Listeria monocytogenes 1639 L. monocytogenes may invade the gastrointestinal epithelium. Once the bacterium enters the host's monocytes, macrophages, or polymorphonuclear leukocytes, it becomes blood-borne (septicemic) and can grow. Its presence intracellularly in phagocytic cells also permits access to the brain and probably transplacental migration to the fetus in pregnant women. The pathogenesis of L. monocytogenes centers on its ability to survive and multiply in phagocytic host cells (Wiki: L. monocytogenes). Listeria is able to move from cell to cell via actin motility (Ramaswamy et al., 2007). Listeriosis Infection is often controlled by cell mediated response. Infection is asymptomatic in most patients, and tends to be more severe in immunocompromised individuals (Ramaswamy et al., 2007). Listeria can live in the intestines of humans, animals and birds without causing symptoms. Mice are used as a model of infection for listeria (Ramaswamy et al., 2007). Listeria monocytogenes is a gram positive facultatively intracellular foodborne pathogen, which is often found in food and elsewhere in nature. Listeria can survive temperatures from below freezing to body temperature (Ramaswamy et al., 2007). Infection by L. monocytogenes causes the disease listeriosis. The manifestations of listeriosis include septicemia, meningitis (or meningoencephalitis), encephalitis, corneal ulcer, pneumonia, and intrauterine or cervical infections in pregnant women, which may result in spontaneous abortion (2nd/3rd trimester) or stillbirth (Wiki: L. monocytogenes). Baboon Papio cynocephalus 9556 Bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus 447135 Bear Ursus americanus 9643 Birds Passeroidea 175121 Brown Trout Salmo trutta 8032 Buffalo Bison bison 9901 Carnivores Vulpes 9625 Cat Felis catus 9685 Catfishes Siluriformes 7995 Cattle Bos taurus 9913 Chicken Gallus gallus 9031 Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes 9598 chinchillas Chinchillidae 10150 Copper Pheasant Syrmaticus soemmerringii 9067 Deer Cervus elaphus 9860 Deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus 10042 Dog Canis familiaris 9615 Ducks Anas 8835 Ferret Mustela putorius furo 9669 Fish Hyperotreti 117565 Gerbil Gerbillina 10045 Goat Capra hircus 9925 Gray wolf Canis lupus 9612 Guinea pig Cavia porcellus 10141 Hamster Mesocricetus auratus 10036 Horse Equus caballus 9796 Human Homo sapiens 9606 Macaque Macaca fascicularis 9541 Mongolian Gerbil Meriones unguiculatus 10047 Monkey Platyrrhini 9479 Mouse Mus musculus 10090 None None Parrot Psittacidae 9224 Pig Sus scrofa 9823 Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus 9986 Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss 8022 Rat Rattus 10114 Raven Corvus corax 56781 sei whale Balaenoptera borealis 9768 Sheep Ovis aries 9940 Squirrel Spermophilus richardsonii 37591 Tree shrew Tupaiidae 9393 Trouts, salmons & chars Salmoninae 504568 Turkey Meleagris gallopavo 9103 Vole Microtus ochrogaster 79684 Water buffalo Bubalus bubalis 391902 L. monocytogenes DNA Vaccine encoding hly VO_0004031 DNA vaccine Research pCR3.1 plasmid vector (Invitrogen) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) The hly gene of L. monocytogenes DNA vaccine construction BALB/c For immunization with the plasmid constructs, 6-to 8-wk-old mice received the first of a series of three i.m. immunizations (via the tibialis anterior muscles) at 3- to 4-wk intervals with ~100–125 µg of plasmid DNA in 50 µl of normal saline. Normal control mice received either no immunization or were immunized with either 0.2 ml of PBS (i.v.) or 50 µl of saline (i.m.) (Cornell et al., 1999). DNA immunization of mice provides protection against challenge with viable L. monocytogenes (Cornell et al., 1999). Briefly, groups of normal or immunized BALB/c mice received an i.v. injection with ~2 LD50 (~20,000 CFU) of L. monocytogenes in 0.2 ml of PBS, at 3–4 wk following the final immunization with plasmid DNA. Control groups consisted of normal (nonimmunized) mice and mice previously immunized (4–12 wk earlier) with a sublethal injection of viable L. monocytogenes (Cornell et al., 1999). L. monocytogenes p60 Protein Vaccine VO_0004032 Subunit vaccine Research Intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) Intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) p60 protein Recombinant protein preparation BALB/c BALB/c mice (two mice/group) were immunized i.p. with 100 μl liposomes containing approximately 3 μg of p60 antigen shown (Grenningloh et al., 2008). Mice immunized with p60 encapsulated in liposomes launched a strong CTL response and were protected against a subsequent challenge with L. monocytogenes (Grenningloh et al., 2008). BALB/c mice were immunized with encapsulated p60 and challenged intravenously on day 9 after immunization with 5 × 10^3 (1 × LD50) L. monocytogenes (Grenningloh et al., 2008). licensed Listeriosis human vaccine Generic Unknown VO_0002500 Subunit vaccine Licensed A generic representation of vaccines utilized to prevent Listeriosis in humans, typically based on purified protein antigens from Listeria monocytogenes. These subunit vaccines aim to elicit protective immune responses without the risks associated