Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae 1648 Erysipelas The domestic pig is the most important reservoir of E. rhusiopathiae. E. rhusiopathiae and infections caused by this organism are worldwide in distribution, and affect a wide variety of vertebrate and invertebrate species, including swine, sheep, cattle, horses, dogs, bears, kangaroos, reindeer, mice, rodents, seals, sea lions, cetaceans, mink, chipmunks, crustaceans, fresh and salt water fish, crocodiles, caymen, stable flies, houseflies, ticks, mites, mouse lice, turkeys, chickens, ducks, geese, guinea fowl, pigeons, sparrows, starlings, eagles, parrots, pheasants, peacocks, quail, parakeets, mud hens, canaries, finches, siskins, thrushes, blackbirds, turtledoves and white storks. Human disease can originate from an animal or environmental source (Wang et al., 2010). Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is a facultative, non-spore-forming, non-acid-fast, small, Gram-positive bacillus. The organism was first established as a human pathogen late in the nineteenth century. Three forms of human disease have been recognised since then. These include a localised cutaneous lesion form, erysipeloid, a generalised cutaneous form and a septicaemic form often associated with endocarditis. The organism is ubiquitous and able to persist for a long period of time in the environment, including marine locations. It is a pathogen or a commensal in a wide variety of wild and domestic animals, birds and fish. Swine erysipelas caused by E. rhusiopathiae is the disease of greatest prevalence and economic importance. Diseases in other animals include erysipelas of farmed turkeys, chickens, ducks and emus, and polyarthritis in sheep and lambs (Wang et al., 2010). Infection in man is occupationally related, occurring principally as a result of contact with animals, their products or wastes. While it has been suggested that the incidence of human infection could be declining because of technological advances in animal industries, infection still occurs in specific environments. Furthermore, infection by the organism may be under-diagnosed because of the resemblance it bears to other infections and the problems that may be encountered in isolation and identification. Diagnosis of erysipeloid can be difficult if not recognised clinically, as culture is lengthy and the organism resides deep in the skin (Brooke and Riley, 1999). Baboon Papio cynocephalus 9556 Bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus 447135 Bear Ursus americanus 9643 Birds Passeroidea 175121 Brown Trout Salmo trutta 8032 Buffalo Bison bison 9901 Carnivores Vulpes 9625 Cat Felis catus 9685 Catfishes Siluriformes 7995 Cattle Bos taurus 9913 Chicken Gallus gallus 9031 Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes 9598 chinchillas Chinchillidae 10150 Copper Pheasant Syrmaticus soemmerringii 9067 Deer Cervus elaphus 9860 Deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus 10042 Dog Canis familiaris 9615 Ducks Anas 8835 Ferret Mustela putorius furo 9669 Fish Hyperotreti 117565 Gerbil Gerbillina 10045 Goat Capra hircus 9925 Gray wolf Canis lupus 9612 Guinea pig Cavia porcellus 10141 Hamster Mesocricetus auratus 10036 Horse Equus caballus 9796 Human Homo sapiens 9606 Macaque Macaca fascicularis 9541 Mongolian Gerbil Meriones unguiculatus 10047 Monkey Platyrrhini 9479 Mouse Mus musculus 10090 None None Parrot Psittacidae 9224 Pig Sus scrofa 9823 Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus 9986 Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss 8022 Rat Rattus 10114 Raven Corvus corax 56781 sei whale Balaenoptera borealis 9768 Sheep Ovis aries 9940 Squirrel Spermophilus richardsonii 37591 Tree shrew Tupaiidae 9393 Trouts, salmons & chars Salmoninae 504568 Turkey Meleagris gallopavo 9103 Vole Microtus ochrogaster 79684 Water buffalo Bubalus bubalis 391902 E. rhusiopathiae DNA vaccine pcD-ACSC VO_0004539 DNA vaccine Research pcDNA3 [Ref2658:Chen et al., 2009] Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) DNA vaccine construction This vaccine encoded a fusion of the spaA protein and various elements, such as a secretion leader sequence from the highly expressed human gene encoding alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT), a highly soluble and stably folded domain from the rat cartilage oligomerization matrix protein (COMP), and three copies of the complement component, C3d3 (Chen et al., 2009). Immunization with the DNA vaccine expressing pcDNA3-AAT-COMP-spaAN-3C3d (pcD-ACSC) had higher antibody titers than pcDNA3-spaA(N) (pcD-S) at week 4 (Chen et al., 2009). VO_0000286 The protective efficacy of the spaA-chimeras was demonstrated by lethal challenge with a virulent homologous strain 1249 against immunized mice (Chen et al., 2009). Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae Avirulent Live Culture Vaccine (USDA: 1541.00) Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc., Novartis Animal Health US, Inc., Arko Laboratories Ltd. VO_0001789 Live vaccine Licensed USA Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae Avirulent Live Culture Vaccine (USDA: 1541.01) Wyeth, Arko Laboratories Ltd. VO_0001790 Live vaccine Licensed USA Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae Avirulent Live Culture Vaccine (USDA: 1541.02) Arko Laboratories Ltd. VO_0001791 Live vaccine Licensed USA Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae Avirulent Live Culture Vaccine (USDA: 1541.03) Arko Laboratories Ltd. VO_0001792 Live vaccine Licensed USA Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae Avirulent Live Culture Vaccine (USDA: 1541.04) Arko Laboratories Ltd. VO_0001793 Live vaccine Licensed USA licensed Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infection human vaccine Generic Unknown VO_0001456 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed A generic representation of vaccines utilized to prevent Erysipelas infection in humans, typically consisting of inactivated Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae bacteria to induce protective immunity without causing disease. Parvovirus Killed Virus Vaccine-Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae Bacterin (USDA: 4906.20) Novartis Animal Health US, Inc. VO_0002290 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Parvovirus Killed Virus Vaccine-Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae-Leptospira Bratislava-Canicola-Grippotyphosa-Hardjo-Icterohaemorrhagiae-Pomona Bacterin (USDA: 4BC5.20) Wyeth, Pfizer, Inc. VO_0002321 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Parvovirus Killed Virus Vaccine-Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae-Leptospira Bratislava-Canicola-Grippotyphosa-Hardjo-Icterohaemorrhagiae-Pomona Bacterin (USDA: 4BC5.21) Intervet Inc., Pfizer, Inc. VO_0002322 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Parvovirus Killed Virus Vaccine-Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae-Leptospira Bratislava-Canicola-Grippotyphosa-Hardjo-Icterohaemorrhagiae-Pomona Bacterin (USDA: 4BC5.22) Pfizer, Inc. VO_0002323 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Parvovirus Killed Virus Vaccine-Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae-Leptospira Canicola-Grippotyphosa-Hardjo-Icterohaemorrhagiae-Pomona Bacterin (USDA: 48C5.01) Wyeth VO_0002277 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Parvovirus Killed Virus Vaccine-Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae-Leptospira Canicola-Grippotyphosa-Hardjo-Icterohaemorrhagiae-Pomona Bacterin (USDA: 48C5.20) Pfizer, Inc., Novartis Animal Health US, Inc. VO_0002278 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Parvovirus Killed Virus Vaccine-Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae-Leptospira Canicola-Grippotyphosa-Hardjo-Icterohaemorrhagiae-Pomona Bacterin (USDA: 48C5.21) Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc., Intervet Inc., Pfizer, Inc., Novartis Animal Health US, Inc. VO_0002279 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Parvovirus Killed Virus Vaccine-Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae-Leptospira Canicola-Grippotyphosa-Hardjo-Icterohaemorrhagiae-Pomona Bacterin (USDA: 48C5.22) Pfizer, Inc. VO_0002280 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Parvovirus-Swine Influenza H1N1 & H3N2, Killed Virus Vaccine-Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae-Leptospira Bratislava-Canicola-Grippotyphosa-Hardjo-Icterohaemorrhagiae-Pomona Bacterin (USDA: 49F6.22) Pfizer, Inc. VO_0002309 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Parvovirus-Swine Influenza H1N1 & H3N2, Killed Virus Vaccine-Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae-Leptospira Bratislava-Canicola-Grippotyphosa-Hardjo-Icterohaemorrhagiae-Pomona Bacterin (USDA: 