Feline herpesvirus 1 10334 The natural routes of infection for FeHV-1 are via the nasal, oral, and conjunctival mucous membranes, though experimentally other routes have been investigated. Following infection, virus replication in the acute phase takes place predominantly in the mucosae of the nasal septum, turbinates, nasopharynx, and tonsils; other tissues including conjunctivae, mandibular lymph nodes and upper trachea are also often involved (Gaskell et al., 2007). Feline viral rhinotracheitis Immunity to FeHV-1 has generally been measured by serum virus neutralizing (VN) antibody levels, although as for other alphaherpesviruses, cell-mediated immunity is likely to be a better reflection of immune status (Gaskell et al., 2007). As well as domestic cats, FeHV-1 infects several other members of the Felidae (Gaskell et al., 2007). Feline herpesvirus (FHV-1; felid herpesvirus 1 (FeHV-1)) is an alphaherpesvirus of cats closely related to canine herpesvirus-1 and phocine herpesvirus-1. Like other herpesviruses, FeHV-1 contains double-stranded DNA and has a glycoprotein-lipid envelope. It is therefore relatively fragile in the external environment and is highly susceptible to the effects of common disinfectants. There is only one serotype of the virus and it is relatively homogenous genetically. FeHV-1 is an important cause of acute upper respiratory tract and ocular disease in cats. In addition, its role in more chronic ocular disease and skin lesions is increasingly being recognised. Epidemiologically, FeHV-1 behaves as a typical alphaherpesvirus whereby clinically recovered cats become latently infected carriers which undergo periodic episodes of virus reactivation, particularly after a stress. The primary site of latency is the trigeminal ganglion. Conventional inactivated and modified-live vaccines are available and protect reasonably well against disease but not infection, although viral shedding may be reduced. FeHV-1 is shed in ocular, nasal, and oral secretions and transmission is largely by direct contact with an infected cat. Acutely infected animals are clearly one of the most important sources of virus, but latently infected carrier cats may also shed virus and infect susceptible cats (Gaskell et al., 2007). Baboon Papio cynocephalus 9556 Bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus 447135 Bear Ursus americanus 9643 Birds Passeroidea 175121 Brown Trout Salmo trutta 8032 Buffalo Bison bison 9901 Carnivores Vulpes 9625 Cat Felis catus 9685 Catfishes Siluriformes 7995 Cattle Bos taurus 9913 Chicken Gallus gallus 9031 Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes 9598 chinchillas Chinchillidae 10150 Copper Pheasant Syrmaticus soemmerringii 9067 Deer Cervus elaphus 9860 Deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus 10042 Dog Canis familiaris 9615 Ducks Anas 8835 Ferret Mustela putorius furo 9669 Fish Hyperotreti 117565 Gerbil Gerbillina 10045 Goat Capra hircus 9925 Gray wolf Canis lupus 9612 Guinea pig Cavia porcellus 10141 Hamster Mesocricetus auratus 10036 Horse Equus caballus 9796 Human Homo sapiens 9606 Macaque Macaca fascicularis 9541 Mongolian Gerbil Meriones unguiculatus 10047 Monkey Platyrrhini 9479 Mouse Mus musculus 10090 None None Parrot Psittacidae 9224 Pig Sus scrofa 9823 Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus 9986 Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss 8022 Rat Rattus 10114 Raven Corvus corax 56781 sei whale Balaenoptera borealis 9768 Sheep Ovis aries 9940 Squirrel Spermophilus richardsonii 37591 Tree shrew Tupaiidae 9393 Trouts, salmons & chars Salmoninae 504568 Turkey Meleagris gallopavo 9103 Vole Microtus ochrogaster 79684 Water buffalo Bubalus bubalis 391902 Feline herpesvirus 1 UL23 mutant vaccine C7301dlTK VO_0002958 Live, attenuated vaccine Research Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Gene mutation This UL23 mutant is from Felid herpesvirus 1 (Yokoyama et al., 1996). A UL23 mutant is attenuated in cats (Yokoyama et al., 1996). A UL23 mutant induces significant protection in cats from wild type FHV-1 4 weeks after