with live or whole-cell preparations. Listeria monocytogenes actA mutant vaccine VO_0002776 Live, attenuated vaccine Research Intravenous injection (i.v.) Intravenous injection (i.v.) Gene mutation This actA mutant is from Listeria monocytogenes (Darji et al., 2003). An actA mutant is attenuated in mice (Darji et al., 2003). An actA mutant induces significant protection in mice from challenge with wild type L. monocytogenes (Darji et al., 2003). Listeria monocytogenes actA/plcB mutant vaccine VO_0002777 Live, attenuated vaccine Research Intravenous injection (i.v.) Intravenous injection (i.v.) Gene mutation This actA/plcB mutant is from Listeria monocytogenes (Darji et al., 2003). Gene mutation This actA/plcB mutant is from Listeria monocytogenes (Darji et al., 2003). An actA/plcB mutant is attenuated in mice (Darji et al., 2003). An actA/plcB mutant induces significant protection in mice from challenge with wild type L. monocytogenes (Darji et al., 2003). The ΔactAΔplcB mutant is able to induce sufficient IFN-γ in mice to prevent a Th1 to Th2 switch and retains its ability to induce a strong CD8+-mediated T cell response, even though the amount of IFN-gamma produced is less than that produced after infection with the wild type strain (Darji et al., 2003). actA Listeria monocytogenes EGD-e 987035 16802250 lmo0204 AL591974 NP_463735 1EVH 169963 209469 211388 + actin-assembly inducing protein precursor 4.71 68063.81 639 >gi|16802048:209469-211388 Listeria monocytogenes EGD-e, complete genome AGTGGGATTAAACAGATTTATGCGTGCGATGATGGTGGTTTTCATTACTGCCAATTGCATTACGATTAAC CCCGACATAATATTTGCAGCGACAGATAGCGAAGATTCTAGTCTAAACACAGATGAATGGGAAGAAGAAA AAACAGAAGAGCAACCAAGCGAGGTAAATACGGGACCAAGATACGAAACTGCACGTGAAGTAAGTTCACG TGATATTAAAGAACTAGAAAAATCGAATAAAGTGAGAAATACGAACAAAGCAGACCTAATAGCAATGTTG AAAGAAAAAGCAGAAAAAGGTCCAAATATCAATAATAACAACAGTGAACAAACTGAGAATGCGGCTATAA ATGAAGAGGCTTCAGGAGCCGACCGACCAGCTATACAAGTGGAGCGTCGTCATCCAGGATTGCCATCGGA TAGCGCAGCGGAAATTAAAAAAAGAAGGAAAGCCATAGCATCATCGGATAGTGAGCTTGAAAGCCTTACT TATCCGGATAAACCAACAAAAGTAAATAAGAAAAAAGTGGCGAAAGAGTCAGTTGCGGATGCTTCTGAAA GTGACTTAGATTCTAGCATGCAGTCAGCAGATGAGTCTTCACCACAACCTTTAAAAGCAAACCAACAACC ATTTTTCCCTAAAGTATTTAAAAAAATAAAAGATGCGGGGAAATGGGTACGTGATAAAATCGACGAAAAT CCTGAAGTAAAGAAAGCGATTGTTGATAAAAGTGCAGGGTTAATTGACCAATTATTAACCAAAAAGAAAA GTGAAGAGGTAAATGCTTCGGACTTCCCGCCACCACCTACGGATGAAGAGTTAAGACTTGCTTTGCCAGA GACACCAATGCTTCTTGGTTTTAATGCTCCTGCTACATCAGAACCGAGCTCATTCGAATTTCCACCACCA CCTACGGATGAAGAGTTAAGACTTGCTTTGCCAGAGACGCCAATGCTTCTTGGTTTTAATGCTCCTGCTA CATCGGAACCGAGCTCGTTCGAATTTCCACCGCCTCCAACAGAAGATGAACTAGAAATCATCCGGGAAAC