Feline calicivirus 11978 Cats can be infected with FCV via the nasal, oral or conjunctival routes. The virus replicates mainly in the oral and respiratory tissues, although some strains vary in their tissue tropisms and pathogenicity, such that virus has also been found in visceral tissues, feces and occasionally in urine. The significance of this to transmission is unknown but is thought to be minimal. Oral ulceration is the most consistent pathological feature of FCV-induced oral and upper respiratory tract disease. Ulcers begin as vesicles, typically on the margin of the tongue but also in other locations. These subsequently rupture, with necrosis of the overlying epithelium and infiltration of neutrophils at the periphery and base. Healing generally takes place over a period of two to three weeks. Pulmonary lesions occur more rarely and appear to result from an initial focal alveolitis, leading to areas of acute exudative pneumonia and then to the development of a proliferative, interstitial pneumonia. Lesions seen in joints of cats with FCV associated lameness consist of an acute synovitis with thickening of the synovial membrane and an increase in quantity of synovial fluid within the joint. FCV can also cause systemic disease (Radford et al., 2007). Feline Respiratory Infections The immune response has a somewhat limited impact on FCV infection. It is clear that pre-existing immunity, acquired either naturally as maternal-derived antibodies (MDA) or artificially following vaccination, can reduce or eliminate the clinical signs of subsequent FCV challenge. However, such pre-existing immunity does not prevent infection and these animals may become carriers following sub-clinical infection with field virus (Radford et al., 2007). Feline calicivirus infection is widespread in the general cat population. It is generally accepted that there are no known reservoirs or alternative hosts for FCV, and in utero transmission does not seem to occur (Radford et al., 2007). Feline calicivirus (FCV) is a highly infectious pathogen of cats with a widespread distribution in the feline population. The virus typically causes moderate, self-limiting acute oral and upper respiratory tract disease. However,some strains induce lameness and recently, more virulent strains have evolved, particularly in the USA. The virus belongs to the Caliciviridae, a family of viruses which includes important pathogens of man and animals. Feline calicivirus has a small single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome of approximately 7.7 kb. Being genetically diverse, FCV is associated with a range of clinical syndromes from inapparent infections to relatively mild oral and upper respiratory tract disease with or without acute lameness. A proportion of FCV infected cats that recover from acute disease, remain persistently infected. Vaccination against FCV has been available for many years and has effectively reduced the incidence of clinical disease (Radford et al., 2007). Baboon Papio cynocephalus 9556 Bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus 447135 Bear Ursus americanus 9643 Birds Passeroidea 175121 Brown Trout Salmo trutta 8032 Buffalo Bison bison 9901 Carnivores Vulpes 9625 Cat Felis catus 9685 Catfishes Siluriformes 7995 Cattle Bos taurus 9913 Chicken Gallus gallus 9031 Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes 9598 chinchillas Chinchillidae 10150 Copper Pheasant Syrmaticus soemmerringii 9067 Deer Cervus elaphus 9860 Deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus 10042 Dog Canis familiaris 9615 Ducks Anas 8835 Ferret Mustela putorius furo 9669 Fish Hyperotreti 117565 Gerbil Gerbillina 10045 Goat Capra hircus 9925 Gray wolf Canis lupus 9612 Guinea pig Cavia porcellus 10141 Hamster Mesocricetus auratus 10036 Horse Equus caballus 9796 Human Homo sapiens 9606 Macaque Macaca fascicularis 9541 Mongolian Gerbil Meriones unguiculatus 10047 Monkey Platyrrhini 9479 Mouse Mus musculus 10090 None None Parrot Psittacidae 9224 Pig Sus scrofa 9823 Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus 9986 Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss 8022 Rat Rattus 10114 Raven Corvus corax 56781 sei whale Balaenoptera borealis 9768 Sheep Ovis aries 9940 Squirrel Spermophilus richardsonii 37591 Tree shrew Tupaiidae 9393 Trouts, salmons & chars Salmoninae 504568 Turkey Meleagris gallopavo 9103 Vole Microtus ochrogaster 79684 Water buffalo Bubalus bubalis 391902 Feline Calicivirus Killed Virus Vaccine (USDA: 15C5.21) Wyeth VO_0001540 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Feline Calicivirus Modified Live Virus Vaccine (USDA: 15C1.22) Heska Corporation VO_0001541 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Feline Leukemia-Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia Killed Virus Vaccine (USDA: 15B5.20) Wyeth VO_0001843 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Feline Leukemia-Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia Killed Virus Vaccine (USDA: 15B5.21) Wyeth VO_0001844 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Feline Leukemia-Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia Modified Live & Killed Virus Vaccine (USDA: 15B9.20) Intervet Inc. VO_0001845 Live, attenuated vaccine; Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Feline Leukemia-Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia Modified Live & Killed Virus Vaccine (USDA: 15B9.21) Wyeth VO_0001846 Live, attenuated