vaccination (Yokoyama et al., 1996). Feline Leukemia-Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia Killed Virus Vaccine (USDA: 15B5.20) Wyeth VO_0001843 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Feline Leukemia-Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia Killed Virus Vaccine (USDA: 15B5.21) Wyeth VO_0001844 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Feline Leukemia-Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia Modified Live & Killed Virus Vaccine (USDA: 15B9.20) Intervet Inc. VO_0001845 Live, attenuated vaccine; Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Feline Leukemia-Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia Modified Live & Killed Virus Vaccine (USDA: 15B9.21) Wyeth VO_0001846 Live, attenuated vaccine; Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Feline Leukemia-Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia-Chlamydia Psittaci Killed Virus, Killed Chlamydia Vaccine (USDA: 1559.20) Wyeth VO_0001847 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Feline Leukemia-Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia-Chlamydia Psittaci Killed Virus, Killed Chlamydia Vaccine (USDA: 1559.23) Wyeth VO_0001848 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Feline Leukemia-Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia-Chlamydia Psittaci Modified Live & Killed Virus, Killed Chlamydia Vaccine (USDA: 1559.2C) Wyeth VO_0001849 Live, attenuated vaccine; Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Feline Leukemia-Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia-Chlamydia Psittaci Modified Live & Killed Virus, Modified Live Chlamydia Vaccine (USDA: 1559.2B) Intervet Inc. VO_0001850 Live, attenuated vaccine; Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Feline Rhinotracheitis Modified Live Virus Vaccine (USDA: 16A1.22) Heska Corporation VO_0001555 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Chlamydia Psittaci Modified Live Virus, Modified Live Chlamydia Vaccine (USDA: 16F1.20) Pfizer, Inc. VO_0001851 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Chlamydia Psittaci Modified Live Virus, Modified Live Chlamydia Vaccine (USDA: 16F1.21) Merial, Inc. VO_0001852 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia Killed Virus Vaccine (USDA: 16D5.20) Wyeth VO_0001853 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia Killed Virus Vaccine (USDA: 16D5.23) Wyeth VO_0001854 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia Modified Live & Killed Virus Vaccine (USDA: 16D9.20) Intervet Inc. VO_0001855 Live, attenuated vaccine; Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia Modified Live Virus Vaccine (USDA: 16D1.20) Wyeth, Intervet Inc., Pfizer, Inc. VO_0001856 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia Modified Live Virus Vaccine (USDA: 16D1.22) Wyeth, Intervet Inc., Heska Corporation VO_0001857 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia Modified Live Virus Vaccine (USDA: 16D1.23) Intervet Inc. VO_0001858 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia Modified Live Virus Vaccine (USDA: 16D1.24) Intervet Inc. VO_0001859 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia Modified Live Virus Vaccine (USDA: 16D8.20) Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc. VO_0001860 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia Modified Live Virus Vaccine (USDA: 16D8.21) Merial, Inc. VO_0001861 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia-Chlamydia Psittaci Killed Virus, Killed Chlamydia Vaccine (USDA: 16E5.20) Wyeth VO_0001862 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia-Chlamydia Psittaci Killed Virus, Killed Chlamydia Vaccine (USDA: 16E5.23) Wyeth VO_0001863 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia-Chlamydia Psittaci Modified Live Virus, Killed Chlamydia Vaccine (USDA: 16E6.20) Wyeth VO_0001864 Live, attenuated vaccine; Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia-Chlamydia Psittaci Modified Live Virus, Modified Live Chlamydia Vaccine (USDA: 16E1.20) Wyeth, Intervet Inc., Pfizer, Inc. VO_0001865 