Orf Virus 10258 Orf disease, Sore mouth (Ovine Ecthyma) Primarily, orf is a disease of sheep and goats although it has been reported as a natural disease in the following: humans, steenbok and alpacas, chamois and thar, reindeer, musk ox, the dog, the cat, the mountain goat, bighorn sheep, dall sheep, and the red squirrel (Wiki: Orf disease). Orf is an exanthemous disease caused by a parapox virus and occurring primarily in sheep and goats. It is also known as contagious pustular dermatitis, infectious labial dermatitis, ecthyma contagiosum, and sheep pox, thistle disease and scabby mouth. Orf virus can also infect humans. It has been recorded since the late 19th century and has been reported from most sheep- or goat-raising areas including those in Europe, the Middle East, the United States, Africa, Asia, Alaska, South America, Canada, New Zealand and Australia. Orf is spread by fomites and direct contact. In some environments infection is injected by scratches from thistles of both growing and felled plants. Symptoms include papules and pustules on the lips and muzzle, and less commonly in the mouth of young lambs and on the eyelids, feet, and teats of ewes. The lesions progress to thick crusts which may bleed. Orf in the mouths of lambs may prevent suckling and cause weight loss, and can infect the udder of the mother ewe, thus potentially leading to mastitis. Sheep are prone to reinfection. Occasionally the infection can be extensive and persistent if the animal does not produce an immune response (Wiki: Orf disease). Baboon Papio cynocephalus 9556 Bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus 447135 Bear Ursus americanus 9643 Birds Passeroidea 175121 Brown Trout Salmo trutta 8032 Buffalo Bison bison 9901 Carnivores Vulpes 9625 Cat Felis catus 9685 Catfishes Siluriformes 7995 Cattle Bos taurus 9913 Chicken Gallus gallus 9031 Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes 9598 chinchillas Chinchillidae 10150 Copper Pheasant Syrmaticus soemmerringii 9067 Deer Cervus elaphus 9860 Deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus 10042 Dog Canis familiaris 9615 Ducks Anas 8835 Ferret Mustela putorius furo 9669 Fish Hyperotreti 117565 Gerbil Gerbillina 10045 Goat Capra hircus 9925 Gray wolf Canis lupus 9612 Guinea pig Cavia porcellus 10141 Hamster Mesocricetus auratus 10036 Horse Equus caballus 9796 Human Homo sapiens 9606 Macaque Macaca fascicularis 9541 Mongolian Gerbil Meriones unguiculatus 10047 Monkey Platyrrhini 9479 Mouse Mus musculus 10090 None None Parrot Psittacidae 9224 Pig Sus scrofa 9823 Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus 9986 Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss 8022 Rat Rattus 10114 Raven Corvus corax 56781 sei whale Balaenoptera borealis 9768 Sheep Ovis aries 9940 Squirrel Spermophilus richardsonii 37591 Tree shrew Tupaiidae 9393 Trouts, salmons & chars Salmoninae 504568 Turkey Meleagris gallopavo 9103 Vole Microtus ochrogaster 79684 Water buffalo Bubalus bubalis 391902 licensed Orf human vaccine Generic Unknown VO_0001460 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed A generic representation of live, attenuated vaccines used to prevent Orf disease (Ovine Ecthyma) in humans. These vaccines contain weakened Orf virus to stimulate protective immunity without causing severe disease. Orf Virus Vaccine PBK-asd DNA vaccine Research Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Recombinant B2L and Kisspeptin-54 DNA vaccine induces immunity against Orf Virus in mice The PVAX-asd plasmid was prepared by excising the kanamycin antibiotic resistance gene from PVAX1 plasmid and replaced by aspartate-β- semialdehyde dehydrogenase (ASD) gene. The orf virus isolate MT-05 B2L gene, GenBankTM accession number JN613809.1 was chemically synthesized and subcloned into PVAX-asd plasmid with NheI and BamHI restriction enzymes. The positive plasmid was identified by restriction digestion and confirmed by sequencing. Finally, the fusion plasmid labeled as PVAX-B2L-asd and stored in −20 °C. The recombinant B2L and kisspeptin-54 plasmid was constructed by subcloning the kisspeptin-54 into PVAX-B2L-asd plasmid. Briefly, the KISS1 gene and subcloned into PVAX-B2L-asd plasmid with BamHI and EcoRI restriction enzymes. The (G4S)3 linker was used to improve and maintain the folding, expression, and biological activity of the fusion protein. This recombinant plasmid labeled as PVAX-B2L-(G4S) 3-kisspeptin-54-asd (PBK-asd). (Wassie et al., 2019) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) B2L protein and Kisspeptin-54 (neuropeptide) (Wassie et al., 2019) he ELISA results showed that the anti-B2L antibody was significantly higher in the PBK-asd group than in the control group from the 4th week after the initial immunization until the end of the experiment (p < 0.05). This data suggesting that immunization of rats using recombinant B2L and kisspeptin-54 DNA vaccine could stimulate antibody production against orf virus envelope protein (B2L). Rats inoculated with PBK-asd vaccine up-regulated antigen-mediated splenocyte proliferation and significantly raised antigen-specific tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα-), interferon-gamma (IFN-ϒ) and interleukin (IL-2) compared to the control group (p < 0.05). (Wassie et al., 2019) The experiment was performed in the completely randomized design, and 36 rats were equally assigned into one of the following three groups: PBK-asd, PK-asd and PVAX-asd (control). Both the treatments and the control group rats were treated with (100 μg/dose) plasmid diluted in 1 ml saline. The injection was given through intramuscular route. All treatment rats were boosted twice at an interval of 3 weeks. (Wassie et al., 2019) The capability of the vaccine to induce both humoral and cell-mediated immune response defines its efficacy. Our results showed that the recombinant PBK-asd vaccine induced a strong antigen-specific humoral ant-orf antibody after booster immunization. (Wassie et al., 2019) Ovine Ecthyma Live Virus Vaccine Colorado Serum Company VO_0004209 Live vaccine Licensed USA Ovine Ecthyma Live Virus Vaccine Texas Agricultural Experiment Station VO_0004210 Live vaccine Licensed USA Wiki: Orf disease website http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orf_disease Zhao et al., 2011 journal Zhao K, He W, Gao W, Lu H, Han T, Li J, Zhang X, Zhang B, Wang G, Su G, Zhao Z, Song D, Gao F 2011 8 562 Virology journal