SARS-CoV
694009
Infection by different coronaviruses cause in the host alteration in the transcription and translation patterns, in the cell cycle, the cytoskeleton, apoptosis and coagulation pathways, inflammation and immune and stress responses. The balance between genes up- and down-regulated could explain the pathogenesis caused by these viruses (Wiki: SARS).
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
Passive immunization has been successful in establishing protection from SARS-CoV suggesting an important role for neutralizing antibodies (Wiki: SARS).
SARS-CoV has been isolated from humans, civet cats, raccoon dogs, swine and bats, suggesting that several animal species may function as natural reservoirs for future outbreaks. The Chinese horseshoe bat, which is abundant across Southeast Asia, is probably the natural reservoir for SARS-CoV. Ciliated airway epithelium models derived from tracheobronchial airway epithelium of Balb-c mice (MAE), Golden Syrian hamsters (HmAE), and rhesus macaques (RhMAE) have been successfully developed (Sims et al., 2008).
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS; pronounced /ˈsɑrz/ sarz) is a respiratory disease in humans which is caused by the SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV). There has been one near pandemic to date, between the months of November 2002 and July 2003, with 8,096 known infected cases and 774 confirmed human deaths (a case-fatality rate of 9.6%) worldwide being listed in the World Health Organization's (WHO) 21 April 2004 concluding report. Within a matter of weeks in early 2003, SARS spread from the Guangdong province of China to rapidly infect individuals in some 37 countries around the world (Wiki: SARS).
Baboon
Papio cynocephalus
9556
Bank vole
Clethrionomys glareolus
447135
Bear
Ursus americanus
9643
Birds
Passeroidea
175121
Brown Trout
Salmo trutta
8032
Buffalo
Bison bison
9901
Carnivores
Vulpes
9625
Cat
Felis catus
9685
Catfishes
Siluriformes
7995
Cattle
Bos taurus
9913
Chicken
Gallus gallus
9031
Chimpanzee
Pan troglodytes
9598
chinchillas
Chinchillidae
10150
Copper Pheasant
Syrmaticus soemmerringii
9067
Deer
Cervus elaphus
9860
Deer mouse
Peromyscus maniculatus
10042
Dog
Canis familiaris
9615
Ducks
Anas
8835
Ferret
Mustela putorius furo
9669
Fish
Hyperotreti
117565
Gerbil
Gerbillina
10045
Goat
Capra hircus
9925
Gray wolf
Canis lupus
9612
Guinea pig
Cavia porcellus
10141
Hamster
Mesocricetus auratus
10036
Horse
Equus caballus
9796
Human
Homo sapiens
9606
Macaque
Macaca fascicularis
9541
Mongolian Gerbil
Meriones unguiculatus
10047
Monkey
Platyrrhini
9479
Mouse
Mus musculus
10090
None
None
Parrot
Psittacidae
9224
Pig
Sus scrofa
9823
Rabbit
Oryctolagus cuniculus
9986
Rainbow trout
Oncorhynchus mykiss
8022
Rat
Rattus
10114
Raven
Corvus corax
56781
sei whale
Balaenoptera borealis
9768
Sheep
Ovis aries
9940
Squirrel
Spermophilus richardsonii
37591
Tree shrew
Tupaiidae
9393
Trouts, salmons & chars
Salmoninae
504568
Turkey
Meleagris gallopavo
9103
Vole
Microtus ochrogaster
79684
Water buffalo
Bubalus bubalis
391902
ADS-MVA vaccine
Recombinant vector vaccine
Research
live-attenuated modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) [Ref5109:Chen et al., 2005]
Intramuscular injection (i.m.)
Recombinant live-attenuated modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) had full-length SARS-CoV envelope Spike (S) glycoprotein gene was introduced into the deletion III region of the MVA genome.
(Chen et al., 2005)
Intramuscular injection (i.m.)
S protein(Chen et al., 2005)
Recombinant vector construction
testing hosts generated high levels of neutralizing antibodies after 2 vaccinations
(Chen et al., 2005)
immunized intramuscular injection twice with a 4-week interval. 1 × 10^8 TCID50 for the first immunization and a dose of 3 × 10^8 TCID50 for the second injection. (Chen et al., 2005)
likely protected (Chen et al., 2005)
immunized on days 0 and 28 via intranasal injection before challenged after second immunization on day 28 with 10^5 TCID50 of pathogenic SATS-CoVPUMC01.
(Chen et al., 2005)
After virus challenge, SARS-CoV shedding detected by RT-PCR was only detected in the nasopharyngeal specimens of one of the four ADS-MVA immunized animals (Rh0413) on day 2 after virus challenge. No virus shedding was detectable on days 4 and 6 postchallenge in these four macaques. SARS-CoV could not be isolated from the lung specimens of ADS-MVA-immunized macaques on day 7 postchallenge. (Chen et al., 2005)
testing hosts generated high levels of neutralizing antibodies (Chen et al., 2005)
Balb/c (Chen et al., 2005)
immunized intramuscular injection twice with a 3-week interval. Two mice were given 2 × 106 TCID50 of the vaccine, and six mice received 2 × 10^7 TCID50.(Chen et al., 2005)
testing hosts generated high levels of neutralizing antibodies (Chen et al., 2005)
immunized intramuscular injection twice with a 3-week interval (Chen et al., 2005)
Neutralizing activity was detected in sera along with a corresponding immunoglobin G titer collected from all three ferrets 7 days after booster immunization with rMVA-S virus, while the titer declined to undetectable level 14 days after the booster (Weingartl et al., 2004).
Each ferret was immunized with rMVA-S (ferrets 7 to 9), n day 0 with a dose of 1e8 PFU of the corresponding virus per ferret by intraperitoneal and subcutaneous routes, and a booster immunization was given on day 14 with the same regimen.(Weingartl et al., 2004)
Ferrets immunized with rMVA-S (particularly ferret 9) developed severe periportal and panlobular mononuclear hepatitis in contrast to only mild periportal mononuclear hepatitis was observed in control ferrets (Weingartl et al., 2004) .
Ferrets were challenged with 1e6 PFU of the SARS-CoV Tor2 isolate by the intranasal route(Weingartl et al., 2004).
Study shows correlation with liver damage but does not definitely proof it is caused as SARS-CoV in ferrets also damage liver.(Weingartl et al., 2004)
Double Inactivated whole SARS-CoV vaccine
Inactivated or "killed" vaccine
Licensed
Intramuscular injection (i.m.)
Inactivated whole virus by formalin and Ultraviolet radiation, hence Double Inactivated (DI) Vaccine (Tseng et al., 2012)
Intramuscular injection (i.m.)
whole virus (Tseng et al., 2012)
Increased titer of neutralizing antibodies and reduced viral titer (Tseng et al., 2012)
Balb/c and C57BL/6 (Tseng et al., 2012)
Each mouse received 100 µl injection of each vaccine intramuscularly on days 0 and 28. The injection was done at 1 µg, 0.5 µg, 0.25 µg, 0.125 µg of the vaccine (Tseng et al., 2012)
protected (Tseng et al., 2012)
Eosinophil infiltration in the lung lesions after challenge, type-2 hypersensitivity reaction (Tseng et al., 2012)
On day 56 after first vaccination, each mice was challenged challenged with 106TCID50/60 µl of SARS-CoV intranasally (IN) and euthanized on day 58 (Tseng et al., 2012)
Double Inactivated whole SARS-CoV vaccine + alum
Inactivated or "killed" vaccine
Research
Intramuscular injection (i.m.)