AGCATCCTCGCTAGATTCTAGTTTTACAAGAGGGGATTTAGCTAGTTTGAGAAATGCTATTAATCGCCAT AGTCAAAATTTCTCTGATTTCCCACCAATCCCAACAGAAGAAGAGTTGAACGGGAGAGGCGGTAGACCAA CATCTGAAGAATTTAGTTCGCTGAATAGTGGTGATTTTACAGATGACGAAAACAGCGAGACAACAGAAGA AGAAATTGATCGCCTAGCTGATTTAAGAGATAGAGGAACAGGAAAACACTCAAGAAATGCGGGTTTTTTA CCATTAAATCCGTTTGCTAGCAGCCCGGTTCCTTCGTTAAGTCCAAAGGTATCGAAAATAAGCGCACCGG CTCTGATAAGTGACATAACTAAAAAAACGCCATTTAAGAATCCATCACAGCCATTAAATGTGTTTAATAA AAAAACTACAACGAAAACAGTGACTAAAAAACCAACCCCTGTAAAGACCGCACCAAAGCTAGCAGAACTT CCTGCCACAAAACCACAAGAAACCGTACTTAGGGAAAATAAAACACCCTTTATAGAAAAACAAGCAGAAA CAAACAAGCAGTCAATTAATATGCCGAGCCTACCAGTAATCCAAAAAGAAGCTACAGAGAGCGATAAAGA GGAAATGAAACCACAAACCGAGGAAAAAATGGTAGAGGAAAGCGAATCAGCTAATAACGCAAACGGAAAA AATCGTTCTGCTGGCATTGAAGAAGGAAAACTAATTGCTAAAAGTGCAGAAGACGAAAAAGCGAAGGAAG AACCAGGGAACCATACGACGTTAATTCTTGCAATGTTAGCTATTGGCGTGTTCTCTTTAGGGGCGTTTAT CAAAATTATTCAATTAAGAAAAAATAATTA >gi|16802250|ref|NP_463735.1| actin-assembly inducing protein precursor [Listeria monocytogenes EGD-e] MGLNRFMRAMMVVFITANCITINPDIIFAATDSEDSSLNTDEWEEEKTEEQPSEVNTGPRYETAREVSSR DIKELEKSNKVRNTNKADLIAMLKEKAEKGPNINNNNSEQTENAAINEEASGADRPAIQVERRHPGLPSD SAAEIKKRRKAIASSDSELESLTYPDKPTKVNKKKVAKESVADASESDLDSSMQSADESSPQPLKANQQP FFPKVFKKIKDAGKWVRDKIDENPEVKKAIVDKSAGLIDQLLTKKKSEEVNASDFPPPPTDEELRLALPE TPMLLGFNAPATSEPSSFEFPPPPTDEELRLALPETPMLLGFNAPATSEPSSFEFPPPPTEDELEIIRET ASSLDSSFTRGDLASLRNAINRHSQNFSDFPPIPTEEELNGRGGRPTSEEFSSLNSGDFTDDENSETTEE EIDRLADLRDRGTGKHSRNAGFLPLNPFASSPVPSLSPKVSKISAPALISDITKKTPFKNPSQPLNVFNK KTTTKTVTKKPTPVKTAPKLAELPATKPQETVLRENKTPFIEKQAETNKQSINMPSLPVIQKEATESDKE EMKPQTEEKMVEESESANNANGKNRSAGIEEGKLIAKSAEDEKAKEEPGNHTTLILAMLAIGVFSLGAFI KIIQLRKNN Virmugen An actA mutant is attenuated in mice and induced significant protection from challenge with wild type L. monocytogenes [Ref1774:Darji et al., 2003]. Hly Listeria monocytogenes EGD-e VO_0012388 987033 16802248 lmo0202 AL591824 NP_463733 169963 205818 207407 + listeriolysin O precursor 8.23 54322.11 529 >NC_003210.1:205818-207407 Listeria monocytogenes EGD-e chromosome, complete genome CATGAAAAAAATAATGCTAGTTTTTATTACACTTATATTAGTTAGTCTACCAATTGCGCAACAAACTGAA GCAAAGGATGCATCTGCATTCAATAAAGAAAATTCAATTTCATCCATGGCACCACCAGCATCTCCGCCTG CAAGTCCTAAGACGCCAATCGAAAAGAAACACGCGGATGAAATCGATAAGTATATACAAGGATTGGATTA CAATAAAAACAATGTATTAGTATACCACGGAGATGCAGTGACAAATGTGCCGCCAAGAAAAGGTTACAAA GATGGAAATGAATATATTGTTGTGGAGAAAAAGAAGAAATCCATCAATCAAAATAATGCAGACATTCAAG TTGTGAATGCAATTTCGAGCCTAACCTATCCAGGTGCTCTCGTAAAAGCGAATTCGGAATTAGTAGAAAA TCAACCAGATGTTCTCCCTGTAAAACGTGATTCATTAACACTCAGCATTGATTTGCCAGGTATGACTAAT CAAGACAATAAAATCGTTGTAAAAAATGCCACTAAATCAAACGTTAACAACGCAGTAAATACATTAGTGG AAAGATGGAATGAAAAATATGCTCAAGCTTATCCAAATGTAAGTGCAAAAATTGATTATGATGACGAAAT