Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus 11021 Encephalitis EEE is capable of infecting a wide range of animals including mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians. The virus is maintained in nature through a bird - mosquito cycle. There are two mosquito species primarily involved in this portion of the cycle, they are Culiseta melanura and Cs. morsitans. These mosquitoes feed on the blood of birds. The amount of virus found in nature increases throughout the summer as more birds and more mosquitoes become infected. Transmission of EEEV to mammals occurs via other mosquitoes. These other mosquitoes are called bridge vectors because they bring the virus from avian populations to mammalian populations. They include Coquiletidia perturbans, Aedes vexans, Ochlerotatus sollicitans and Oc. canadensis. All these mosquitoes are primarily mammalian feeders (Wiki: Eastern Equine Encephalitis). Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEE), commonly called sleeping sickness (not to be confused with Trypanosomiasis) or Triple E, is a zoonotic alphavirus and arbovirus present in North, Central and South America and the Caribbean. EEE was first recognized in Massachusetts, USA in 1831 when 75 horses died of encephalitic illness. Epizootics in horses have continued to occur regularly in the United States. EEE is found today in the eastern part of the country and is often associated with coastal plains (Wiki: Eastern Equine Encephalitis). Baboon Papio cynocephalus 9556 Bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus 447135 Bear Ursus americanus 9643 Birds Passeroidea 175121 Brown Trout Salmo trutta 8032 Buffalo Bison bison 9901 Carnivores Vulpes 9625 Cat Felis catus 9685 Catfishes Siluriformes 7995 Cattle Bos taurus 9913 Chicken Gallus gallus 9031 Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes 9598 chinchillas Chinchillidae 10150 Copper Pheasant Syrmaticus soemmerringii 9067 Deer Cervus elaphus 9860 Deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus 10042 Dog Canis familiaris 9615 Ducks Anas 8835 Ferret Mustela putorius furo 9669 Fish Hyperotreti 117565 Gerbil Gerbillina 10045 Goat Capra hircus 9925 Gray wolf Canis lupus 9612 Guinea pig Cavia porcellus 10141 Hamster Mesocricetus auratus 10036 Horse Equus caballus 9796 Human Homo sapiens 9606 Macaque Macaca fascicularis 9541 Mongolian Gerbil Meriones unguiculatus 10047 Monkey Platyrrhini 9479 Mouse Mus musculus 10090 None None Parrot Psittacidae 9224 Pig Sus scrofa 9823 Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus 9986 Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss 8022 Rat Rattus 10114 Raven Corvus corax 56781 sei whale Balaenoptera borealis 9768 Sheep Ovis aries 9940 Squirrel Spermophilus richardsonii 37591 Tree shrew Tupaiidae 9393 Trouts, salmons & chars Salmoninae 504568 Turkey Meleagris gallopavo 9103 Vole Microtus ochrogaster 79684 Water buffalo Bubalus bubalis 391902 Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Vaccine SIN/NAEEEV Live, attenuated vaccine Research subcutaneous injection A chimeric Sindbis-based vaccine protects cynomolgus macaques against a lethal aerosol challenge of eastern equine encephalitis virus. (Roy et al., 2013) subcutaneous injection Genetic backbone and nonstructural protein genes from Sindbis virus (SINV), Structural protein genes from a North American (SIN/NAEEEV) strain of EEEV. (Roy et al., 2013) Five of 6 macaques (83%) vaccinated with SIN/NAEEEV in the first study developed of neutralizing antibodies (Abs), first detected on day 12 post vaccination. Neutralizing Abs remained at initial levels or decreased slightly in the majority of the animals by day 24 or 45 post vaccination. Antibody responses in vaccinated animals from the second experiment, assayed on day 66 after vaccination, were slightly lower on average. (Roy et al., 2013) In the first study, animals were vaccinated with SIN/NAEEEV (n=6), SIN/SAEEEV (n=6), or PBS diluent (n=4). In the second study, cohorts were vaccinated with either SIN/NAEEEV (n=5) or PBS (n=2). All animals were vaccinated subcutaneously (SC) in the upper deltoid with a single inoculation of either saline or 5.0 log10 PFU of vaccine a volume of 100 μl. (Roy et al., 2013) The SIN/NAEEEV vaccine provided highly significant (p=0.0023) protection from fatal disease (figure 1), with 9 of the 11 animals (82%) surviving for 21 days until the study was terminated. Animals