Inactivated whole virus by formalin and Ultraviolet radiation with alum vaccine (Tseng et al., 2012)
alum (Tseng et al., 2012)
Intramuscular injection (i.m.)
whole virus(Tseng et al., 2012)
Increased titer of neutralizing antibodies and reduced viral titer that are higher than without adjuvant, neutrophil + eosinophil infiltration, Th2-type hypersensitivity reaction. (Tseng et al., 2012)
BALB/c (Tseng et al., 2012)
Each mouse received 100 µl injection of each vaccine intramuscularly on days 0 and 28. The injection was done at 1 µg, 0.5 µg, 0.25 µg, 0.125 µg of the vaccine (Tseng et al., 2012)
protected (Tseng et al., 2012)
eosinophil infiltration in the lung lesions after challenge, lower than without adjuvant (Tseng et al., 2012)
On day 56 after first vaccination, each mice was challenged challenged with 106TCID50/60 µl of SARS-CoV intranasally (IN) and euthanized on day 58 (Tseng et al., 2012)
β-propiolactone-inactivated SARS-CoV vaccine
Inactivated or "killed" vaccine
Research
subcutaneous injection
whole killed (inactivated by beta-propiolactone) SARS-CoV vaccine (See et al., 2006)
subcutaneous injection
whole virus (See et al., 2006)
A 19-fold difference (P=0·02) in total SARS-CoV-specific IgG levels and lung viral titers were reduced by 4 logs to undetectable levels compared with titers observed in the PBS control on day 3 post-challenge, vaccinated animals showed significantly higher levels (P=0·002) of IFN-γ than control animals (See et al., 2006).
129S6/SvEv
Vaccination at 0 weeks and 4 weeks (See et al., 2006)
Vaccination at 0 weeks and 4 weeks challenged by SARS-CoV-Tor2 at week 7 (See et al., 2006)
MA-ExoN vaccine
Live, attenuated vaccine
Research
intranasal immunization
Live-attenuated RNA virus vaccine with engineered inactivation of SARS-CoV ExoN activity (MA-ExoN) (Graham et al., 2012)
intranasal immunization
MA-ExoN (Graham et al., 2012)
generated high levels of neutralizing antibodies (Graham et al., 2012)
Balb/c(Graham et al., 2012)
intranasally with varying doses (10^2–10^4 PFU, depending on the experiment) of SARS-CoV MA-ExoN (Graham et al., 2012)
complete protection (Graham et al., 2012)
intranasally injected 1e2.5 vaccination PFU of vaccine of SARS-CoV MA-ExoN then given SARS-CoV once recovered (Graham et al., 2012)
MVA/S vaccine
Recombinant vector vaccine
Research
highly attenuated modified vaccinia virus Ankara [Ref5110:Bisht et al., 2004]
Intramuscular injection (i.m.)
Recombinant form of the highly attenuated modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) containing the gene encoding full-length SARS-CoV S (Bisht et al., 2004)
Intramuscular injection (i.m.)
S protein (Bisht et al., 2004)
Recombinant vector construction
Antibodies neturalized SARS-CoV in vitro after 2 doses (Bisht et al., 2004)
Balb/c(Bisht et al., 2004)
Mice were inoculated i.n. or i.m. with 10^7 pfu of MVA/S at time 0 and again at 4 weeks. (Bisht et al., 2004)
little to no replication of SARS-CoV in the respiratory tracts after internasal inoculation(Bisht et al., 2004)
inoculated intranasally or intramuscularly with 7log pfu of MVA at 0 and 4 weeks then challenged with TCID50 of SARS-CoV (Bisht et al., 2004)
NDV-BC/S vaccine
Recombinant vector vaccine
Research
Newcastle disease virus Beaudette C strain (NDV-BC) [Ref5413:DiNapoli et al., 2007]
intranasal immunization
intranasal immunization
Full-length 1,255-aa SARS-CoV S protein (DiNapoli et al., 2007)
Induced neutralizing antibodies, Produced S-specific antibodies, Increase in CD8+ T cells creating IFN-γ and TNF-α1 (DiNapoli et al., 2007)
African Green Monkey
Monkeys were vaccinated with 10^7 pfu of the recombinant virus days 0 and 28 (the two-dose groups) or on day 0 only (the one-dose group). (DiNapoli et al., 2007)
Protected (DiNapoli et al., 2007)
28 days after the second dose, they were challenged by the i.n. and i.t. routes with SARS-CoV at a tissue culture 50% infectious dose (TCID50) of 10^6 per site. (DiNapoli et al., 2007)
Exhibited average reductions in viral titer of 13-fold, 276-fold, and 1,102-fold in the nasal turbinate, trachea, and lung, respectively. (DiNapoli et al., 2007)
NDV-VF/S vaccine
Recombinant vector vaccine
Research
Lentogenic LaSota strain modified that cleavage sequence of F protein replaced with NDV-BC. [Ref5413:DiNapoli et al., 2007]
intranasal immunization
intranasal immunization
Full-length 1,255-aa SARS-CoV S protein (DiNapoli et al., 2007)
Induced neutralizing antibodies, Produced S-specific antubodies, Increase in CD8+ T cells creating IFN-γ and TNF-α1 (DiNapoli et al., 2007)
African Green Monkey
Monkeys were vaccinated with 107 pfu of the recombinant virus days 0 and 28 (the two-dose groups) or on day 0 only (the one-dose group). (DiNapoli et al., 2007)
Protected (DiNapoli et al., 2007)
28 days after the second dose, they were challenged by the i.n. and i.t. routes with SARS-CoV at a tissue culture 50% infectious dose (TCID50) of 10^6 per site. (DiNapoli et al., 2007)
Immunization with NDV-VF/S resulted in a 5-fold and 61-fold reduction in nasal turbinate and tracheal SARS-CoV titers, respectively, compared with the control animals. (DiNapoli et al., 2007)
RBD-rAAV-SARS-CoV
VO_0004678
Recombinant vector vaccine
Research
Intramuscular injection (i.m.)
Inactivated SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) vaccine with adjuvant (Zheng et al., 2008).
Intramuscular injection (i.m.)
Induced production of IgG and IgA that exhibited neutralizing activity. Induced a markedly higher level of antigen specific IL-2+ T cells but a slightly lower level of IFN-γ+ T cells in the spleen, IFN-γ-producing CD3+/CD8+ T cells were significantly higher in the splenocytes of RBD-rAAV intranasally versus intramuscularly vaccinated mice. (Zheng et al., 2008)
Intranasal vaccination with RBD-rAAV (Zheng et al., 2008).
VO_0000287
RBD-rAAV vaccination provoked a prolonged antibody response with continually increasing levels of neutralising activity. When compared with the RBD-rAAV prime/boost vaccination, RBD-rAAV prime/RBD-peptide boost induced similar levels of Th1 and neutralising antibody responses that protected vaccinated mice from subsequent SARS-CoV challenges,but stronger Th2 and CTL responses (Zheng et al., 2008).
Mice were challenged with 10^5 TCID50f SARS-CoV strain GZ50 (Zheng et al., 2008).
RBD-rAAV-SARS-CoV-version-02
VO_0004679
Recombinant vector vaccine
Research
Intramuscular injection (i.m.)
RBD-rAAV prime/RBD-specific T cell peptide boost (Du et al., 2008).
Intramuscular injection (i.m.)
Induced high level of IgG Ab response, reaching a peak 3 months post-vaccination, plateaued for 3 months, then decreased. Mucosal IgA Ab peaked 1 month after vaccination, then decreased in the next 5 months. Vaccination induced high levels of Agspecific IL-2+ T cells but slightly lower levels of IFN-γ+ T cells in the spleen. Single dose did not trigger significant IL-2+ and IFN-γ+ T cell response. (Du et al., 2008)
Balb/c (Du et al., 2008)
Mice were separated into 4 groups (9 mice per group) and primed with RBD-rAAV [intramuscular (i.m.), 2 × 10^11 VP /200 μl)] or RBD-peptides (N50 and N60, 50 μg each) plus CpG ODN (25 μg) [subcutaneous, (s.c.)] or blank AAV, and boosted with RBD-rAAV or RBD-Pep or AAV, respectively (Du et al., 2008).