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia-Chlamydia Psittaci Modified Live Virus, Modified Live Chlamydia Vaccine (USDA: 16E1.24) Intervet Inc. VO_0001866 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia-Chlamydia Psittaci Modified Live Virus, Modified Live Chlamydia Vaccine (USDA: 16E8.20) Merial, Inc. VO_0001867 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia-Chlamydia Psittaci-Rabies Modified Live & Killed Virus, Modified Live Chlamydia Vaccine (USDA: 1619.20) Merial, Inc. VO_0001868 Live, attenuated vaccine; Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia-Chlamydia Psittaci-Rabies Modified Live Virus and Chlamydia, Canarypox Vector Vaccine (USDA: 1619.R1) Merial, Inc. VO_0001869 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia-Rabies Modified Live & Killed Virus Vaccine (USDA: 16T9.20) Intervet Inc., Merial, Inc. VO_0001870 Live, attenuated vaccine; Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia-Rabies Modified Live Virus, Canarypox Vector Vaccine (USDA: 16T9.R0) Merial, Inc. VO_0001871 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calicivirus Modified Live Virus Vaccine (USDA: 16C1.20) Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc., Intervet Inc., Pfizer, Inc., Merial, Inc. VO_0001872 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calicivirus Modified Live Virus Vaccine (USDA: 16C1.21) Intervet Inc., Pfizer, Inc. VO_0001873 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calicivirus Modified Live Virus Vaccine (USDA: 16C1.22) Wyeth, Heska Corporation VO_0001874 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA UL23 Felid herpesvirus 1 8658565 270339476 FeHV-1_gp39 M26660 YP_003331558 10334 66386 67418 + thymidine kinase 6.44 36838.45 343 Also known as TK >gi|281190771:66386-67418 Felid herpesvirus 1, complete genome GATGGCGAGTGGAACCATCCCCGTTCAGAATGAAGAGATTATTAAATCACAGGTGAATACTGTCCGCATT TACATAGATGGTGCCTATGGAATAGGTAAGAGTTTAACGGCGAAGTACCTGGTCAGAGCGGATGAAAATC GACCGGGATATACTTACTACTTCCCAGAACCAATGCTATACTGGCGTAGTCTCTTTGAAACTGATGTTGT CGGTGGTATCTATGCCGTCCAGGACCGGAAACGACGTGGTGAATTATCAGCTGAAGATGCTGCCTATATC ACCGCCCACTATCAAGCAAGATTTGCCGCACCATACCTTCTTTTACATTCCAGACTATCCACAATAACAG GATATCAGAAAGTTGTATGTGAGGAACACCCCGACGTGACCCTAATCATAGATAGACACCCTCTCGCCTC TCTGGTCTGTTTCCCACTCGCAAGATATTTTGTGGGTGATATGACTCTTGGGTCTGTACTTAGTCTAATG GCAACACTTCCACGAGAACCTCCTGGTGGAAATCTAGTTGTAACAACCTTGAATATCGAGGAACATTTGA AGCGTCTCAGGGGACGCTCAAGAACCGGAGAACAGATAGACATGAAGCTAATTCACGCACTACGCAATGT ATATATGATGTTGGTACATACTAAGAAATTTTTAACAAAAAATACTAGTTGGCGTGATGGGTGGGGGAAG CTTAAAATTTTCTCCCACTATGAACGGAATAGGCTCGTGGAAACTACAATAGTTTCCGATTCGACGGAGT CAGATTTATGTGACACATTATTCAGTGTTTTCAAAGCCCGGGAGCTCTCCGACCAAAATGGAGATCTACT TGACATGCATGCATGGGTCCTCGATGGACTTATGGAAACCCTCCAAAATTTACAGATCTTTACTTTAAAT CTGGAAGGAACCCCTGATGAATGTGCCGCCGCCTTGGGAGCACTGAGACAAGATATGGATATGACATTTA TAGCCGCATGTGATATGCACCGTATAAGTGAAGCCTTGACGATATACCATTAA >gi|270339476|ref|YP_003331558.1| thymidine kinase [Felid herpesvirus 1] MASGTIPVQNEEIIKSQVNTVRIYIDGAYGIGKSLTAKYLVRADENRPGYTYYFPEPMLYWRSLFETDVV GGIYAVQDRKRRGELSAEDAAYITAHYQARFAAPYLLLHSRLSTITGYQKVVCEEHPDVTLIIDRHPLAS LVCFPLARYFVGDMTLGSVLSLMATLPREPPGGNLVVTTLNIEEHLKRLRGRSRTGEQIDMKLIHALRNV YMMLVHTKKFLTKNTSWRDGWGKLKIFSHYERNRLVETTIVSDSTESDLCDTLFSVFKARELSDQNGDLL DMHAWVLDGLMETLQNLQIFTLNLEGTPDECAAALGALRQDMDMTFIAACDMHRISEALTIYH Virmugen A thymidine kinase-deficient mutant (C7301dlTK) is attenuated in cats and induced significant protection from wild type FHV-1 4 weeks after vaccination [Ref1981:Yokoyama et al., 1996]. Gaskell et al., 2007 journal Gaskell R, Dawson S, Radford A, Thiry E 2007 38 2 337-354 Veterinary research Maeda et al., 1996 journal Maeda K, Ono M, Kawaguchi Y, Niikura M, Okazaki K, Yokoyama N, Tokiyoshi Y, Tohya Y, Mikami T 1996 46 1-2 75-80 Virus research Sato et al., 2000 journal Sato E, Yokoyama N, Miyazawa T, Maeda K, Ikeda Y, Nishimura Y, Fujita K, Kohmoto M, Takahashi E, Mikami T 2000 70 1-2 13-23 Virus research Yokoyama et al., 1996 journal Yokoyama N, Maeda K, Tohya Y, Kawaguchi Y, Shin YS, Ono M, Ishiguro S, Fujikawa Y, Mikami T 1996 141 3-4 481-494 Archives of virology