receiving the SIN/SAEEEV were not significantly protected, with only one of the six (17%) surviving challenge. All (6/6) animals in the sham-vaccinated cohort died from encephalitis. Protected animals exhibited minimal changes in temperature and cardiovascular rhythm, whereas unprotected animals showed profound hyperthermia and changes in heart rate post-exposure. Acute inflammation and neuronal necrosis were consistent with EEEV-induced encephalitis in unprotected animals, whereas no encephalitis-related histopathologic changes were observed in the SIN/NAEEEV-vaccinated animals. (Roy et al., 2013) On either day 45 (study 1) or 66 (study 2) after vaccination, anesthetized macaques were challenged with virulent EEEV strain FL93-939 aerosols using a 16 liter head-only dynamic inhalation exposure system. (Roy et al., 2013) Encephalomyelitis Eastern & Western & Venezuelan, Killed Virus Vaccine-Tetanus Toxoid (USDA: 4865.23) Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc., Intervet Inc. VO_0002266 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Encephalomyelitis Eastern & Western & Venezuelan, Killed Virus Vaccine-Tetanus Toxoid (USDA: 4865.27) Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc. VO_0002268 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Encephalomyelitis Eastern & Western & Venezuelan, Killed Virus Vaccine-Tetanus Toxoid (USDA: 4867.20) Wyeth VO_0002269 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Encephalomyelitis Eastern & Western & Venezuelan, Killed Virus Vaccine-Tetanus Toxoid (USDA: 4867.21) Wyeth VO_0002270 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Encephalomyelitis Eastern & Western, Killed Virus Vaccine (USDA: 1475.00) Intervet Inc., Colorado Serum Company, Merial, Inc. VO_0002116 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Encephalomyelitis Eastern & Western, Killed Virus Vaccine-Tetanus Toxoid (USDA: 4865.00) Colorado Serum Company, Merial, Inc. VO_0002263 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Encephalomyelitis Eastern & Western, Killed Virus Vaccine-Tetanus Toxoid (USDA: 4865.01) Intervet Inc. VO_0002264 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Encephalomyelitis Eastern & Western, Killed Virus Vaccine-Tetanus Toxoid (USDA: 4865.21) Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc. VO_0002265 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Encephalomyelitis Eastern & Western, Killed Virus Vaccine-Tetanus Toxoid (USDA: 4865.26) Wyeth VO_0002267 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Encephalomyelitis-Influenza Eastern & Western & Venezuelan, Killed Virus Vaccine-Tetanus Toxoid (USDA: 4875.23) Wyeth VO_0002271 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Encephalomyelitis-Influenza Eastern & Western & Venezuelan, Killed Virus Vaccine-Tetanus Toxoid (USDA: 4875.24) Wyeth VO_0002272 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Encephalomyelitis-Influenza Eastern & Western & Venezuelan, Killed Virus Vaccine-Tetanus Toxoid (USDA: 4875.A0) Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc. VO_0002273 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Encephalomyelitis-Influenza Eastern & Western & Venezuelan, Killed Virus Vaccine-Tetanus Toxoid (USDA: 4875.A1) Intervet Inc. VO_0002274 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Encephalomyelitis-Influenza Eastern & Western, Killed Virus Vaccine-Tetanus Toxoid (USDA: 4835.20) Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc. VO_0002248 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Encephalomyelitis-Influenza Eastern & Western, Killed Virus Vaccine-Tetanus Toxoid (USDA: 4835.23) Wyeth VO_0002249 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Encephalomyelitis-Influenza Eastern & Western, Killed Virus Vaccine-Tetanus Toxoid (USDA: 4835.24) Wyeth VO_0002250 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Encephalomyelitis-Influenza Eastern & Western, Killed Virus Vaccine-Tetanus Toxoid (USDA: 4835.45) Intervet Inc. VO_0002251 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Encephalomyelitis-Influenza Eastern & Western, Killed Virus Vaccine-Tetanus Toxoid (USDA: 4835.46) Intervet Inc. VO_0002252 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Encephalomyelitis-Influenza-West Nile Virus Eastern & Western, Killed Virus Vaccine (USDA: 13W5.20) Wyeth VO_0002115 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Encephalomyelitis-Influenza-West