VO_0003057
Compared with the RBD-rAAV prime/boost vaccination, RBD-rAAV prime/RBD-peptide (RBD-Pep) boost induced similar levels of Th1 and neutralizing antibody responses that protected the vaccinated mice from subsequent SARS-CoV challenge, but stronger Th2 and CTL responses. No significant immune responses and protective effects were detected in mice vaccinated with RBD-Pep or blank AAV alone (Du et al., 2008).
Forty days post-vaccination, mice were anaesthetized with isoflurane and i.n. inoculated with 50 μl of SARS-CoV strain GZ50 (5 × 10^5 TCID50) (Du et al., 2008).
rDNA-expressed S protein + alum vaccine
DNA vaccine
Research
intranasal immunization
rDNA-expressed ectodomain of the S protein + alum vaccine (Tseng et al., 2012)
alum(Tseng et al., 2012)
intranasal immunization
ectodomain of the S protein(Tseng et al., 2012)
Increased titer of neutralizing antibodies and reduced viral titer, higher titer of neutralizing antibodies without adjuvant (Tseng et al., 2012)
BALB/c
Each mouse received 100 µl injection of the vaccine intramuscularly on days 0 and 28. This was done at 2 µg, 1 µg, 0.5 µg, 0.5 µg of the vaccine per injection (Tseng et al., 2012)
protected(Tseng et al., 2012)
eosinophil infiltration in the lung lesions after challenge, lessened compared to without adjuvant (Tseng et al., 2012)
On day 56 after first vaccination, each mice was challenged challenged with 10^6TCID50/60 µl of SARS-CoV intranasally (IN) and euthanized on day 58 (Tseng et al., 2012)
rDNA-expressed S protein vaccine
DNA vaccine
Research
Intramuscular injection (i.m.)
rDNA-expressed ectodomain of the S protein vaccine
Intramuscular injection (i.m.)
ecto-domain of S protein (Tseng et al., 2012)
Increased titer of neutralizing antibodies and reduced viral titer (Tseng et al., 2012)
BALB/c
Each mouse received 100 µl injection of the vaccine intramuscularly on days 0 and 28. This was done at 2 µg, 1 µg, 0.5 µg, 0.5 µg of the vaccine per injection (Tseng et al., 2012)
protected (Tseng et al., 2012)
eosinophil infiltration in the lung lesions after challenge (Tseng et al., 2012)
On day 56 after first vaccination, each mice was challenged challenged with 106TCID50/60 µl of SARS-CoV intranasally (IN) and euthanized on day 58 (Tseng et al., 2012)
Recombinant spike polypeptide vaccine
Recombinant vector vaccine
Research
Intraperitoneal injection (i.p.)
intraperitoneal recombinant spike polypeptide generated by amplify gene encoding amino acids residues 14-667 of S protein that was cloned BamHI and KpnI sites of vector pQE-31 that was generated by Escherichia coli (Woo et al., 2005)
Intraperitoneal injection (i.p.)
S protein (Woo et al., 2005)
Recombinant protein preparation
No neutralizing antibody production, high IgG levels, lymphocyte proliferation, production of IFN-γ >6000 pg/ml at 48hrs and 72hrs, detectable production of IL-4 at 24hrs (Woo et al., 2005)
Balb/c (H-2d)
50 μg administered via intraperitoneal route on days 0, 14, and 28. (Woo et al., 2005)
rMA15-ΔE vaccine
Live, attenuated vaccine
Research
intranasal immunization
recombinant MA15 virulent mouse-adapted SARS-CoV (MA15) background of E-deleted vaccine candidate (rMA15-ΔE) (Fett et al., 2013)
intranasal immunization
virulent mouse-adapted SARS-CoV with E-deletion (rMA15-ΔE) (Fett et al., 2013)
Gene mutation
Induced neutralizing antibodies, Produced optimal levels of CD4 and CD8 T cells (Fett et al., 2013)
Balb/c
Protected (Fett et al., 2013)
Minor peribronchial and perivascular infiltration in aged (18-month-old) mice (Fett et al., 2013)
Mice were challenged with 10^5 PFU of MA15 at day 21 after immunization. (Fett et al., 2013)
rMV-S + rMV-N vaccine
Mixed vaccine of two viral vector vaccines
Research
Live-attenuated recombinant measles virus (rMV) [Ref5398:Liniger et al., 2008].
Intraperitoneal injection (i.p.)
Live attenuated recombinant measles viruses (rMV) expressing a codon-optimised spike glycoprotein (S) of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) (Weingartl et al., 2004).
Intraperitoneal injection (i.p.)
codon-optimised spike glycoprotein (S), SARS-CoV nucleocapsid protein (N) (Liniger et al., 2008)
Induction of both humoral neutralizing and cellular responses against SARS-CoV, and neutralizing immunity against MV. (Liniger et al., 2008)
Ifnartm-CD46Ge transgenic mice(Liniger et al., 2008)
Mice were immunized with 0.5 × 10^4 pfu of each recombinant virus per mouse (Liniger et al., 2008)
rMV-SARS-CoV-S/Ssol
VO_0004711
Recombinant vector vaccine
Research
Intramuscular injection (i.m.)
Live attenuated recombinant measles vaccine (MV) candidates expressing either the membrane-anchored SARS-CoV spike (S) protein or its secreted soluble ectodomain (Ssol) (Escriou et al., 2014).
Intramuscular injection (i.m.)
Recombinant vector construction
A live attenuated recombinant meas(Escriou et al., 2014)s vaccine (MV) candidates expressing either the membrane-anchore SARS-CoV spike (S) protein (Escriou et al., 2014).
Production of anti-SARS IgG (specifically IgG2a) after 1 dose, increased by 10-20 fold after second dose. Induced production of neutralizing antibodies, as well as moderate levels of anti-SARS IgA antibodies (Escriou et al., 2014)
CD46-IFNAR (Escriou et al., 2014)
Mice were immunized with two intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections at 4-week interval of 10^5 TCID50 of MV-S or MV-Ssol recombinant viruses (Escriou et al., 2014).
VO_0003057
Recombinant MV expressing the anchored full-length S induced the highest titers of neutralizing antibodies and fully protected immunized animals from intranasal infectious challenge with SARS-CoV (Escriou et al., 2014).
Mice were inoculated intranasally with 105 pfu of SARS-CoV five weeks after the second immunization (Escriou et al., 2014).
SARS Subunit Spike Protein with subunit boosting Vaccine
VO_0011486
Recombinant vector vaccine
Research
Adeno-associated virus [Ref1380:Du et al., 2008].
Subcutaneous injection
Subcutaneous injection
Recombinant vector construction
Vaccination increased production (P < 0.05) of IL-4-producting Th2 cells higher than those in RBD-rAAV prime/RBD-rAAV vaccinated animals, but a lower level (P < 0.05) of IL-10-secreting Th2 cells that play roles in down-regulation of immune responses, as compared to those of RBD-rAAV prime/RBD-rAAV boost vaccination. RBD-rAAV prime/RBD-pep exhibited similar frequencies of IFN-γ-producing cells (Th1) to RBD-rAAV prime/RBD-rAAV boost vaccinated animals. Increased production of IL-2-secreting cells. Induction of SARS-CoV-specific IgG production. (Du et al., 2008)
BALB/c (Du et al., 2008)
Mice were Mice were separated into 4 groups (9 mice per group) and primed with RBD-rAAV [intramuscular (i.m.), 2 × 10^11 VP /200 μl)] or RBD-peptides (N50 and N60, 50 μg each) plus CpG ODN (25 μg) [subcutaneous, (s.c.)] or blank AAV, and boosted with RBD-rAAV or RBD-Pep or AAV, respectively (Du et al., 2008).