49F6.23) Pfizer, Inc. VO_0002310 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Parvovirus-Swine Influenza H1N1 & H3N2, Killed Virus Vaccine-Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae-Leptospira Bratislava-Canicola-Grippotyphosa-Hardjo-Icterohaemorrhagiae-Pomona Bacterin (USDA: 49F6.24) Pfizer, Inc. VO_0002311 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Parvovirus-Swine Influenza H1N1 & H3N2, Killed Virus Vaccine-Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae-Leptospira Canicola-Grippotyphosa-Hardjo-Icterohaemorrhagiae-Pomona Bacterin (USDA: 49G6.22) Pfizer, Inc. VO_0002312 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Parvovirus-Swine Influenza H1N1 & H3N2, Killed Virus Vaccine-Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae-Leptospira Canicola-Grippotyphosa-Hardjo-Icterohaemorrhagiae-Pomona Bacterin (USDA: 49G6.23) Pfizer, Inc. VO_0002313 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Parvovirus-Swine Influenza H1N1 & H3N2, Killed Virus Vaccine-Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae-Leptospira Canicola-Grippotyphosa-Hardjo-Icterohaemorrhagiae-Pomona Bacterin (USDA: 49G6.24) Pfizer, Inc. VO_0002314 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Porcine Reproductive & Respiratory Syndrome Respiratory Form, Modified Live Virus Vaccine-Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae-Haemophilus Parasuis Bacterin (USDA: 49V9.20) Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc. VO_0004214 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Porcine Reproductive & Respiratory Syndrome-Parvovirus Reproductive Form, Modified Live & Killed Virus Vaccine-Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae-Leptospira Canicola-Grippotyphosa-Hardjo-Icterohaemorrhagiae-Pomona Bacterin (USDA: 4P19.20) Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc. VO_0002324 Live, attenuated vaccine; Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Porcine Rotavirus-Transmissible Gastroenteritis Modified Live Virus Vaccine-Bordetella Bronchiseptica-Clostridium Perfringens Type C-Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae-Escherichia Coli-Pasteurella Multocida Bacterin-Toxoid (USDA: 49T9.21) Intervet Inc. VO_0002319 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Swine Influenza H1N1 & H3N2, Killed Virus Vaccine-Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae Bacterin (USDA: 4993.20) Pfizer, Inc. VO_0002297 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Swine Influenza H1N1 & H3N2, Killed Virus Vaccine-Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae Bacterin (USDA: 4993.21) Pfizer, Inc. VO_0002298 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Swine Influenza H1N1 & H3N2, Killed Virus Vaccine-Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae-Mycoplasma Hyopneumoniae Bacterin (USDA: 4994.20) Intervet Inc., Pfizer, Inc. VO_0002299 Licensed USA Swine Influenza H1N1 & H3N2, Killed Virus Vaccine-Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae-Mycoplasma Hyopneumoniae Bacterin (USDA: 4994.21) Pfizer, Inc. VO_0002300 Licensed USA Swine Influenza H1N1 & H3N2, Killed Virus Vaccine-Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae-Mycoplasma Hyopneumoniae Bacterin (USDA: 4994.23) Pfizer, Inc. VO_0002301 Licensed USA Swine Influenza H1N1 & H3N2, Killed Virus Vaccine-Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae-Mycoplasma Hyopneumoniae Bacterin (USDA: 4994.24) Pfizer, Inc. VO_0002302 Licensed USA spaA Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae 5881768 1648 ? 4.96 40057.21 426 >BAA84455.1 spaA, partial [Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae] INEPKGYQSFEAVNEEINSIVSELKHEGMSLQNIHHMFKQSIQNLATRIGYRSFMQDAMYLENFERLTIP ELDEAYVDLLVNYEVKHRILVKYEDKVKGRAPLEAFIVPLRNRIRSMNEIAAEVNYLPEAHEDFLVSDSS EYNDKLNNINFALGLGVSEFIDYNRLENMMEKEIHPLYLELYAMRRNRQIQVVRDVYPNLERANAVVESL KTIKDIKQREKKLQELLEIYIQRSGDVRKPDVLQRFIGKYQSVVDEEKNKLQDYLESDIFDSYSVDGEKI RNKEITLINRDAYLSMIYRAQSISEIKTIRADLESLVKSFQNEESDSKVEPESPVKVEKPVDKEKPKDQK KPVDQSKPESNS Protective antigen Brooke and Riley, 1999 journal Brooke CJ, Riley TV 1999 48 9 789-799 Journal of medical microbiology Chen et al., 2009 journal Chen KX, Li YJ, Zhang FC, Cao WY, Li JW 2009 25 11 984-986 Xi bao yu fen zi mian yi xue za zhi = Chinese journal of cellular and molecular immunology Wang et al., 2010 journal Wang Q, Chang BJ, Riley TV 2010 140 3-4 405-417 Veterinary microbiology