemia_virus