SARS-CoV viral load in lung tissues was significantly reduced in mice vaccinated with RBD-Pep. Very low level of viral load was detected in lung tissues of RBD-rAAV prime/RBD-Pep boost group, similar to that in lung tissues of RBD-rAAV prime/RBD-rAAV boost group. Vaccination of RBD-rAAV prime/RBD-peptide boost was able to significantly inhibit SARS-CoV infection (Du et al., 2008).
Mice intranasally challenged with SARS-CoV strain GZ50 40 days post-vaccination (Du et al., 2008).
SARS-CoV Ad S/N vaccine
Recombinant vector vaccine
Research
attenuated adenovirus[Ref5106:See et al., 2006]
intranasal immunization
A combination of two adenovirus-based vectors, one expressing the nucleocapsid (N) and the other expressing the spike (S) protein (See et al., 2006)
intranasal immunization
S protein, N (See et al., 2006)
Recombinant vector construction
Recombinant vector construction
Quantifiable humoral response with presence of SARS-CoV-specific IgG1 and a significant reduction in level of SARS-CoV RNA in lung titers. Production of IFN-γ. (See et al., 2006)
129S6/SvEv (See et al., 2006)
Mouse was immunized on day 0 and week 4 (See et al., 2006)
Partially protected (See et al., 2006)
Mouse was immunized on day 0 and week 4 and then challenged with SARS-COV Tor2 at week 7 (See et al., 2006).
SARS-CoV CRT-N vaccine
DNA vaccine
Research
Intravenous injection (i.v.)
A DNA vaccine encoding CRT linked to a SARS-CoV N (Kim et al., 2004)
calreticulin (Kim et al., 2004)
Intravenous injection (i.v.)
N protein (Kim et al., 2004)
Significantly increased neutralizing antibody titre to N protein DNA vaccine (Vaccine 5732) and significantly greater count of INF-gamma CD8_ lymphocytes within splenocytes (Kim et al., 2004)
C57BL/6 (Kim et al., 2004)
DNA-coated gold particles were prepared and delivered to the shaved abdominal regions of mice using a helium-driven gene gun (Bio-Rad) with a discharge pressure of 400 lb/in2. C57BL/6 mice were immunized with 2 μg of the plasmid encoding CRT/N protein. The mice received two boosters with the same dose at a 1-week interval. (Kim et al., 2004)
significantly reduced viral titer load(Kim et al., 2004)
Vaccinated mice challenged with DNA encoding CRT/Na nd challenged these mice with Vac-N or Vac-WT (Recombinant vaccinnia virus expressing SARS N protein or wild-type vaccinia virus, respectively) intranasally or intravenously 1 week after the last vaccination (Kim et al., 2004)
SARS-CoV CTLA4-S DNA vaccine
DNA vaccine
Research
Intramuscular injection (i.m.)
CTLA4HingeSARS800 DNA from SARS-CoV S protein vaccine (Woo et al., 2005)
Intramuscular injection (i.m.)
S protein(Woo et al., 2005)
DNA vaccine construction
Induced neutralizing antibody, high IgG levels, lymphocyte proliferation, production of IFN-γ, production of IL-4 (48hrs)
(Woo et al., 2005)
Balb/c (H-2d) (Woo et al., 2005)
100 μg intramuscular administration of vaccine, then 50 μg intraperitoneal injection at 14 and 28 days (Woo et al., 2005)
SARS-CoV E gene mutant vaccine
VO_0002993
Live, attenuated vaccine
Research
intranasal immunization
intranasal immunization
Gene mutation
This E gene is from SARS coronavirus (Lamirande et al., 2008).
Induced neutralizing antibodies. (Lamirande et al., 2008)
LVG (SYR) (Lamirande et al., 2008)
An E gene mutant is attenuated in hamsters (Lamirande et al., 2008).
An E gene mutant induces significant protection in hamsters from challenge with wild type SARS (Lamirande et al., 2008).
SARS-CoV M protein DNA vaccine
DNA vaccine
Research
Intramuscular injection (i.m.)
DNA vaccine made from recombinant plasmid containing membrane protein (M) sequence constructed then expressed and purified from E. coli bacteria (Shi et al., 2006)
Intramuscular injection (i.m.)
membrane protein (M) (Shi et al., 2006)
DNA vaccine construction
N-specific IgG (mostly IgG2a) (Shi et al., 2006)
Balb/c (Shi et al., 2006)
20 μg of vaccine intramuscular injection (Shi et al., 2006)
N-specific IgG (mostly IgG2a) (Shi et al., 2006)
Microtus brandti raddes (Shi et al., 2006)
100 μg injected three times at an interval of 7 days (Shi et al., 2006)
SARS-CoV N + SARS-CoV M DNA vaccine
DNA vaccine
Research
Intramuscular injection (i.m.)
DNA vaccine made from recombinant plasmids containing membrane protein (M) and nucleocapsid protein (N) sequences constructed then expressed and purified from E. coli bacteria (Shi et al., 2006)
Intramuscular injection (i.m.)
N, membrane protein (M) (Shi et al., 2006)
DNA vaccine construction
DNA vaccine construction
increased N-specific antibodies compared to Vaccine 5732, increased lymphocyte proliferation specific to N antigen than Vaccine 5732 (Shi et al., 2006)
100 μg injected (Shi et al., 2006)
6/7 voles protected (Shi et al., 2006)
100 μg injected (Shi et al., 2006)
Production of N-specific IgG antibodies (paricularly IgG2a), Lymphocyte proliferation, Production of IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, Increased CD4+ and CD8+ levels (Shi et al., 2006)
Balb/c (Shi et al., 2006)
20 μg of intramuscular vaccine injection (Shi et al., 2006)
SARS-CoV N protein DNA vaccine
Subunit vaccine
Research
Intramuscular injection (i.m.)
DNA vaccine made from recombinant plasmid containing nucleocapsid protein (N) sequence constructed then expressed and purified from E. coli bacteria (Shi et al., 2006)
Intramuscular injection (i.m.)
N (Shi et al., 2006)
Recombinant protein preparation
Significantly increased neutralizing antibody titer to N protein DNA vaccine and significantl count of INF-gamma CD8_ lymphocytes within splenocytes (Kim et al., 2004)
DNA-coated gold particles were prepared and delivered to the shaved abdominal regions of mice using a helium-driven gene gun (Bio-Rad) with a discharge pressure of 400 lb/in2. C57BL/6 mice were immunized with 2 μg of the plasmid encoding N protein. The mice received two boosters with the same dose at a 1-week interval. (Kim et al., 2004)
reduced viral titer load(Kim et al., 2004)
Challenge Protocol: Vaccinated mice challenged with DNA encoding N and challenged these mice with Vac-N or Vac-WT (Recombinant vaccinnia virus expressing SARS N protein or wild-type vaccinia virus, respectively) intranasally or intravenously 1 week after the last vaccination (Kim et al., 2004)
Production of N-specific IgG antibodies (paricularly IgG2a), Lymphocyte proliferation, Production of IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, Increased CD4+ and CD8+ levels
(Shi et al., 2006)
Balb/c (Shi et al., 2006)
20 μg of vaccine intramuscular injection (Shi et al., 2006)
increased N-specific antibodies, increased lymphocye proliferation specific to N antigen (Shi et al., 2006)
Microtus brandti raddes (Shi et al., 2006)
100 μg injected (Shi et al., 2006)
100 μg injected three times at an interval of 7 days and then challenged with live SARS-CoV (PUMC01) (Shi et al., 2006)
SARS-CoV pCI-N DNA from vaccine
DNA vaccine
Research
Intramuscular injection (i.m.)