GGCTTACAGTGAATCACAATTAATTGCGAAATTTGGTACAGCATTTAAAGCTGTAAATAATAGCTTGAAT GTAAACTTCGGCGCAATCAGTGAAGGGAAAATGCAAGAAGAAGTCATTAGTTTTAAACAAATTTACTATA ACGTGAATGTTAATGAACCTACAAGACCTTCCAGATTTTTCGGCAAAGCTGTTACTAAAGAGCAGTTGCA AGCGCTTGGAGTGAATGCAGAAAATCCTCCTGCATATATCTCAAGTGTGGCGTATGGCCGTCAAGTTTAT TTGAAATTATCAACTAATTCCCATAGTACTAAAGTAAAAGCTGCTTTTGATGCTGCCGTAAGCGGAAAAT CTGTCTCAGGTGATGTAGAACTAACAAATATCATCAAAAATTCTTCCTTCAAAGCCGTAATTTACGGAGG TTCCGCAAAAGATGAAGTTCAAATCATCGACGGCAACCTCGGAGACTTACGCGATATTTTGAAAAAAGGC GCTACTTTTAATCGAGAAACACCAGGAGTTCCCATTGCTTATACAACAAACTTCCTAAAAGACAATGAAT TAGCTGTTATTAAAAACAACTCAGAATATATTGAAACAACTTCAAAAGCTTATACAGATGGAAAAATTAA CATCGATCACTCTGGAGGATACGTTGCTCAATTCAACATTTCTTGGGATGAAGTAAATTATGATCCTGAA GGTAACGAAATTGTTCAACATAAAAACTGGAGCGAAAACAATAAAAGCAAGCTAGCTCATTTCACATCGT CCATCTATTTGCCAGGTAACGCGAGAAATATTAATGTTTACGCTAAAGAATGCACTGGTTTAGCTTGGGA ATGGTGGAGAACGGTAATTGATGACCGGAACTTACCACTTGTGAAAAATAGAAATATCTCCATCTGGGGC ACCACGCTTTATCCGAAATATAGTAATAAAGTAGATAATCCAATCGAATA >NP_463733.1 listeriolysin O precursor [Listeria monocytogenes EGD-e] MKKIMLVFITLILVSLPIAQQTEAKDASAFNKENSISSMAPPASPPASPKTPIEKKHADEIDKYIQGLDY NKNNVLVYHGDAVTNVPPRKGYKDGNEYIVVEKKKKSINQNNADIQVVNAISSLTYPGALVKANSELVEN QPDVLPVKRDSLTLSIDLPGMTNQDNKIVVKNATKSNVNNAVNTLVERWNEKYAQAYPNVSAKIDYDDEM AYSESQLIAKFGTAFKAVNNSLNVNFGAISEGKMQEEVISFKQIYYNVNVNEPTRPSRFFGKAVTKEQLQ ALGVNAENPPAYISSVAYGRQVYLKLSTNSHSTKVKAAFDAAVSGKSVSGDVELTNIIKNSSFKAVIYGG SAKDEVQIIDGNLGDLRDILKKGATFNRETPGVPIAYTTNFLKDNELAVIKNNSEYIETTSKAYTDGKIN IDHSGGYVAQFNISWDEVNYDPEGNEIVQHKNWSENNKSKLAHFTSSIYLPGNARNINVYAKECTGLAWE WWRTVIDDRNLPLVKNRNISIWGTTLYPKYSNKVDNPIE Protective antigen In an attempt to generate a subunit vaccine in this experimental disease model, eukaryotic plasmid DNA expression vectors containing genes encoding either the wild-type or modified forms of recombinant listeriolysin O (hly) were generated and used for genetic vaccination of naive mice. Results of these studies indicate that the intramuscular immunization of mice with specifically designed plasmid DNA constructs encoding recombinant forms of listeriolysin O (hly) stimulates peptide-specific CD8+ immune T cells that exhibit in vitro cytotoxic activity. More importantly, such immunization can provide protective immunity against a subsequent challenge with viable L. monocytogenes [Ref1497:Cornell et al., 1999]. iap Listeria monocytogenes strain L2K3-549C1 VO_0012404 215422507 CDD:333284 1639 ? p60 10.49 13324.02 182 Cell wall-associated hydrolase, NlpC family [Cell wall/membrane/envelope biogenesis]; cl28464 >BAG85375.1 p60, partial [Listeria monocytogenes] MSWNNLSSSSIYVGQKLAIKQTANTVTPKAEVKKEAPAAEKQAAPVVKENTNTNTNTTTEKKETTQQQTA