vaccine; Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Feline Leukemia-Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia-Chlamydia Psittaci Killed Virus, Killed Chlamydia Vaccine (USDA: 1559.20) Wyeth VO_0001847 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Feline Leukemia-Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia-Chlamydia Psittaci Killed Virus, Killed Chlamydia Vaccine (USDA: 1559.23) Wyeth VO_0001848 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Feline Leukemia-Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia-Chlamydia Psittaci Modified Live & Killed Virus, Killed Chlamydia Vaccine (USDA: 1559.2C) Wyeth VO_0001849 Live, attenuated vaccine; Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Feline Leukemia-Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia-Chlamydia Psittaci Modified Live & Killed Virus, Modified Live Chlamydia Vaccine (USDA: 1559.2B) Intervet Inc. VO_0001850 Live, attenuated vaccine; Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Chlamydia Psittaci Modified Live Virus, Modified Live Chlamydia Vaccine (USDA: 16F1.20) Pfizer, Inc. VO_0001851 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Chlamydia Psittaci Modified Live Virus, Modified Live Chlamydia Vaccine (USDA: 16F1.21) Merial, Inc. VO_0001852 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia Killed Virus Vaccine (USDA: 16D5.20) Wyeth VO_0001853 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia Killed Virus Vaccine (USDA: 16D5.23) Wyeth VO_0001854 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia Modified Live & Killed Virus Vaccine (USDA: 16D9.20) Intervet Inc. VO_0001855 Live, attenuated vaccine; Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia Modified Live Virus Vaccine (USDA: 16D1.20) Wyeth, Intervet Inc., Pfizer, Inc. VO_0001856 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia Modified Live Virus Vaccine (USDA: 16D1.22) Wyeth, Intervet Inc., Heska Corporation VO_0001857 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia Modified Live Virus Vaccine (USDA: 16D1.23) Intervet Inc. VO_0001858 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia Modified Live Virus Vaccine (USDA: 16D1.24) Intervet Inc. VO_0001859 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia Modified Live Virus Vaccine (USDA: 16D8.20) Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc. VO_0001860 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia Modified Live Virus Vaccine (USDA: 16D8.21) Merial, Inc. VO_0001861 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia-Chlamydia Psittaci Killed Virus, Killed Chlamydia Vaccine (USDA: 16E5.20) Wyeth VO_0001862 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia-Chlamydia Psittaci Killed Virus, Killed Chlamydia Vaccine (USDA: 16E5.23) Wyeth VO_0001863 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia-Chlamydia Psittaci Modified Live Virus, Killed Chlamydia Vaccine (USDA: 16E6.20) Wyeth VO_0001864 Live, attenuated vaccine; Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia-Chlamydia Psittaci Modified Live Virus, Modified Live Chlamydia Vaccine (USDA: 16E1.20) Wyeth, Intervet Inc., Pfizer, Inc. VO_0001865 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia-Chlamydia Psittaci Modified Live Virus, Modified Live Chlamydia Vaccine (USDA: 16E1.24) Intervet Inc. VO_0001866 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia-Chlamydia Psittaci Modified Live Virus, Modified Live Chlamydia Vaccine (USDA: 16E8.20) Merial, Inc. VO_0001867 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia-Chlamydia Psittaci-Rabies Modified Live & Killed Virus, Modified Live Chlamydia Vaccine (USDA: 1619.20) Merial, Inc. VO_0001868 Live, attenuated vaccine; Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia-Chlamydia Psittaci-Rabies Modified Live Virus and Chlamydia, Canarypox Vector Vaccine (USDA: 1619.R1) Merial, Inc. VO_0001869 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia-Rabies Modified Live & Killed Virus Vaccine (USDA: 16T9.20) Intervet Inc., Merial, Inc. VO_0001870 Live, attenuated vaccine; Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia-Rabies Modified Live Virus, Canarypox Vector Vaccine (USDA: 16T9.R0) Merial, Inc. VO_0001871 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calicivirus Modified Live Virus Vaccine (USDA: 16C1.20) Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc., Intervet Inc., Pfizer, Inc., Merial, Inc. VO_0001872 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calicivirus Modified Live Virus Vaccine (USDA: 16C1.21) Intervet Inc., Pfizer, Inc. VO_0001873 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calicivirus Modified Live Virus Vaccine (USDA: 16C1.22) Wyeth, Heska Corporation VO_0001874 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Myxoma-FCV VO_0004707 Recombinant vector vaccine Research Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Cats immunised with myxoma-FCV recombinant virus generated high levels of serum neutralising antibody (McCabe et al., 2002). VO_0003057 Cats immunised with myxoma-FCV recombinant virus were protected from disease on subsequent challenge with virulent FCV (McCabe et al., 2002). McCabe and Spibey, 2005 journal McCabe VJ, Spibey N 2005 23 46-47 5380-5388 Vaccine McCabe et al., 2002 journal McCabe VJ, Tarpey I, Spibey N 2002 20 19-20 2454-2462 Vaccine Radford et al., 2007 journal Radford AD, Coyne KP, Dawson S, Porter CJ, Gaskell RM 2007 38 2 319-335 Veterinary research