A plasmid pCI-N, encoding the full-length N gene of SARS-CoV, was constructed and expressed in Escherichia coli DH5alpha (Zhao et al., 2005)
Intramuscular injection (i.m.)
S protein (Zhao et al., 2005)
DNA vaccine construction
Anti-N immunoglobulins (specifically IgG2a) and splenocytes proliferative responses against N protein, splenocyte production of IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, production of N-specific CD8+ T cells, delayed-type hypersensitivity response
(Zhao et al., 2005)
Balb/c(Zhao et al., 2005)
200 μg of Vaccine 573 in both tibialis anterior muscles three times at 2-week intervals (Zhao et al., 2005)
Delayed hypersensitivity response (Zhao et al., 2005)
SARS-CoV rVV-SARS-N
Recombinant vector vaccine
Research
recombinant vaccinia virus [Ref5384:Zhou et al., 2006]
intranasal immunization
recombinant vaccinia virus expressing the N protein (rVV-SARS-N)
intranasal immunization
N protein (Zhao et al., 2016)
Production of N-specific CD4+ T cells, Production of IFN-γ, Production of IL-10, Increased mobilization of CD8+ cells to infected lung. (Zhao et al., 2016)
BALB/c
Mice were vaccinated with rVV-SARS-N i.n. and boosted 6–7 weeks later.
protected (Zhao et al., 2016)
SARS-CoV S Baculovirus Vaccine
Recombinant vector vaccine
Research
Baculovirus [Ref5384:Zhou et al., 2006]
intranasal immunization
recombinant SARS-CoV spike (S) glycoprotein viral vaccine produced in insect cells that is expressed by baculovirus (Zhou et al., 2006)
intranasal immunization
S protein of SARS-CoV (Zhou et al., 2006)
SARS-CoV Salmonella-CTLA4-S DNA vaccine
DNA vaccine
Research
Oral
oral live-attenuated auxotrophic S. typhimurium aroA strain SL7207 that contained CTLA4HingeSARS800 DNA vaccine (Woo et al., 2005)
Oral
S protein (Woo et al., 2005)
Recombinant vector construction
Immune Response Description: neutralizing antibody titers of <1:20–1:160, lymphocyte proliteration, production of IFN-γ, production of IL-4 (48hrs) (Woo et al., 2005)
Balb/ (H-2d) (Woo et al., 2005)
: oral injection of 6e9 live attenuated Salmonella typhimurium that underwent transfection of CTLA4-, then 50 μg spike polypeptide administered via intraperitoneal injection on days 28 and 42. (Woo et al., 2005)
SARS-CoV Salmonella-tPA-S DNA vaccine
DNA vaccine
Research
Oral
oral live-attenuated auxotrophic S. typhimurium aroA strain SL7207 that contained tPA-optimize800 DNA vaccine (Woo et al., 2005)
Oral
S protein (Woo et al., 2005)
Recombinant vector construction
neutralizing antibody titers of <1:20–1:160, lymphocyte proliteration, production of IFN-γ, production of IL-4 (48hrs) (Woo et al., 2005)
Balb/c (H-2d) (Woo et al., 2005)
oral injection of 6e9 live attenuated Salmonella typhimurium that underwent transfection of tPA-S (Woo et al., 2005)
SARS-CoV tPA-S DNA vaccine
DNA vaccine
Research
Intramuscular injection (i.m.)
tPA-optimize800 DNA vaccine of SARS-CoV S protein (Woo et al., 2005)
Intramuscular injection (i.m.)
S protein (Woo et al., 2005)
DNA vaccine construction
neutralizing antibody titers of <1:20–1:160, lymphocyte proliteration, production of IFN-γ, production of IL-4 (48hrs) (Woo et al., 2005)
Balb/c (H-2d) (Woo et al., 2005)
100 μg of intramuscular administration of vaccine then 50 μg intraperitoneal injection of spike polypeptide at 28 and 42 days (Woo et al., 2005)
SARS-CoV VLP-MHV + alum vaccine
Virus like particle vaccine
Licensed
Nucleocapsid (N), envelope (E) and membrane (M) proteins from mouse hepatitis coronavirus (MHV) (Tseng et al., 2012)
Intramuscular injection (i.m.)
Virus like particle vaccine produced from SARS-CoV spike protein (S) and the Nucleocapsid (N), envelope (E) and membrane (M) proteins from mouse hepatitis coronavirus (MHV) (Tseng et al., 2012)
alum(Tseng et al., 2012)
Intramuscular injection (i.m.)
SARS-CoV spike protein (S) (Tseng et al., 2012)
Increased titer of neutralizing antibodies and reduced viral titer (Tseng et al., 2012)
BALB/c
Each mouse received 100 µl injection containing 2 µg of vaccine intramuscularly on days 0 and 28 (Tseng et al., 2012)
protected (Tseng et al., 2012)
eosinophil infiltration in the lung lesions after challenge (Tseng et al., 2012)
On day 56 after first vaccination, each mice was challenged challenged with 10^6TCID50/60 µl of SARS-CoV intranasally (IN) and euthanized on day 58 (Tseng et al., 2012)
SARS-CoV VLP-MHV vaccine
Virus like particle vaccine
Research
Nucleocapsid (N), envelope (E) and membrane (M) proteins from mouse hepatitis coronavirus (MHV) [Ref5382:Tseng et al., 2012]
Intramuscular injection (i.m.)
Virus like particle vaccine produced from SARS-CoV spike protein (S) and the Nucleocapsid (N), envelope (E) and membrane (M) proteins from mouse hepatitis coronavirus (MHV) (Tseng et al., 2012)
Intramuscular injection (i.m.)
SARS-CoV spike protein (S) (Tseng et al., 2012)
Induced neutralizing antibody, Neutrophil + eosinophil infiltration, Th2-type hypersensitivity reaction. (Tseng et al., 2012)
BALB/c
Each mouse received 100 µl injection containing 2 µg of vaccine intramuscularly on days 0 and 28 (Tseng et al., 2012)
protected (Tseng et al., 2012)
eosinophil infiltration in the lung lesions after challenge (Tseng et al., 2012)
On day 56 after first vaccination, each mice was challenged challenged with 106TCID50/60 µl of SARS-CoV intranasally (IN) and euthanized on day 58 (Tseng et al., 2012)
UV Inactivated SARS-CoV vaccine
Live, attenuated vaccine
Licensed
Intramuscular injection (i.m.)
Ultraviolet radiation applied to SARS virus. Vaccine causes eosinophilic immunopathology to SARS while providing protection (Iwata-Yoshikawa et al., 2014)
Intramuscular injection (i.m.)
whole virus(Iwata-Yoshikawa et al., 2014)
Induced neutralizing antibodies, Lymphocyte infiltration, Upregulation of IL-4 and CCL24, CD11b+ cells upregulated genes associated with eosinophil induction (Iwata-Yoshikawa et al., 2014).
BALB/c
10 μg UV-V subcutaneously injected in back and reimmunized 6 to 7 weeks later (Iwata-Yoshikawa et al., 2014)
Most mice survived challenge after weight loss and respiratory disease (Iwata-Yoshikawa et al., 2014)
Eosinophil infiltration present in the lungs (Iwata-Yoshikawa et al., 2014)
10 week old BALB/c mice were vaccinated with 10 μg UV-V and boosted 6 weeks later. Four weeks afterwards, the animals were inoculated in the left nostril with 106.5 TCID50 in 30 μl of F-musX(Iwata-Yoshikawa et al., 2014).
UV-Inactivated SARS-CoV + TLR Agonist Vaccine
Inactivated or "killed" vaccine
Licensed
subcutaneous injection
Ultraviolet radiation is used to inactivate SARS-CoV and a Toll-Like Receptor Agonist Adjuvant is added to prevent eosinophilic immunopathology (Iwata-Yoshikawa et al., 2014).