PKAPTEAAKPAPAPSTNTNANKTNTNTNNTNTSTPSKNTNTNTNSNTNTNSNTNANQGS Protective antigen Mice immunized with p60 encapsulated in liposomes launched a strong CTL response and were protected against a subsequent challenge with L. monocytogenes [Ref1520:Grenningloh et al., 2008]. Ifng (Interferon gamma) Mouse 15978 33468859 NM_008337 NP_032363.1 MGI:107656; UniProt:P01580 10090 ? >gi|145966741|ref|NM_008337.3| Mus musculus interferon gamma (Ifng), mRNA ATAGCTGCCATCGGCTGACCTAGAGAAGACACATCAGCTGATCCTTTGGACCCTCTGACTTGAGACAGAA GTTCTGGGCTTCTCCTCCTGCGGCCTAGCTCTGAGACAATGAACGCTACACACTGCATCTTGGCTTTGCA GCTCTTCCTCATGGCTGTTTCTGGCTGTTACTGCCACGGCACAGTCATTGAAAGCCTAGAAAGTCTGAAT AACTATTTTAACTCAAGTGGCATAGATGTGGAAGAAAAGAGTCTCTTCTTGGATATCTGGAGGAACTGGC AAAAGGATGGTGACATGAAAATCCTGCAGAGCCAGATTATCTCTTTCTACCTCAGACTCTTTGAAGTCTT GAAAGACAATCAGGCCATCAGCAACAACATAAGCGTCATTGAATCACACCTGATTACTACCTTCTTCAGC AACAGCAAGGCGAAAAAGGATGCATTCATGAGTATTGCCAAGTTTGAGGTCAACAACCCACAGGTCCAGC GCCAAGCATTCAATGAGCTCATCCGAGTGGTCCACCAGCTGTTGCCGGAATCCAGCCTCAGGAAGCGGAA AAGGAGTCGCTGCTGATTCGGGGTGGGGAAGAGATTGTCCCAATAAGAATAATTCTGCCAGCACTATTTG AATTTTTAAATCTAAACCTATTTATTAATATTTAAAACTATTTATATGGAGAATCTATTTTAGATGCATC AACCAAAGAAGTATTTATAGTAACAACTTATATGTGATAAGAGTGAATTCCTATTAATATATGTGTTATT TATAATTTCTGTCTCCTCAACTATTTCTCTTTGACCAATTAATTATTCTTTCTGACTAATTAGCCAAGAC TGTGATTGCGGGGTTGTATCTGGGGGTGGGGGACAGCCAAGCGGCTGACTGAACTCAGATTGTAGCTTGT ACCTTTACTTCACTGACCAATAAGAAACATTCAGAGCTGCAGTGACCCCGGGAGGTGCTGCTGATGGGAG GAGATGTCTACACTCCGGGCCAGCGCTTTAACAGCAGGCCAGACAGCACTCGAATGTGTCAGGTAGTAAC AGGCTGTCCCTGAAAGAAAGCAGTGTCTCAAGAGACTTGACACCTGGTGCTTCCCTATACAGCTGAAAAC TGTGACTACACCCGAATGACAAATAACTCGCTCATTTATAGTTTATCACTGTCTAATTGCATATGAATAA AGTATACCTTTGCAACC >gi|33468859|ref|NP_032363.1| interferon gamma [Mus musculus] MNATHCILALQLFLMAVSGCYCHGTVIESLESLNNYFNSSGIDVEEKSLFLDIWRNWQKDGDMKILQSQI ISFYLRLFEVLKDNQAISNNISVIESHLITTFFSNSKAKKDAFMSIAKFEVNNPQVQRQAFNELIRVVHQ LLPESSLRKRKRSRC IFN-gamma plays a critical role in Th1 type immune response. It is important for protection against infections by various viruses and intracellular bacteria. Vaximmutor The experimental data demonstrated that three time vaccinations with BCG in BALB/c mice induced strong TB Ag-specific IFN-gamma immune responses in splenocytes [Ref2101:Wang et al., 2009]. plcB Listeria monocytogenes EGD-e 987036 16802251 lmo0205 AL591974 NP_463736 169963 211424 212293 + phospholipase C 8.4 31887.47 289 >gi|16802048:211424-212293 Listeria monocytogenes EGD-e, complete genome TATGAAATTCAAAAAGGTGGTTCTAGGTATGTGCTTGATCGCAAGTGTTCTAGTCTTTCCGGTAACGATA AAAGCAAATGCCTGTTGTGATGAATACTTACAAACACCCGCAGCTCCGCATGATATTGACAGCAAATTAC