Nile Virus Eastern & Western, Killed Virus Vaccine-Tetanus Toxoid (USDA: 46W5.21) Wyeth VO_0002238 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Encephalomyelitis-Rhinopneumonitis Eastern & Western, Killed Virus Vaccine-Tetanus Toxoid (USDA: 4844.30) Intervet Inc. VO_0002253 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Encephalomyelitis-Rhinopneumonitis-Influenza Eastern & Western & Venezuelan, Killed Virus Vaccine-Tetanus Toxoid (USDA: 4847.22) Wyeth VO_0002258 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Encephalomyelitis-Rhinopneumonitis-Influenza Eastern & Western & Venezuelan, Killed Virus Vaccine-Tetanus Toxoid (USDA: 4847.23) Wyeth VO_0002259 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Encephalomyelitis-Rhinopneumonitis-Influenza Eastern & Western & Venezuelan, Killed Virus Vaccine-Tetanus Toxoid (USDA: 4847.24) Wyeth VO_0002260 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Encephalomyelitis-Rhinopneumonitis-Influenza Eastern & Western & Venezuelan, Killed Virus Vaccine-Tetanus Toxoid (USDA: 4847.32) Intervet Inc. VO_0002261 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Encephalomyelitis-Rhinopneumonitis-Influenza Eastern & Western, Killed Virus Vaccine-Tetanus Toxoid (USDA: 4845.23) Wyeth VO_0002254 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Encephalomyelitis-Rhinopneumonitis-Influenza Eastern & Western, Killed Virus Vaccine-Tetanus Toxoid (USDA: 4845.24) Wyeth VO_0002255 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Encephalomyelitis-Rhinopneumonitis-Influenza Eastern & Western, Killed Virus Vaccine-Tetanus Toxoid (USDA: 4845.32) Intervet Inc. VO_0002256 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Encephalomyelitis-Rhinopneumonitis-Influenza Eastern & Western, Killed Virus Vaccine-Tetanus Toxoid (USDA: 4845.33) Intervet Inc. VO_0002257 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Encephalomyelitis-Rhinopneumonitis-Influenza-West Nile Virus Eastern & Western, Killed Virus, Killed Flavivirus Chimera Vaccine-Tetanus Toxoid (USDA: 4855.R2) Intervet Inc. VO_0002262 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Encephalomyelitis-West Nile Virus Eastern & Western & Venezuelan, Killed Virus Vaccine (USDA: 14W5.23) Wyeth VO_0002128 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Encephalomyelitis-West Nile Virus Eastern & Western & Venezuelan, Killed Virus Vaccine-Tetanus Toxoid (USDA: 48W5.20) Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc. VO_0002284 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Encephalomyelitis-West Nile Virus Eastern & Western & Venezuelan, Killed Virus Vaccine-Tetanus Toxoid (USDA: 48W5.23) Wyeth VO_0002287 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Encephalomyelitis-West Nile Virus Eastern & Western, Killed Virus Vaccine (USDA: 14W5.22) Wyeth VO_0002127 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Encephalomyelitis-West Nile Virus Eastern & Western, Killed Virus Vaccine-Tetanus Toxoid (USDA: 48W5.21) Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc. VO_0002285 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Encephalomyelitis-West Nile Virus Eastern & Western, Killed Virus Vaccine-Tetanus Toxoid (USDA: 48W5.22) Wyeth VO_0002286 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Encephalomyelitis-West Nile Virus Eastern & Western, Killed Virus, Live Canarypox Vector Vaccine (USDA: 14W7.R0) Merial, Inc. VO_0002129 Live, attenuated vaccine; Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Encephalomyelitis-West Nile Virus Eastern & Western, Killed Virus, Live Canarypox Vector Vaccine-Tetanus Toxoid (USDA: 48W9.R0) Merial, Inc. VO_0002288 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA licensed Eastern equine encephalitis human vaccine Generic Unknown VO_0001498 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed A generic representation of vaccines utilized to prevent Eastern equine encephalitis in humans, typically consisting of inactivated (killed) virus preparations. These vaccines induce immunity without the risk of causing disease, as the virus is rendered non-infectious. Ma et al., 2014 journal Ma J, Wang H, Zheng X, Xue X, Wang B, Wu H, Zhang K, Fan S, Wang T, Li N, Zhao Y, Gao Y, Yang S, Xia X 2014 19 1 74-80 International immunopharmacology Wiki: Eastern Equine Encephalitis website http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_equine_encephalitis_virus