1 μg lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), 2.5 μg poly(I·C) (Invitrogen, San Diego, CA), and 0.1 μg poly(U) (Invitrogen) per immunization (Iwata-Yoshikawa et al., 2014)
subcutaneous injection
whole virus (Iwata-Yoshikawa et al., 2014)
Induced neutralizing antibodies (More than in UV-V), Lymphocyte infiltration, High levels of CXCL10 and CXCL1, Production of IFN-β, Upregulation of TNF-α1 (Iwata-Yoshikawa et al., 2014)
BALB/c
10 μg of UV-Inactivated SARS-CoV + TLR Agonist Vaccine subcutaneously injected in back and reimmunized 6 to 7 weeks later (Iwata-Yoshikawa et al., 2014)
All mice survived challenge (Iwata-Yoshikawa et al., 2014).
Minor eosinophil lung infiltration (Iwata-Yoshikawa et al., 2014)
10 week old BALB/c mice were vaccinated with 10 μg UV-V and boosted 6 weeks later. Four weeks afterwards, the animals were inoculated in the left nostril with 106.5 TCID50 in 30 μl of F-musX(Iwata-Yoshikawa et al., 2014)
VRC-SRSDNA015-00-VP vaccine
DNA vaccine
Clinical trial
Intramuscular injection (i.m.)
A single-plasmid DNA vaccine encoding the Spike (S) glycoprotein. (Martin et al., 2008)
Intramuscular injection (i.m.)
S protein (Martin et al., 2008)
S-specific antibody, neutralizing antibodies present. S-specific CD4+ T cell response was detected in all patients, where on 20% had S-specific CD8+ T cell responses. (Martin et al., 2008)
Injections on study days 0, 28, and 56 at a 4 mg dose in the lateral deltoid muscle (Martin et al., 2008)
Chills, fever, headache, injection site pain, malaise, myalgia, redness, swelling, tenderness (Martin et al., 2008)
VRP-MERS-N vaccine
Viral Like Particle Vaccine
Research
Venezuelan equine encephalitis replicons (Zhao et al., 2016)
intranasal immunization
Venezuelan equine encephalitis replicons bearing epitopes of N protein from MERS(Zhao et al., 2016). Identical to VRP-MERS-N vaccine (Vaccine 5748).
intranasal immunization
N protein (Zhao et al., 2016)
Reduced viral titre, production of N-specific CD4+ T cells, Production of IFN-γ, Production of CD8+ T cells. (Zhao et al., 2016)
Balb/c (H-2d)
Mice were challenged 4-6 weeks after boosting (Zhao et al., 2016)
VRP-SARS-N vaccine
Viral Like Particle Vaccine
Licensed
Venezuelan equine encephalitis replicons (VRP) [Ref5388:Zhao et al., 2016]
intranasal immunization
Venezuelan equine encephalitis replicons (VRP) encoding a SARS-CoV CD4+ T cell epitope vaccinated intranasally. Does not have same efficacy if vaccinated subcutaneously (Zhao et al., 2016)
Identical to VRP-SARS-N vaccine (Vaccine 5755).
intranasal immunization
CD4+ T cell epitope in the nucleocapsid (N) protein of SARS-CoV (N353) (Zhao et al., 2016)
Decreased viral titre, increase in N-specific CD4+ T cells and IFN-γ in lungs, production of IL-10, increased mobilization of CD8+ cells to infected lung. (Zhao et al., 2016)
BALB/c
vaccinated BALB/c mice twice at 6–7 week intervals with VRP-SARS-N at 100 PFU (Zhao et al., 2016)
nearly complete protection at 100 pfu, protected at 500 and 1000 pfu doses (Zhao et al., 2016)
challenged 6-7 weeks after second vaccination with doses from 100, 500, 1,000 PFU of SARS-CoV (Zhao et al., 2005)
Better results compared to different vaccination routes (Zhao et al., 2016).
envelope protein (E) gene of SARS-CoV
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
1489671
29836499
sars4
NP_828854
694009
26116
26346
+
protein E
6.3
6972.52
76
E. coli expression reported by Shen et al. (2003)
>gi|30271926:26116-26346 SARS coronavirus, complete genome
TATGTACTCATTCGTTTCGGAAGAAACAGGTACGTTAATAGTTAATAGCGTACTTCTTTTTCTTGCTTTC
GTGGTATTCTTGCTAGTCACACTAGCCATCCTTACTGCGCTTCGATTGTGTGCGTACTGCTGCAATATTG
TTAACGTGAGTTTAGTAAAACCAACGGTTTACGTCTACTCGCGTGTTAAAAATCTGAACTCTTCTGAAGG
AGTTCCTGATCTTCTGGTCTA
>gi|29836499|ref|NP_828854.1| protein E [Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus]
MYSFVSEETGTLIVNSVLLFLAFVVFLLVTLAILTALRLCAYCCNIVNVSLVKPTVYVYSRVKNLNSSEG
VPDLLV
Virmugen
An E mutant is attenuated in hamsters and induces significant protection from challenge with wild type SARS [Ref1677:Lamirande et al., 2008].
membrane protein (M) gene of SARS-CoV
SARS-CoV
ABD75314
CDD:279907
347537
?
membrane protein
10.04
24329.5
279
Coronavirus M matrix/glycoprotein; pfam01635
>ABD75314.1 membrane protein [Bat SARS CoV Rf1/2004]
MAENGTISVEELKRLLEQWNLVIGFLFLAWIMLLQFAYSNRNRLLYIIKLVFLWLLWPVTLACFVLAAVY
RINWVTGGIAIAMACIVGLMWLSYFVASFRLFARTRSMWSFNPETNILLNVPLRGTIVTRPLMESELVIG
AVIIRGHLRMAGHSLGRCDIKDLPKEITVATSRTLSYYKLGASQRVGTDSGFAAYNRYRIGNYKLNTDHS
GSNDNIALLVQ
Protective antigen
[Ref4975:Demurtas et al., 2016]
nucleocapsid protein (N) gene of SARS-CoV
SARS-CoV
AAZ67049
CDD:279305
349344
nucleocapsid protein
10.79
45847.78
486
Coronavirus nucleocapsid protein; pfam00937
>AAZ67049.1 nucleocapsid protein [Bat SARS CoV Rp3/2004]
MSDNGPQNQRSAPRITFGGPTDSTDNNQDGGRSGARPKQRRPQGLPNNTASWFTALTQHGKEELRFPRGQ
GVPINTNSGKDDQIGYYRRATRRVRGGDGKMKELSPRWYFYYLGTGPEASLPYGANKEGIVWVATEGALN
TPKDHIGTRNPNNNAAIVLQLPQGTTLPKGFYAEGSRGGSQASSRSSSRSRGNSRNSTPGSSRGNSPARM
ASGGGETALALLLLDRLNQLESKVSGRSQQQQGQTVTKKSAAEASKKPRQKRTATKQYNVTQAFGRRGPE
QTQGNFGDQELIRQGTDYKHWPQIAQFAPSASAFFGMSRIGMEVTPSGTWLTYHGAIKLDDKDPQFKDNV
ILLNKHIDAYKIFPPTEPKKDKKKKTDEAQPLPQRQKKQPTVTLLPAADMDDFSRQLQNSMSGASADSTQ
A
Protective antigen
[Ref4975:Demurtas et al., 2016]
S protein gene of SARS-CoV
SARS coronavirus
VO_0011320
1489668
29836496
sars2
NP_828851
227859
21491
25258
+
E2 glycoprotein precursor
5.6
130077.89
1255
As established by Krokhin et al. (2003), the glycosylated spike protein (as well as the nucleocapsid protein) can be detected in infected cell culture supernatants with antisera from SARS patients.