CACATAAACTTAGTTGGTCCGCGGATAACCCGACAAATACTGACGTAAATACGCACTATTGGCTTTTTAA ACAAGCGGAAAAAATACTAGCTAAAGATGTAAATCATATGCGAGCTAATTTAATGAATGAACTTAAAAAA TTCGATAAACAAATAGCTCAAGGAATATATGATGCGGATCATAAAAATCCATATTATGATACTAGTACAT TTTTATCTCATTTTTATAATCCTGATAGAGATAATACTTATTTGCCGGGTTTTGCTAATGCGAAAATAAC AGGAGCAAAGTATTTCAATCAATCGGTGACTGATTACCGAGAAGGGAAATTTGACACAGCGTTTTATAAA TTAGGCCTAGCAATCCATTATTATACGGATATTAGTCAACCTATGCACGCCAATAATTTTACCGCAATAT CATACCCTCCAGGCTACCACTGTGCATATGAAAATTACGTAGATACCATTAAACACAATTATCAAGCAAC GGAAGACATGGTAGCAAAAAGATTTTGCTCAGATGACGTGAAAGACTGGCTCTATGAAAATGCGAAAAGG GCGAAAGCGGACTACCCGAAAATAGTCAATGCGAAAACTAAAAAATCATATTTAGTAGGAAATTCTGAAT GGAAAAAGGATACAGTGGAACCTACTGGAGCTAGACTAAGAGATTCACAGCAAACTTTGGCAGGTTTTTT AGAATTTTGGTCTAAAAAAACAAATGAATA >gi|16802251|ref|NP_463736.1| phospholipase C [Listeria monocytogenes EGD-e] MKFKKVVLGMCLIASVLVFPVTIKANACCDEYLQTPAAPHDIDSKLPHKLSWSADNPTNTDVNTHYWLFK QAEKILAKDVNHMRANLMNELKKFDKQIAQGIYDADHKNPYYDTSTFLSHFYNPDRDNTYLPGFANAKIT GAKYFNQSVTDYREGKFDTAFYKLGLAIHYYTDISQPMHANNFTAISYPPGYHCAYENYVDTIKHNYQAT EDMVAKRFCSDDVKDWLYENAKRAKADYPKIVNAKTKKSYLVGNSEWKKDTVEPTGARLRDSQQTLAGFL EFWSKKTNE Virmugen A plcB mutant, in combination with an actA mutant, is attenuated in mice and induces significant protection from challenge with wild type L. monocytogenes [Ref1774:Darji et al., 2003]. Brockstedt et al., 2005 journal Brockstedt DG, Bahjat KS, Giedlin MA, Liu W, Leong M, Luckett W, Gao Y, Schnupf P, Kapadia D, Castro G, Lim JY, Sampson-Johannes A, Herskovits AA, Stassinopoulos A, Bouwer HG, Hearst JE, Portnoy DA, Cook DN, Dubensky TW Jr 2005 11 8 853-860 Nature medicine Cornell et al., 1999 journal Cornell KA, Bouwer HG, Hinrichs DJ, Barry RA 1999 163 1 322-329 Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) Darji et al., 2003 journal Darji A, Mohamed W, Domann E, Chakraborty T 2003 21 Suppl 2 S102-109 Vaccine Grenningloh et al., 2008 journal Grenningloh R, Darj A, Bauer H, zur Lage S, Chakraborty T, Jacobs T, Weiss S 2008 67 6 594-602 Scandinavian journal of immunology Jiang et al., 2007 journal Jiang S, Rasmussen RA, Nolan KM, Frankel FR, Lieberman J, McClure HM, Williams KM, Babu US, Raybourne RB, Strobert E, Ruprecht RM 2007 25 42 7470-7479 Vaccine Orgun and Way, 2008 journal Orgun NN, Way SS 2008 44 2 159-163 Microbial pathogenesis Ramaswamy et al., 2007 journal Ramaswamy V, Cresence VM, Rejitha JS, Lekshmi MU, Dharsana KS, Prasad SP, Vijila HM 2007 40 1 4-13 Journal of microbiology, immunology, and infection = Wei mian yu gan ran za zhi Wiki: L. monocytogenes website http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listeria_monocytogenes