>NC_004718.3:21491-25258 SARS coronavirus, complete genome
CATGTTTATTTTCTTATTATTTCTTACTCTCACTAGTGGTAGTGACCTTGACCGGTGCACCACTTTTGAT
GATGTTCAAGCTCCTAATTACACTCAACATACTTCATCTATGAGGGGGGTTTACTATCCTGATGAAATTT
TTAGATCAGACACTCTTTATTTAACTCAGGATTTATTTCTTCCATTTTATTCTAATGTTACAGGGTTTCA
TACTATTAATCATACGTTTGGCAACCCTGTCATACCTTTTAAGGATGGTATTTATTTTGCTGCCACAGAG
AAATCAAATGTTGTCCGTGGTTGGGTTTTTGGTTCTACCATGAACAACAAGTCACAGTCGGTGATTATTA
TTAACAATTCTACTAATGTTGTTATACGAGCATGTAACTTTGAATTGTGTGACAACCCTTTCTTTGCTGT
TTCTAAACCCATGGGTACACAGACACATACTATGATATTCGATAATGCATTTAATTGCACTTTCGAGTAC
ATATCTGATGCCTTTTCGCTTGATGTTTCAGAAAAGTCAGGTAATTTTAAACACTTACGAGAGTTTGTGT
TTAAAAATAAAGATGGGTTTCTCTATGTTTATAAGGGCTATCAACCTATAGATGTAGTTCGTGATCTACC
TTCTGGTTTTAACACTTTGAAACCTATTTTTAAGTTGCCTCTTGGTATTAACATTACAAATTTTAGAGCC
ATTCTTACAGCCTTTTCACCTGCTCAAGACATTTGGGGCACGTCAGCTGCAGCCTATTTTGTTGGCTATT
TAAAGCCAACTACATTTATGCTCAAGTATGATGAAAATGGTACAATCACAGATGCTGTTGATTGTTCTCA
AAATCCACTTGCTGAACTCAAATGCTCTGTTAAGAGCTTTGAGATTGACAAAGGAATTTACCAGACCTCT
AATTTCAGGGTTGTTCCCTCAGGAGATGTTGTGAGATTCCCTAATATTACAAACTTGTGTCCTTTTGGAG
AGGTTTTTAATGCTACTAAATTCCCTTCTGTCTATGCATGGGAGAGAAAAAAAATTTCTAATTGTGTTGC
TGATTACTCTGTGCTCTACAACTCAACATTTTTTTCAACCTTTAAGTGCTATGGCGTTTCTGCCACTAAG
TTGAATGATCTTTGCTTCTCCAATGTCTATGCAGATTCTTTTGTAGTCAAGGGAGATGATGTAAGACAAA
TAGCGCCAGGACAAACTGGTGTTATTGCTGATTATAATTATAAATTGCCAGATGATTTCATGGGTTGTGT
CCTTGCTTGGAATACTAGGAACATTGATGCTACTTCAACTGGTAATTATAATTATAAATATAGGTATCTT
AGACATGGCAAGCTTAGGCCCTTTGAGAGAGACATATCTAATGTGCCTTTCTCCCCTGATGGCAAACCTT
GCACCCCACCTGCTCTTAATTGTTATTGGCCATTAAATGATTATGGTTTTTACACCACTACTGGCATTGG
CTACCAACCTTACAGAGTTGTAGTACTTTCTTTTGAACTTTTAAATGCACCGGCCACGGTTTGTGGACCA
AAATTATCCACTGACCTTATTAAGAACCAGTGTGTCAATTTTAATTTTAATGGACTCACTGGTACTGGTG
TGTTAACTCCTTCTTCAAAGAGATTTCAACCATTTCAACAATTTGGCCGTGATGTTTCTGATTTCACTGA
TTCCGTTCGAGATCCTAAAACATCTGAAATATTAGACATTTCACCTTGCGCTTTTGGGGGTGTAAGTGTA
ATTACACCTGGAACAAATGCTTCATCTGAAGTTGCTGTTCTATATCAAGATGTTAACTGCACTGATGTTT
CTACAGCAATTCATGCAGATCAACTCACACCAGCTTGGCGCATATATTCTACTGGAAACAATGTATTCCA
GACTCAAGCAGGCTGTCTTATAGGAGCTGAGCATGTCGACACTTCTTATGAGTGCGACATTCCTATTGGA
GCTGGCATTTGTGCTAGTTACCATACAGTTTCTTTATTACGTAGTACTAGCCAAAAATCTATTGTGGCTT
ATACTATGTCTTTAGGTGCTGATAGTTCAATTGCTTACTCTAATAACACCATTGCTATACCTACTAACTT
TTCAATTAGCATTACTACAGAAGTAATGCCTGTTTCTATGGCTAAAACCTCCGTAGATTGTAATATGTAC
ATCTGCGGAGATTCTACTGAATGTGCTAATTTGCTTCTCCAATATGGTAGCTTTTGCACACAACTAAATC
GTGCACTCTCAGGTATTGCTGCTGAACAGGATCGCAACACACGTGAAGTGTTCGCTCAAGTCAAACAAAT
GTACAAAACCCCAACTTTGAAATATTTTGGTGGTTTTAATTTTTCACAAATATTACCTGACCCTCTAAAG
CCAACTAAGAGGTCTTTTATTGAGGACTTGCTCTTTAATAAGGTGACACTCGCTGATGCTGGCTTCATGA
AGCAATATGGCGAATGCCTAGGTGATATTAATGCTAGAGATCTCATTTGTGCGCAGAAGTTCAATGGACT
TACAGTGTTGCCACCTCTGCTCACTGATGATATGATTGCTGCCTACACTGCTGCTCTAGTTAGTGGTACT
GCCACTGCTGGATGGACATTTGGTGCTGGCGCTGCTCTTCAAATACCTTTTGCTATGCAAATGGCATATA
GGTTCAATGGCATTGGAGTTACCCAAAATGTTCTCTATGAGAACCAAAAACAAATCGCCAACCAATTTAA
CAAGGCGATTAGTCAAATTCAAGAATCACTTACAACAACATCAACTGCATTGGGCAAGCTGCAAGACGTT
GTTAACCAGAATGCTCAAGCATTAAACACACTTGTTAAACAACTTAGCTCTAATTTTGGTGCAATTTCAA
GTGTGCTAAATGATATCCTTTCGCGACTTGATAAAGTCGAGGCGGAGGTACAAATTGACAGGTTAATTAC
AGGCAGACTTCAAAGCCTTCAAACCTATGTAACACAACAACTAATCAGGGCTGCTGAAATCAGGGCTTCT
GCTAATCTTGCTGCTACTAAAATGTCTGAGTGTGTTCTTGGACAATCAAAAAGAGTTGACTTTTGTGGAA
AGGGCTACCACCTTATGTCCTTCCCACAAGCAGCCCCGCATGGTGTTGTCTTCCTACATGTCACGTATGT
GCCATCCCAGGAGAGGAACTTCACCACAGCGCCAGCAATTTGTCATGAAGGCAAAGCATACTTCCCTCGT
GAAGGTGTTTTTGTGTTTAATGGCACTTCTTGGTTTATTACACAGAGGAACTTCTTTTCTCCACAAATAA
TTACTACAGACAATACATTTGTCTCAGGAAATTGTGATGTCGTTATTGGCATCATTAACAACACAGTTTA
TGATCCTCTGCAACCTGAGCTTGACTCATTCAAAGAAGAGCTGGACAAGTACTTCAAAAATCATACATCA
CCAGATGTTGATCTTGGCGACATTTCAGGCATTAACGCTTCTGTCGTCAACATTCAAAAAGAAATTGACC
GCCTCAATGAGGTCGCTAAAAATTTAAATGAATCACTCATTGACCTTCAAGAATTGGGAAAATATGAGCA
ATATATTAAATGGCCTTGGTATGTTTGGCTCGGCTTCATTGCTGGACTAATTGCCATCGTCATGGTTACA
ATCTTGCTTTGTTGCATGACTAGTTGTTGCAGTTGCCTCAAGGGTGCATGCTCTTGTGGTTCTTGCTGCA
AGTTTGATGAGGATGACTCTGAGCCAGTTCTCAAGGGTGTCAAATTACATTACACATA
>NP_828851.1 E2 glycoprotein precursor [SARS coronavirus]
MFIFLLFLTLTSGSDLDRCTTFDDVQAPNYTQHTSSMRGVYYPDEIFRSDTLYLTQDLFLPFYSNVTGFH
TINHTFGNPVIPFKDGIYFAATEKSNVVRGWVFGSTMNNKSQSVIIINNSTNVVIRACNFELCDNPFFAV
SKPMGTQTHTMIFDNAFNCTFEYISDAFSLDVSEKSGNFKHLREFVFKNKDGFLYVYKGYQPIDVVRDLP
SGFNTLKPIFKLPLGINITNFRAILTAFSPAQDIWGTSAAAYFVGYLKPTTFMLKYDENGTITDAVDCSQ
NPLAELKCSVKSFEIDKGIYQTSNFRVVPSGDVVRFPNITNLCPFGEVFNATKFPSVYAWERKKISNCVA
DYSVLYNSTFFSTFKCYGVSATKLNDLCFSNVYADSFVVKGDDVRQIAPGQTGVIADYNYKLPDDFMGCV
LAWNTRNIDATSTGNYNYKYRYLRHGKLRPFERDISNVPFSPDGKPCTPPALNCYWPLNDYGFYTTTGIG
YQPYRVVVLSFELLNAPATVCGPKLSTDLIKNQCVNFNFNGLTGTGVLTPSSKRFQPFQQFGRDVSDFTD
SVRDPKTSEILDISPCAFGGVSVITPGTNASSEVAVLYQDVNCTDVSTAIHADQLTPAWRIYSTGNNVFQ
TQAGCLIGAEHVDTSYECDIPIGAGICASYHTVSLLRSTSQKSIVAYTMSLGADSSIAYSNNTIAIPTNF
SISITTEVMPVSMAKTSVDCNMYICGDSTECANLLLQYGSFCTQLNRALSGIAAEQDRNTREVFAQVKQM
YKTPTLKYFGGFNFSQILPDPLKPTKRSFIEDLLFNKVTLADAGFMKQYGECLGDINARDLICAQKFNGL
TVLPPLLTDDMIAAYTAALVSGTATAGWTFGAGAALQIPFAMQMAYRFNGIGVTQNVLYENQKQIANQFN
KAISQIQESLTTTSTALGKLQDVVNQNAQALNTLVKQLSSNFGAISSVLNDILSRLDKVEAEVQIDRLIT
GRLQSLQTYVTQQLIRAAEIRASANLAATKMSECVLGQSKRVDFCGKGYHLMSFPQAAPHGVVFLHVTYV
PSQERNFTTAPAICHEGKAYFPREGVFVFNGTSWFITQRNFFSPQIITTDNTFVSGNCDVVIGIINNTVY
DPLQPELDSFKEELDKYFKNHTSPDVDLGDISGINASVVNIQKEIDRLNEVAKNLNESLIDLQELGKYEQ
YIKWPWYVWLGFIAGLIAIVMVTILLCCMTSCCSCLKGACSCGSCCKFDEDDSEPVLKGVKLHYT
Protective antigen
The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV spike (S) protein is an important target in developing safe and effective SARS vaccines. A previous study has demonstrated that vaccination with adeno-associated virus encoding RBD (RBD-rAAV) induces high titer of neutralizing antibodies. The immune responses and protective effect of the immunization with RBD-rAAV prime/RBD-specific T cell peptide boost were assessed. Compared with the RBD-rAAV prime/boost vaccination, RBD-rAAV prime/RBD-peptide (RBD-Pep) boost induced similar levels of Th1 and neutralizing antibody responses that protected the vaccinated mice from subsequent SARS-CoV challenge, but stronger Th2 and CTL responses. No significant immune responses and protective effects were detected in mice vaccinated with RBD-Pep or blank AAV alone [Ref1380:Du et al., 2008].
Bisht et al., 2004
journal
Bisht H, Roberts A, Vogel L, Bukreyev A, Collins PL, Murphy BR, Subbarao K, Moss B
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein expressed by attenuated vaccinia virus protectively immunizes mice
2004
101
17
6641-6646
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Chen et al., 2005
journal
Chen Z, Zhang L, Qin C, Ba L, Yi CE, Zhang F, Wei Q, He T, Yu W, Yu J, Gao H, Tu X, Gettie A, Farzan M, Yuen KY, Ho DD
Recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara expressing the spike glycoprotein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus induces protective neutralizing antibodies primarily targeting the receptor binding region
2005
79
5
2678-2688
Journal of virology
Demurtas et al., 2016
journal
Demurtas OC, Massa S, Illiano E, De Martinis D, Chan PK, Di Bonito P, Franconi R
Antigen Production in Plant to Tackle Infectious Diseases Flare Up: The Case of SARS
2016
7
54
Frontiers in plant science
DiNapoli et al., 2007
journal
DiNapoli JM, Kotelkin A, Yang L, Elankumaran S, Murphy BR, Samal SK, Collins PL, Bukreyev A
Newcastle disease virus, a host range-restricted virus, as a vaccine vector for intranasal immunization against emerging pathogens
2007
104
23
9788-9793
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1887550/
Du et al., 2008
journal
Du L, Zhao G, Lin Y, Chan C, He Y, Jiang S, Wu C, Jin DY, Yuen KY, Zhou Y, Zheng BJ
Priming with rAAV encoding RBD of SARS-CoV S protein and boosting with RBD-specific peptides for T cell epitopes elevated humoral and cellular immune responses against SARS-CoV infection
2008
26
13
1644-1651
Vaccine
Du et al., 2008
journal
Du L, Zhao G, Lin Y, Sui H, Chan C, Ma S, He Y, Jiang S, Wu C, Yuen KY, Jin DY, Zhou Y, Zheng BJ
Intranasal vaccination of recombinant adeno-associated virus encoding receptor-binding domain of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) spike protein induces strong mucosal immune responses and provides long-term protection against SARS-CoV infection
2008
180
2
948-956
Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)
Escriou et al., 2014
journal
Escriou N, Callendret B, Lorin V, Combredet C, Marianneau P, Février M, Tangy F
Protection from SARS coronavirus conferred by live measles vaccine expressing the spike glycoprotein
2014
452-453
32-41
Virology
Fett et al., 2013
journal
Fett C, DeDiego ML, Regla-Nava JA, Enjuanes L, Perlman S
Complete protection against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-mediated lethal respiratory disease in aged mice by immunization with a mouse-adapted virus lacking E protein
2013
87
12
6551-6559
Journal of virology
Graham et al., 2012
journal
Graham RL, Becker MM, Eckerle LD, Bolles M, Denison MR, Baric RS
A live, impaired-fidelity coronavirus vaccine protects in an aged, immunocompromised mouse model of lethal disease
2012
18
12
1820-1826
Nature medicine
Hu et al., 2007
journal
Hu H, Lu X, Tao L, Bai B, Zhang Z, Chen Y, Zheng F, Chen J, Chen Z, Wang H
Induction of specific immune responses by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike DNA vaccine with or without interleukin-2 immunization using different vaccination routes in mice
2007
14
7
894-901
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